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While monolingual English speakers acquire most pronouns by age 5, acquisition amid prevalent, normative code-mixing, such as in Trinidad, is underexplored. This study examines how Trinidadian 3- to 5-year-olds express third-person subject, object, reflexive and possessive pronouns and factors influencing pronoun choices. Seventy-five preschoolers produced pronouns via a word elicitation task conducted in Trinidadian English Creole and Trinidad and Tobago English. Responses were coded for children’s age, gender, district and socioeconomic status; task language; grammatical gender/number; and response form. Conditional inference trees facilitated statistical analysis. When choices were available, children exhibited variable production, with Creole forms often dominant. Grammatical gender influenced whether English or Creole pronouns were selected. Task language influenced possessive pronoun choices, indicating developing sociolinguistic competence. The non-significance of other variables suggests widespread mixing of English and Creole pronouns. Findings underscore the importance of describing understudied populations, especially where variation is inherent, to ensure accurate language assessment.

Identifying structural-functional correspondences is a major goal among biologists. In neurobiology, recent findings identify relationships between performance on cognitive tasks and the presence or absence of small, shallow indentations, or sulci, of the human brain. Here, we tested if the presence or absence of one such sulcus, the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs-v) in lateral prefrontal cortex, was related to relational reasoning in young adults from the Human Connectome Project (ages 22-36). After manually identifying 2,877 sulci across 144 hemispheres, our results indicate that the presence of the pimfs-v in the left hemisphere was associated with a 21-34% higher performance on a relational reasoning task. These findings have direct developmental and evolutionary relevance as recent work shows that the presence or absence of the pimfs-v is also related to reasoning performance in a pediatric cohort, and that the pimfs-v is exceedingly rare in chimpanzees. Thus, the pimfs-v is a novel developmental, cognitive, and evolutionarily relevant feature that should be considered in future studies examining how the complex relationships among multiscale anatomical and functional features of the brain give rise to abstract thought.

Microstimulation can modulate the activity of individual neurons in order to affect behavior, but the effects of stimulation on neuronal spiking are complex and remain poorly understood. This is especially challenging in the human brain where the response properties of individual neurons are sparse and heterogenous. Here we use micro- electrode array (MEAs) in the human anterior temporal lobe in six participants (3 female) to examine the spiking responses of individual neurons to microstimulation delivered through multiple distinct stimulation sites. We demonstrate that individual neurons can be driven with excitation or inhibition using different stimulation sites, which suggests an approach for providing direct control of spiking activity at the single neuron level. Spiking responses are inhibitory in neurons that are close to the site of stimulation, while excitatory responses are more spatially distributed. Together, our data demonstrate that spiking responses of individual neurons can be reliably identified and manipulated in the human cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:One of the major limitations in our ability to interface directly with the human brain is that the effects of stimulation on the activity of individual neurons remains poorly understood. Here, Youssef et al. examine the spiking responses of neurons in the human temporal cortex in response to pulses of microstimulation. They find that individual neurons can either be excited or inhibited depending on the site of stimulation. These data suggest an approach for modulating the spiking activity of individual neurons in the human brain.

Background Research shows that women and racialized minorities are misrepresented and underrepresented across popular media. To date, however, limited attention has been given to the representation of these groups as expert news sources within Canadian television. Analysis This study conducts an analysis of three public affairs shows aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the Ontario Educational Communications Authority over a four-month period, cataloguing the gender and racialized minority status of 737 on-air guests. Conclusions & implications The findings show that women and racialized minorities are underrepresented, with racialized minority women being particularly disadvantaged. RESUME Contexte De nombreuses etudes demontrent que les femmes et les minorites racialisees sont sous-representees et aussi faussement representees par les medias populaires. A ce jour, toutefois, peu d’attention semble avoir ete portee a la representation de ces groupes comme source d’experts.es. invites.es pour analyser l’actualite a la television canadienne. Analyse Cette etude a pour objectif d’effectuer une analyse de trois emissions d’affaires publiques diffusees par Radio-Canada (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) et the Ontario Educational Communications Authority sur une periode de quatre mois en cataloguant le genre et le statut de minorite racialisee de 737 invites.es en ondes. Conclusions et implications Les conclusions demontrent que les femmes et les minorites racialisees sont sous-representees et que les femmes issues de groupes raciaux minoritaires sont particulierement desavantagees.

While Canada’s immigration system is shaped primarily by the nation’s economic needs, refugee claimants’ motivations are, by nature, non-economic. Resultantly, refugee claimants are often portrayed as a drain on Canadian resources. Despite this however, refugee claimants’ employment experiences remain underrepresented in the literature. This study explores the employment experiences of refugee claimants in Toronto, and finds that claimants face distinct and unique barriers stemming from their precarious legal status. Additionally, as neither temporary workers nor permanent citizens, this study finds that refugee claimants perceive employment as an integrative expression of belonging and citizenship. Through the lens of

The New Interim Federal Health Program: How Reduced Coverage Adversely Affects Refugee Claimants' Employment

Introduction Applications or “mobile apps” are a potentially important source of assistance for serving and ex-serving Defence members with mental health problems. PTSD Coach Australia is a modified version of an application developed by the US Department of Veteran Affairs. Clinician perceptions of mobile apps are important as they influence the dissemination and adoption of apps. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of PTSD Coach Australia by clinicians with experience in assisting Defence members with mental health problems. Method The study involved two samples of participants who were asked about their perceptions of PTSD Coach Australia. The first involved 33 clinicians who participated in one of five focus groups. The second comprised 30 clinicians who were individually interviewed by telephone. Qualitative responses to questions regarding PTSD Coach Australia were analysed to identify representative themes. Participants in the focus group sample also rated the app on the user version of the Mobile Apps Rating Scale (uMARS). Results On the uMARS, clinicians rated the mobile app's subjective quality as ‘average’ to ‘good’. Participants generally saw the app as a useful to help track symptoms, improve engagement and help implement strategies between sessions. However, they also expressed concerns with the app not being user-friendly (e.g. too wordy, poor layout/navigation) and having technical issues (freezing or crashing on Android devices). Discussion PTSD Coach Australia is generally seen as being acceptable and useful by mental health clinicians. However, it is important to include their concerns in future developments of PTSD Coach Australia and similar mobile apps in order to maximize their utilisation in Defence members., Highlights • Mental health clinicians rated the PTSD Coach Australia mobile app’s subjective quality as ‘average’ to ‘good’. • Mental health clinicians believe that the app may help clients improve self-awareness and practice coping strategies. • Military apps should address clinician concerns about technical problems, aesthetics and utility for military personnel.

Poor sleep is a major public health problem with implications for a wide range of critical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, mental health, and neurodegenerative disease.1,2 The most prevalent sleep disorders are insomnia and sleep apnoea. While questionnaires aimed at detecting and quantifying sleep problems have been used for years and proven to be reliable,3-6 they are often very extensive and scientifically worded. Here, we propose that the general population can use the SleepHubs Check-up (SHC), a concise questionnaire as a screening tool for sleep apnoea and insomnia. We validated the SHC against widely-used sleep questionnaires. These include the Insomnia Sleep Index (ISI)5 for detection of insomnia risk, as well as STOP-Bang3 and Multivariable Apnoea Prediction Index (MAPI)7,8 for the detection of sleep apnoea risk. We built a multivariate linear model to predict the ISI score based on the SHC questions and obtained an R2 of 0.60. For the detection of sleep apnoea, we constructed a convoluted neural network to predict the risk of apnoea from the SHC questions, and obtained an accuracy of 0.91. The SHC is therefore a reliable and accessible tool for the detection of latent sleep problems in the general public. Future work will aim at increasing the input data to improve the accuracy.

BACKGROUND PTSD Coach Australia is an app for serving and ex-serving defense members and was adapted for the Australian context in 2013 from PTSD Coach, which was created in the United States. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide a user-centered evaluation of the app from the perspective of serving and ex-serving members of the Australian Defence Force. METHODS Qualitative data were collected in response to questions to participants in 1 of 5 workshops (n=29) or in telephone interviews (n=24). Quantitative data were collected using the user version of Mobile Apps Rating Scale (uMARS). RESULTS Analysis of the qualitative data demonstrated mixed support for the app. While some people found it extremely useful, especially as an adjunct to therapy, others pointed out limitations and cautioned against the app potentially triggering symptoms in people with PTSD. This perceived risk was usually found to stem from frustration with the app’s functionality rather than its content. Participants spoke about the helpful and unhelpful aspects of the app and barriers to its use and made suggestions for improvement. Many participants encouraged its continued use and highlighted the need for it to be promoted more broadly, as many were not aware of it until they were invited to participate in this research. CONCLUSIONS PTSD Coach Australia was seen in a positive light by some participants, but others thought it had too much text and the potential to trigger a traumatic response in users with PTSD. A need to update the app was also a common comment as was the need to increase awareness of the app’s existence.

Background PTSD Coach Australia is an app for serving and ex-serving defense members and was adapted for the Australian context in 2013 from PTSD Coach, which was created in the United States. Objective This study aimed to provide a user-centered evaluation of the app from the perspective of serving and ex-serving members of the Australian Defence Force. Methods Qualitative data were collected in response to questions to participants in 1 of 5 workshops (n=29) or in telephone interviews (n=24). Quantitative data were collected using the user version of Mobile Apps Rating Scale (uMARS). Results Analysis of the qualitative data demonstrated mixed support for the app. While some people found it extremely useful, especially as an adjunct to therapy, others pointed out limitations and cautioned against the app potentially triggering symptoms in people with PTSD. This perceived risk was usually found to stem from frustration with the app’s functionality rather than its content. Participants spoke about the helpful and unhelpful aspects of the app and barriers to its use and made suggestions for improvement. Many participants encouraged its continued use and highlighted the need for it to be promoted more broadly, as many were not aware of it until they were invited to participate in this research. Conclusions PTSD Coach Australia was seen in a positive light by some participants, but others thought it had too much text and the potential to trigger a traumatic response in users with PTSD. A need to update the app was also a common comment as was the need to increase awareness of the app’s existence.

Deposits of insoluble protein fibrils in human tissue are associated with amyloidosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Different proteins are involved in each disease; all are soluble in their native conformation in vivo, but by molecular self-assembly, they all form insoluble protein fibril deposits with a similar cross β-sheet structure. This paper reports the results of an experiment in molecular self-assembly carried out in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS). The Self-Assembly in Biology and the Origin of Life (SABOL) experiment was designed to study the growth of lysozyme fibrils in microgravity. Lysozyme is a model protein that has been shown to replicate the aggregation processes of other amyloid proteins. Here the design and performance of the experimental hardware is described in detail. The flight experiment was carried to the ISS in the Dragon capsule of the SpaceX CRS-5 mission and returned to Earth after 32 days. The lysozyme fibrils formed in microgravity aboard the ISS show a distinctly different morphology compared to fibrils formed in the ground-control (G-C) experiment. The fibrils formed in microgravity are shorter, straighter, and thicker than those formed in the laboratory G-C experiment. For two incubation periods, (2) about 8.5 days and (3) about 14.5 days, the average ISS and G-C fibril diameters are respectively: Period 2 D ISS = 7.5 nm ± 31 % , and D G ‐ C = 3.4 nm ± 31 % Period 3 D ISS = 6.2 nm ± 33 % , and D G ‐ C = 3.6 nm ± 33 % . \matrix{{Period\,2} \hfill & {} \hfill & {{D_{ISS}} = 7.5{\rm{nm}} \pm 31\% ,} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {\rm and} \hfill & {{D_{G - C}} = 3.4{\rm{nm}} \pm 31\%} \hfill \cr {Period\,3} \hfill & {} \hfill & {{D_{ISS}} = 6.2{\rm{nm}} \pm 33\% ,} \hfill \cr {} \hfill & {\rm and} \hfill & {{D_{G - C}} = 3.6{\rm{nm}} \pm 33\% .}}

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to engage the ecological model as a conceptual tool to examine the ethics of conducting research on LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace. In particular, it focuses on outness and the act of outing in research. Design/methodology/approach Established methodologies for studying LGBTQ+ persons in the workplace are examined using a critical outness lens. The ecological model is used to identify a critical path forward for researchers working with LGBTQ+ participants and to improve LGBTQ+ workplace experiences more broadly. Findings The tension between the ethics of coming out of the closet and the ethics of outing someone for the greater good is problematized. It suggests that organizational and diversity scholars approach research methods with an understanding of the role played by the body and sexuality in LGBTQ+ workplace research. Practical implications Researchers should recognize that workers may have varying degrees of outness within their organization and/or across their private and public lives. Originality/value Research on LGBTQ+ persons in the workplace is limited, and research examining the ethics of relevant methods is scarcer still. This paper begins a discussion on how researchers can trouble current hegemonic approaches to LGBTQ+-centered research in organizations.

Faced with “wicked” social problems, the need to respond quickly and to do more with less, governments and citizens are turning to social innovation models to find new ways of creating positive imp...

Previous research has examined the effects of incumbency or affinity voting on the political representation of women and minorities. No study has considered the interaction of these two factors, even though there are good reasons to suspect that both may play a key role in voter choice. This study examines the joint effects of incumbency and gender and racial affinity voting in non-partisan and generally low information ward elections in the City of Toronto. Results reveal the absence of gender affinity effects, regardless of the presence of an incumbent, but that racial affinity is a factor in wards without incumbents.

The increased number of people complaining of poor sleep puts a strain on health services where many doctors have neither the time or experience to deal with sleep problems. While it seems that we are good at offering potential solutions to the perceived problem of poor sleep, sleep questionnaires have historically not been written from the general public point of view, and often not easily accessible. The SleepHubs Check-up (SHC) is a 4–6 question device-based questionnaire designed for use by the layman as it is quick and easy to complete and focuses on three categories commonly associated with poor sleep: daytime sleepiness, snoring, and insomnia. Based on the results of the SHC, individuals are assigned into one of three categories: Probable good sleeper – no need to worry further, Possible reasonable sleeper but room for some improvement, possible sleep health issue, clinically relevant, further investigation required. We undertook a pilot study to engage adults in the SleepHubs Check-up. The responses to the questions were automatically scored and individually weighted. The scores were compared with that of the Insomnia severity Index (ISI), Stop Bang and OSA probability based on the MAP index (MAPI). One hundred adults (55% female) with an average age of 43 years and average BMI of 26.4 Kg/m2 were recruited. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation (>80%) between SHC and probability of Insomnia using the Insomnia severity Index. Additionally, the SHC score accurately identified individuals at risk of OSA when compared to Stop Bang and MAPI scores. The SleepHubs Check-up assignment and categorisation criteria has shown to be effective and it is proposed could act as an instrument for use in both research and as a screening tool for clinicians in the health care environment enabling quick identification and assignment of individuals that may have a sleep issue.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the representation of women in Canadian broadcast news coverage, exploring the notion of substantive representation as it relates to gender, leadership and framing.Design/methodology/approachUsing computer-aided text analysis software, the authors analyzed the frequency of women appearing in on-air roles, the way in which they are framed, as well as technical and expressive details, such as how they are featured. In total, the authors analyzed representation of 2,031 individuals in the four suppertime local news broadcasts from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. Framed in an ecological model of complex social change, this paper focuses on understanding how women are presented in Canadian broadcast media.FindingsThis study finds that women are under-represented in Canadian broadcast media. Furthermore, it finds that women are less likely to be framed as leaders or experts and are less likely to hold news host or anchor positions. For all major news broadcasters analyzed, women are less likely to be portrayed positively or in leadership/expert positions and are more often represented as victims. They are less likely to appear on screen and are more likely to be referred to off-screen, paraphrased and cited rather than speaking for themselves.Research limitations/implicationsBy framing this study in an (critical) ecological, this study moved beyond required descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women. However, the sample of the study is only a snapshot of Canada’s largest city, and, therefore, more research involving further a comparative analysis of cities, a variety of print sources and online media outlets is needed. Future research might include more qualitative analysis of the representation, the type of representation and the factors affecting levels of representation. For example, such research might explore the practices in broadcast organizations, the way in which stories are framed and how guests selected. Also of interest is the relationship between women’s representation at the decision-making table, as an input, and the representation of women in on-air roles, as an outcome.Practical implicationsThe implications of this article are important for understanding the complex factors affecting female leadership across sectors, particularly, the Canadian broadcast industry, the barriers they face and the strategies that may lead to their advancement.Originality/valueThis study moved beyond descriptive benchmarking to examine the degree of substantive representation of women by coding the frames, roles and means of quotation experienced by women on broadcast news.

Do women vote for women and men for men? Do visible minorities vote for minority candidates, and white voters for white candidates? And what happens when a minority woman appears on the ballot? This study tests for the presence of gender and ethnic affinity voting in the Toronto mayoral election of 2014, where Olivia Chow was the only woman and only visible minority candidate among the three major contenders. Our analysis, which draws on a survey of eligible Toronto voters, is the first to examine the interactive effects of sex and ethnicity on vote choice in Canada in the context of a non-partisan election and in a non-experimental manner. We find strong evidence of ethnic affinity voting and show that Chow received stronger support from ethnic Chinese voters than from other minority groups. Our results also reveal that gender was related to vote choice but only when connected with race.

Background: Results of small trials indicate that fluoxetine might improve functional outcomes after stroke. The FOCUS trial aimed to provide a precise estimate of these effects.Methods: FOCUS was a pragmatic, multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial done at 103 hospitals in the UK. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had a clinical stroke diagnosis, were enrolled and randomly assigned between 2 days and 15 days after onset, and had focal neurological deficits. Patients were randomly allocated fluoxetine 20 mg or matching placebo orally once daily for 6 months via a web-based system by use of a minimisation algorithm. The primary outcome was functional status, measured with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), at 6 months. Patients, carers, health-care staff, and the trial team were masked to treatment allocation. Functional status was assessed at 6 months and 12 months after randomisation. Patients were analysed according to their treatment allocation. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN83290762.Findings: Between Sept 10, 2012, and March 31, 2017, 3127 patients were recruited. 1564 patients were allocated fluoxetine and 1563 allocated placebo. mRS data at 6 months were available for 1553 (99·3%) patients in each treatment group. The distribution across mRS categories at 6 months was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (common odds ratio adjusted for minimisation variables 0·951 [95% CI 0·839–1·079]; p=0·439). Patients allocated fluoxetine were less likely than those allocated placebo to develop new depression by 6 months (210 [13·43%] patients vs 269 [17·21%]; difference 3·78% [95% CI 1·26–6·30]; p=0·0033), but they had more bone fractures (45 [2·88%] vs 23 [1·47%]; difference 1·41% [95% CI 0·38–2·43]; p=0·0070). There were no significant differences in any other event at 6 or 12 months.Interpretation: Fluoxetine 20 mg given daily for 6 months after acute stroke does not seem to improve functional outcomes. Although the treatment reduced the occurrence of depression, it increased the frequency of bone fractures. These results do not support the routine use of fluoxetine either for the prevention of post-stroke depression or to promote recovery of function.Funding: UK Stroke Association and NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme.

Although refugee claimants are often portrayed as a drain on Canada’s economic resources, their employment experiences and contributions to the labour market remain under-represented in the literature. This study explores the employment experiences of refugee claimants in Toronto, Canada. Through the lens of refugeeness, it traces the subjective employment trajectories of refugee claimants, as well as the objective forces compromising their employability. Drawing on 17 interviews with refugee claimants, our analysis shows both that refugee claimants face distinct barriers stemming from their precarious legal status, and that refugee claimants’ employability is perceived as shaped by real and ascribed barriers associated with this status. In addition, refugee claimants perceive employment as an expression of belonging and citizenship.

This article uses habitus as a tool to unpack the transnational experience of workers who move between Canada and home through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). Through disciplining regulations and annual forced exits, the SAWP engenders a particular form of transnationalism that is marked by precarity but also efforts to subversively carve out space at home and abroad. Habitus provides a unifying theory to understand workers' experiences while also locating the SAWP within broader systems of exclusion. This article moves in three parts: first, transnationalism and habitus are examined as tools to explore the experiences of SAWP workers. Then, the SAWP policy context is reviewed. It concludes with an analysis of migrant workers' renegotiations of the boundaries of habitus through subversive acts of citizenship.

Despite evidence of the value of diversity in workplaces, and considerable research on particular areas of diversity management practice, there is less knowledge to date of how, why, and when such ...