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Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath due to airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Severe asthma accounts for a considerable amount of asthma-related costs, although being less common than milder asthma. According to a review of US studies, the expenses for people with severe asthma are roughly 1.7- to 5-fold higher than for people with mild asthma. A subspecialized severe asthma services provides the benefit of an organized, variety of approaches to validate the diagnosis, asthma severity and phenotype, and risk factors and comorbidities management. This multimodal approach frequently comprises a team of respiratory physicians, nurses, and support health specialists, such as physiotherapists, speech therapists, nutritionists, and clinical psychologists. In addition to evaluation and monitoring for common comorbidities, they provide physician review, lung function testing, blood tests, inhaler optimization, and general illness awareness. This review aims to overview approach to diagnosis and management of moderate to severe asthma in primary care settings.

Background The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection had been investigated utilizing serology. Materials and methods This community-based sero-survey was carried out in the neighborhoods of three cities in Saudi Arabia. Results Of 5629 participants, 2766 (49.1%) were women; and 2148 (38.1%) were 18–34 years of age, and 3645 (64.7%) were from South East Asia. Positive serology was seen in 2825 (50.2% (95% CI: 48.8–51.5%) for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 IgG antibodies by ECLIA. Being in the age category of 18–34 years and being from Eastern Mediterranean Region (country A) were associated with higher COVID-19 seropositivity with estimated odds ratio of 1.3 [95% CI 1.1–1.8] and 2.5 [95% CI 1.1.5–4.2] respectively. Gender, social status, education, nationality, symptoms, presence of comorbidities and activity style were positively associated with increased seropositivity. Factors associated negatively with the rate of seropositivity were higher education and having outdoor activity with estimated OR of 0.92 [95% CI 0.46–0.95] and 0.59 [95% CI 0.47–0.74], respectively. Conclusion The study showed high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high density population. Health education campaigns should target middle-aged, those with low education, those living in lower standards and indoor workers.

Purpose This paper aims to synthesize new benzimidazole dyes aiming to study the solvent effects on their absorption in Ultraviolet-visible spectra. Design/methodology/approach Ureido/thioureido hydrazonamide benzimidazoles (U/THB) are prepared by condensation of N-aryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbohydrazonoyl bromides with ureido and/ or thioureido reagents. The target products are fully characterized for structural elucidation by means of their spectral and elemental methods. Solvatochromic behavior of U/THB dyes has been studied in different polar protic solvents at room temperature. Findings The absorption spectra distinguish two main bands at (350 nm–442 nm) and (308 nm–382 nm) referring to n-π* and π- π* transitions of the azo groups. Dimethyl formamide induces an extremely bathochromic transition comparing to the other protic solvents. The observed bathochromic shifts indicate strong interaction with solvents in the excited state. Most dyes show one absorbance in all solvents used, so they may exist in a single tautomeric form (hydrazo form). Research limitations/implications In the present paper, the synthesis of U/THB dyes was achieved by a simple and convenient pathway. In addition, the variations in substituents attached to the chromophoric moiety could also be studied. Practical implications The new U/THB dyes are accountable for providing good knowledge about their solvation and spectral properties of an order acceptable for industrial utilization. Social implications Synthesis of these new benzimidazole derivatives and study of their solvation and spectral properties provides good knowledge, which is very useful in many industrial applications (e.g. dye-sensitized solar cell, etc.). Originality/value The synthesized mono azo U/THB dyes are novel members in the benzimidazole family, where no details regarding the synthesis of such dyes are reported before in the literature. They are superior in terms of preparation, multiple applications and spectral properties.

Background/Aim: Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern. The ratio of CD4+:CD8+ T-cells is used to evaluate the immune system function. This study aimed to explore the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratio in relation to the glycemic status, inflammatory markers, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 in patients with early diagnosed cervical cancer. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected for flow cytometry analysis. Information regarding Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and colposcopy investigations were collected from 152 women with type 2 diabetes admitted to East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2018 and January 2021. Results: Patients with early cervical carcinoma and a higher CD4+:CD8+ ratio (>1.2) had a higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level than those with a lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio (Mean±SD=13.75±13.3 vs. 10.85±8.1; p-value=0.034). Patients with early cervical carcinoma, diabetes, and higher CD4+:CD8+ ratio (>1.2) had a higher blood HbA1c percent than those with a lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio. Conclusion: A high CD4+:CD8+ T-cells ratio was associated with an increased HbA1c% and CRP levels in women with diabetes diagnosed with early cervical carcinoma, which can induce inflammation in early diagnosed patients with cervical cancer.

Highlights • Among blood donors in May 2020, te overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 1.4% • Non-citizens had higher prevalence compared to citizens (odds ratio 13.6, p = 0.001). • There was geographic variation in seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within Saudi Arabia, Background Serologic testing provides better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and its transmission. This study is the first investigation of the prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Saudi Arabia. Objective To estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Saudi Arabia during the early phase of the current pandemic. Methods Serology results and epidemiological data were analyzed for 837 adult blood donors, with no confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, in Saudi Arabia from 20 to 25 May 2020. Seroprevalence was determined using electrochemical immunoassay for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Results The overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 1.4% (12/837). Non-citizens had higher prevalence compared to citizens (odds ratio 13.6, p = 0.001). Having a secondary education as the highest level of education was also significantly associated with high seroprevalence compared to higher education (odds ratio 6.8, p = 0.005). The data showed that the highest seroprevalence was in Makkah (8.1%), Madinah (4.1% with an OR of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.12-1.94), Jeddah (2.3%; OR 0.27; 95%CI: 0.31-2.25), and Qassim (2.9 %, OR: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.04-2.89) and these were not statistically different from the seroprevalence in Makkah region. Conclusions At the early stage of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors was low but was higher among non-citizens These findings showed that non-citizens and the less educated may be less attentive to preventive measures. Monitoring seroprevalence trend over time require repeated sampling.

Background: As a result of the wide antibiotic abuse in many communities all over, bacterial resistance against different antibiotic formulas has aroused. It is an actual matter of importance because it touches up the most crucial principles of pharmacy and devoted work for medicine field in general. Objectives: We have come to the aim of assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacists concerning dispensing antibiotics without prescription. We are discussing the ethical and legal elements contributing in the judgment of the final results and decision about the matter. Material and methods: We are using the questionnaire test method to assess the knowledge and measure the attitude and practice of those pharmacists in marks and degrees. Results: the pharmacists working in community pharmacies lack the knowledge of the legality of DAwD, though they know the greatly bad influence of it over the resistivity in bacteria and viruses. That of course goes along with the knowledge degree of the patients themselves Conclusion: We have come to a conclusion that most of the pharmacists had no prior knowledge of the illegality of dispensing antibiotics without prescription "DAwP". And of course, we recommend to enhance the awareness and knowledge of them by raising educational training programs.

Background: Dietary supplement "DS" products are sold in the pharmacies very widely. However, there is no specific approval or definition to the legal and scientific usage of such products. Objectives: We aim in this study to show the level of knowledge of pharmacists concerning the non-scientifically medically prescribed medication and formulas which is known as "Complementary and alternative medicines". Also, there is a variety of pharmacist’s attitude concerning such treatment methods we need to evaluate and prove. Material and methods: Questionnaire form to assess the knowledge and measure the attitude and practice of those pharmacists by direct meeting for the larger pharmacies and postal distribution for the lesser pharmacies. Results: Based upon our study in hand, we affirm that there are several elements contributing in forming the general attitude and practice of pharmacists in treating with Dietary supplements. Conclusion: knowledge of pharmacists of Dietary supplement (DS) products depends on both educational and environmental factors which form the knowledge base for them while dealing with customers and patients