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Sommario: 1. Introduzione. – 2. Bioetica e IA. – 3. Dal ruolo della bioetica ai principi. – 4. IA in medicina: specificazione di principi e individuazione di normative. –5. Uno sguardo allargato alle questioni di fondo. – 6. Una prospettiva europea sull’IA. – 7. Dalla problematicità etica alle possibili soluzioni normative. – 8. Considerazioni conclusive.

The paper deals with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithmic-based procedures from the EU viewpoint. It provides a critical analysis of two recent studies published by the Scientific Foresight Unit of the European Parliamentary Research Service’s Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA). In so doing, it tries to reconstruct and comment the key concepts of the EU approach to AI and algorithms, suggesting the creation of a bottom-up and region-based Council of Digital Ethics.

Il saggio affronta l'indagine filosofica intorno al mondo dei valori attraverso i contributi offerti da due importanti studiosi italiani: Giulio Preti e Uberto Scarpelli. Dopo aver ricostruito le linee principali della loro riflessione sull'argomento, l'analisi viene rivolta al discorso bioetico, inteso come punto d'intersezione tra la dimensione dei valori e la costruzione del senso nell'esistenza di ogni individuo.

BackgroundInformation on tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still limited. The aim of this study was to describe the features of the TB/COVID-19 co-infected individuals from a prospective, anonymised, multicountry register-based cohort with special focus on the determinants of mortality and other outcomes.MethodsWe enrolled all patients of any age with either active TB or previous TB and COVID-19. 172 centres from 34 countries provided individual data on 767 TB-COVID-19 co-infected patients, (>50% population-based).ResultsOf 767 patients, 553 (74.0%) out of 747 had TB before COVID-19 (including 234 out of 747 with previous TB), 71 (9.5%) out of 747 had COVID-19 first and 123 (16.5%) out of 747 had both diseases diagnosed within the same week (n=35 (4.6%) on the same day). 85 (11.08%) out of 767 patients died (41 (14.2%) out of 289 in Europe and 44 (9.2%) out of 478 outside Europe; p=0.03): 42 (49.4%) from COVID-19, 31 (36.5%) from COVID-19 and TB, one (1.2%) from TB and 11 from other causes. In the univariate analysis on mortality the following variables reached statistical significance: age, male gender, having more than one comorbidity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, chronic renal disease, presence of key symptoms, invasive ventilation and hospitalisation due to COVID-19. The final multivariable logistic regression model included age, male gender and invasive ventilation as independent contributors to mortality.ConclusionThe data suggest that TB and COVID-19 are a “cursed duet” and need immediate attention. TB should be considered a risk factor for severe COVID disease and patients with TB should be prioritised for COVID-19 preventative efforts, including vaccination.

This review analyses Thomas Casadei and Gianfrancesco Zanetti’s Manuale di filosofia del diritto (Giappichelli, 2020). It argues that the authors offer a broad philosophical perspective on law which combines the explanation of legal philosophy development with erudite conceptual analysis

This paper focuses on the relationship between migrants, fundamental human rights and State sovereignty within the European political perimeter. From a legal and political philosophical perspective, it suggests a distinction between two different and contrasting logics in contemporary Europe: the logic of “limes” (national border) and the performative logic of fundamental rights. With reference to this latter, it points out two possible readings of State sovereignty and it formulates some final critical remarks on the effects of sovereignty on human dignity.

International audience

Cette contribution se propose de fournir une analyse concernant le rôle que l ’étude du droit des religions peut jouer pour une meilleure compréhension théorique du phénomène juridique. Après avoir fourni une définition de la théorie générale du droit comme discipline, Michele Saporiti essaie d’identifier ses principales limites dans une perspective globale et d’expliquer comment l ’analyse du droit interne des religions pourrait ouvrir des scénarios nouveaux et inattendus.

Il volume affronta il delicato rapporto tra normatività statale e normatività religiosa attraverso il prisma del concetto di sovranità. Nella prima parte si fornisce una ricostruzione storico-concettuale dei diversi modelli di sovranità, prestando particolare attenzione al contributo offerto dall’elemento religioso nel loro progressivo sviluppo. Nella seconda parte si adotta una prospettiva giuridico-normativa sulla sovranità e le religioni, indagando in termini funzionali le nozioni di sovranità e contro-sovranità. Nella terza parte, infine, l’attenzione viene posta sulla categoria dei diritti umani, nel tentativo di comprendere il ruolo che i sistemi normativi religiosi possono svolgere nella loro giustificazione e protezione.

Freedom of religion or belief – Freedom of expression – Criminal law – Mr D detained under a suspicion of entrapment charge for sharing videos on his Facebook profile paying tribute to jihad and ISIS in Syria – Tribunal of Surveillance ordering Mr D’s release pending trial – Whether a ‘like’ on a Facebook page or video sufficient grounds for prosecution for entrapment – Whether small group paying tribute to jihad and to Islamic groups fighting in Syria could be considered terrorist association – Italian Criminal Code, arts 270 and 414

Les grands flux de migrants et les événements récents dans la Méditerranée nous obligent à réfléchir aux rapports entre la logique des droits fondamentaux et celle du “limes” (frontière) étatique. Ces derniers mois, un contraste délicat et profond est apparu entre ces deux logiques ; un contraste qui oppose la prétention d’inviolabilité de la frontière de chaque Etat à la vulnérabilité de la vie des migrants. Or, les droits fondamentaux de chaque individu ont engendré une métamorphose irréversible des concepts à travers lesquels l’Europe s’est conçue. Parmi ces concepts, l’idée de souveraineté étatique, déjà transformée par la construction européenne, doit être à nouveau repensée à partir des droits de ces hommes qui viennent d’au-delà de l’Europe.

Opening the book symposium on Philippe Portier’s book L’État et les religions en France. Une sociologie historique de la laïcité (Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2016), this introduction tries to contextualize the current debate on laïcité and to highlight the major contributions of the symposium.

Human rights – Right to life – Right to die – Right to respect for private and family life – End-of -life decisions pertaining to the instigation and aiding of suicide – Mr A was a tetraplegic man on artificial respiration and alimentation, suffering from bilateral cortical blindness, contractions, and spasms, his cognitive functions were intact – D taking Mr A to Switzerland for the purpose of undergoing voluntary euthanasia – Whether assisting Mr A to travel to Switzerland to undergo voluntary euthanasia amounted to the instigation and aiding of a suicide – Whether aiding a man already determined to undergo voluntary euthanasia, to implement his will by taking him to Swiss clinic by car amounted to aiding suicide – Whether art 580 of the Italian Criminal Code punishing instigation and aiding of suicide constitutionally legitimate – Italian Constitution arts 3, 13, 25 second para, art 27 third para, art 117 – European Convention on Human rights, arts 2 and 8

This article aims to provide a contribution to vulnerability studies from a legal-philosophical viewpoint. It tries to suggest a diachronic account focusing on two specific topics: civil rights and sexual orientation in the Italian context from the pre-Republican period to 2017. In particular, it suggests three different notions of vulnerability within three specific chronological frameworks: total vulnerability, partial vulnerability, and residual vulnerability.

This paper analyses conscientious objection as a positive right from the legal-theoretical viewpoint. In particular, it focuses on four main aspects: the relationship between the right to conscientious objection and the right to freedom of conscience; the nature of conscientious objection as a limited or a general right; the basic logic of a conscience clause; the main limits of its application