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Spindle vibration of machine tools causes premature tool wear and deterioration of machining accuracy. The vibration of machine tool spindles changes depending on a used tooling system and rotational speed during various machining operations. Especially, in high speed machining, even small unbalance mass of the spindle makes large whirl. However, a real-time balancing mechanism for a machine tool spindle including a tooling system has never realized successfully. In this study, in order to reduce unbalance response of the spindle to achieve high accuracy and efficiency machining, a smart spindle with a real-time balancing mechanism using magnetic fluid is proposed. The magnetic fluid is enclosed inside the spindle, and the distribution of the circumferential mass is actively controlled. A test spindle with the real-time balancing mechanism was designed and developed in order to evaluate the control method of the magnetic fluid experimentally and to accumulate adequate information for the basic design of a machine tool spindle. The experimental results presented in this paper proved the feasibility of the proposed real-time balancing mechanism for a machine tool spindle.

Recent studies on performance measurement systems (PMS) have addressed how managers deal with two competing demands such as efficiency and flexibility, creativity and control, and exploration and exploitation. This paper adopt March’s (1991) suggestion on the tension between exploration and exploitation. Organizational ambidexterity literature suggests that exploration/exploitation tensions could transpire at multiple levels in the organizations simultaneously. However, little empirical work illustrates how these dual competing demands relate to multiple organizational levels. This study explores three questions: how PMS supports to build internal alignments within exploratory and exploitative subunits (at the strategic planning level); how PMS supports to make integration mechanisms function between exploratory and exploitative subunits (at the operational level); and, how managers use PMS to manage tensions between the strategic planning level and operational level. We draw on a case study of one organization. We can summarize our findings as follows. First, we focus on structural differentiation at the strategic planning level. We identify two separated subunits: sales department and production department. The middle range plan includes exploratory and exploitative strategic goals. However, not only exploratory goals but also exploitative goals are cascaded down to both the subunits. The selection of performance measures and their linkages with initiatives are different between subunits. The targets are set at the stretched level in both the subunits. Second, we investigate targeted integration mechanisms at the operational level. The monthly sales-production meetings are used as a integration mechanism. Operational managers take part in the meeting and are allowed to modify production plans. While fix cost targets must not be changed, the priority specs created at the meeting can incorporate a certain degree of flexibility into production capacity. Although the resource reconfiguration through the formal planning and budgeting process is not responsive, the targeted integration mechanism with daily measurement and monitoring of capacity utilization is useful. Finally, we identify managerial capabilities to balance tensions between the above two levels. Manager’s understanding of production capacity is critical to successfully adjust production schedules without fixed cost overrun. His understanding comes from doing budgeting tasks every year. The budgeting process provides a training field for his subordinate. But another manager has difficulty because cost information is not supplied in a timely manner.

The synthesis of (1S)-1(OH),2,4/1,3)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-C-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-oxo--1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetrol (7), which is an important synthon for the synthesis of valiolamine (8) and its N-substituted derivatives such as AO-128(9) having strong α-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity, is described. This branched-chain inosose derivative 7 has been prepared from the D-glucono-1,5-lactone derivative 2 which is readily available from D-glucose (1). The key step in the synthesis involves the stereospecific intramolecular carbocyclic ring closure of the 1-deoxy-2,6-heptodiulose derivatives 5a and 5b obtained by the oxidation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-[bis(methylthio)methyl]-D-glucitol and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-(dichloromethyl)-D-glucitol

Novel synthetic routes to valiolamine (1a) and N-substituted valiolamine derivatives via branched-chain inosose derivatives are described. (1S)-(1(OH),2,4/1,3)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-C- [(benzyloxy)methyl]-5-oxo-1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetrol (3), a branched-chain inosose derivative prepared from D-glucose,has been converted into 1a via a ketoxime followed by hydrogenation. N-Substituted valiolamine derivatives having strong α-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity have been synthesized by the direct reductive amination of the branched-chain inosose derivative 3 with an appropriate amino compound to construct the N-substituent moiety,followed by removal of the O-benzyl protecting group

We are developing a nursing education system utilizing e-learning. The objective of the study project we conducted and are describing herein is to show how efficient e-learning is when applied for nursing education along with ordinary face-to-face teaching classes held in parallel. We call this instruction mode blended e-learning. This paper reports the efficiency of such an education method based on a survey of the evaluations produced by students who actually attended e-learning classes in 2007.

Methods are described for the stereoselective conversion of valienamine ( 2 ) and validamine ( 3 ) into valiolamine ( 1a ), a new pseudo-amino sugar isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus and which is a stronger α- d -glucosidase inhibitor than 2 and 3 . Treatment of the acyclic carbamates ( 4 ) of 2 with halogenation reagents led to ring closure to afford the halo cyclic carbamates ( 6 ), which were reductively dehalogenated and then hydrolyzed to give 1a . Similar treatment of the exomethylene acyclic carbamate ( 12 ), derived from 3 via 8–11 , resulted in the formation of halo cyclic carbamates ( 14a,b ), which were converted into 1a . The synthesis of epivaliolamine ( 1b ), the C-1 epimer of 1a , starting from 2 and 3 , is also described.

Various kinds of N-substituted valiolamine derivatives, including compounds 23a, 24a, and 34a, which are structurally analogous to the key pseudodisaccharides (25a and 26a) of naturally occurring oligosaccharide alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitors, have been synthesized and estimated by the measure of inhibitory activity against porcine sucrase and maltase. The N-substituted valiolamine derivatives evaluated in this study have been found to be more potent than the corresponding N-substituted valienamine derivatives as well as the parent valiolamine. It is noteworthy that even simple N-substituted valiolamine derivatives such as N-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]-, N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]-, and N-[(R)-(-)-beta-hydroxyphenethyl]valiolamine (6, 8a, and 9a) have the stronger alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity against porcine intestinal maltase and sucrase than naturally occurring oligosaccharide alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitors.

Chemical degradation and spectral studies on toromycin, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces collinus subsp. albescens, showed that toromycin is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon having a C-glycosyl group at C-4, a vinyl group at C-8, two methoxyl groups at C-10 and C-12, and a phenolic hydroxyl group at C-1 of 6-oxo-6H-benzo [d] naphtho-[1, 2-b] pyran (1).

酵素分析あるいは中性デタージェント分析と一般分析との組合わせによって,非構造性炭水化物および有機酸など,易消化性の炭水化物群を一括して示す新らしい分画,可溶無窒素•無繊維分画(NCWFE)の栄養学的な性質を従来の可溶無窒素物(NFE)と比較した.試料としては乾草,稲ワラ,トウモロコシサイレージ,トウモロコシ子実,配合飼料,混合飼料およびビートパルプを供試した.その結果,多くの試料でNCWFEの消化率はNFEの消化率よりも有意(P

Alpha- or beta-Glucosidic linkage of validamycin was selectively cleaved by microbial hydrolysis and especially the conversion of validamycin C into validamycin A by the selective hydrolysis of alpha-glucoside linkage has important significance because validamycin C is considerably less active than validamycin A. Semisyntheses of validamycins including a new validamycin, beta-D-galactosyl-validoxylamine A were carried out by microbial transglycosidation using validoxylamine A as a glycosyl acceptor. D-[U-14C]glucose and [14C]validoxylamine A were highly incorporated into validamycin A by validamycin-producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus.

Transketolase mutants derived from Bacillus pumilus IFO 12089 produced two unknown compounds. One of them was isolated from the culture broth and was determined to be a new monosaccharide, l-deoxy-d-altro-heptulose (1-deoxy-sedoheptulose) (1). Compound 1 was easily converted into its non-reducing anhydride in acidic solution at room temperature, which was identified as 2,7-anhydro-l-deoxy-β-d-altro-heptulopyranose (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were also chemically synthesized from 2,7-anhydro-β-d-altro-heptulopyranose (3) to confirm the chemical structures.

A new antibiotic, toromycin (antibiotic B-21085) was isolated as yellow crystals from the culture broth of Streptomyces collinus subsp. albescens subsp. nov. The antibiotic has the molecular formula C27H26O9 and is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group of antibiotics. Toromycin is active against gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, DNA viruses and some bacteriophages.

An actinomycete strain No. B-52653 was found to produce an antibiotic selectively active against the in vitro antibiotic resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. Based on taxonomic studies, the name Streptomyces albulus subsp. ochragerus subsp. nov. is proposed for the strain. The microorganism produced two kinds of antibiotics; one identical with gougerotin, the other an amphoteric water soluble dipeptide containing L-alanine. The latter has the molecular formula C9H15N3O6 and is named alahopcin. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum and a synergistic effect with some other antibiotics against some antibiotic resistant staphylococci. Alahopcin has a low toxicity and was effective against experimental infections in mice caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Per- N -formylation of aminoglycoside (aminocyclitol) antibiotics followed by mild hydrolysis with aqueous ammonia gave mono- N -deformylated derivatives. Each positional isomer of the mono- N -deformylated derivatives thus obtained was separated by column chromatography on Amberlite CG-50 (NH 4 + ). Acylation of mono- N -deformylated derivatives gave the corresponding mono- N -acylated derivatives. The N -formyl groups of the mono- N -acylates were removed by the treatment with dilute aqueous hydrazine acetate, whereas the newly introduced N -acyl group was stable under these conditions. The 1- N -formyl group of the deoxystreptamine moiety of per- N -formylated aminoglycoside antibiotics containing neamine (or 3′-deoxyneamine) is more readily deformylated than the 3- N -formyl group. In this report, isolation and structural-elucidation studies, including 13 C-n.m.r. spectral assignments, of positional isomers of tri- N -formyl derivatives of xylostasin ( 1 ), 3′-deoxyxylostasin ( 2 ), kanamycin A ( 3 ), and neamine ( 4 ) are described. This selective N -acylation provides a useful method for the preparation of 1- N -modified derivatives, and the synthesis of 3′-deoxybutirosin A ( 2f ) from 2 is described in detail as an example.

A new aminoglycoside antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation broths of two strains of Bacillus species. The antibiotic is active against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, and its antimicrobial spectrum is similar to that of ribostamycin. The chemical structure was determined to be 5-β- d -xylofuranosylneamine, which is identical to the deacylated product obtained from butirosin A.

Available energy and phosphorus availability of two samples of yeast grown on methanol, a sample of yeast grown on ethanol, two samples of bacteria grown on methanol, and two samples of brewer's yeast as a kind of reference were determined by bioassay procedure developed and reported by the authors.Crude protein contents of the yeasts were 50-56%, while those of the bacteria were over 70%. Conventional procedure of feed analysis for crude fat by ethyl ether extraction was found unsatisfactory to get true value of lipid content. That of crude ash burning the sample at 600°C for 2 hours was also unsatisfactory because of residual organic matters.Available energies of the samples except brewer's Yeast N were from 3.01 to 2.26kcal/g. The sample of Yeast N had low gross protein value, which was improved in a new sample produced by revised heating process. Available energy of the new sample of Yeast N would be higher than 1.72kcal/g determined in this bioassay.Phosphorus availabilities of the samples except brewer's yeasts and Bacteria P were from 89.4 to 57.4. Low availability of phosphorus in methanol Yeast K, methanol Bacteria P, and brewer's Yeast O were significantly improved from 28-14 to 83.9-63.7, by modifying the heating process after cultivation of single cell protein.

グルコアミラーゼの前処理を施すことによってデンプンを加水分解除去し,その後に中性デタージェントでの処理を行なうというシステムで,従来デンプンを含むがゆえにCW, NDFの定量ができなかった穀類,配合飼料などでも,その定量を可能にすることができた.また,その手法の応用として各種の配合飼料(養鶏用配合飼料,養豚用配合飼料および乳牛用配合飼料)を分析し,その性質の比較を行なった.その結果,NDF含量などにおいて差が認められた.さらに配合飼料原料についても,その化学成分の分析とCWのin vitro消化試験を行ない,配合飼料の性質を究明するための情報を提供した.in vitroの消化試験では,大豆粕,ヤシ粕のCW消化率が最も高く,88.1%と84.1%の値を示し,穀類ではトウモロコシとマイロが73.0%と71.5%で似た値であったが,大麦はそれよりも低く,52.3%の値であった.また,脱脂米ヌカとフスマのヌカ類では,それぞれ56.8%と59.8%の値であった.大豆粕,ヤシ粕を除いた油粕類は一般的に非常に低い値であった.

The primary structure of enduracidin, a cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic, was estimated by the determination of the amino acid sequence, optical isomers of each amino acid, and lactone structure. The result is that the enduracidin has a macro-ring lactone structure which is composed of 16 amino acids, and has a side chain aspartic acid which is connected to a fatty acid by an amide bond. The tentative structure is shown in Fig. 7.

Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) is used as an index in the research works on digestion and metabolism with chickens and other animals. During the nutritional studies on minerals in milk, one of the authors found that inert Cr2O3 heated with milk ash became watersoluble. Accordingly, studies to find out the effective chemicals in milk ash and to establish a new analytical procedure for the determination of Cr2O3 with these chemicals were carried out. It was found that the absorption curve of Cr2O3 in the poultry feed and excreta treated by the following procedure with potassium phosphate and potassium hydroxide was identical to that of CrO4". No factors in common poultry feed and excreta was found to affect the accuracy of Cr2O3 determination.New Procedure1. Reagent: 50g of K3PO4 and 25g of KOH are solved with distilled water into 100ml.2. Sample containing approximately 1.5mg of Cr2O3 is weighed into crucible.3. One ml of reagent solution is added to the sample, mixed and burned for carbonization. If necessary, dry the sample-reagent mixture before the carbonization.4. Sample-reagent mixture is heated in an electric oven at 800°C for 30 minutes.5. After cooling, the mixture is solved with distilled water, transferred into volumetric flask, filled up to 250ml. and left overnight.6. The solution is filtered off and optical density of the solution is determined with ultraviolet ray of 370mμ.

セルラーゼによる構造炭水化物の加水分解反応を利用して粗飼料の乾物消化率(DMD)を求めるべく,その第一歩として試料の前処理法の検討を行なった.材料としては品質の互いに異なる稲わら,イタリアンライグラス乾草A,B,チモシー乾草,アルファルファヘイキューブを用い,前処理法として純水および5%Na2SO3溶液による煮沸処理を行ない,その後引き続いて0.2%セルラーゼ溶液で2,4,6,8時間分解し,in vivo DMDとの関係,反応機構について解析した.さらに,5%Na2SO3溶液での煮沸処理が試料の細胞膜物質に及ぼす影響を知るために上記材料およびこれらの細胞膜物抽出標品を用いてリグニン,ケイ酸の挙動,ならびにセルラーゼ分解反応を観察し以下の結果を得た.1. 純水および5%Na2SO3溶液による煮沸時間は30分で十分であり,その乾物分解率はほぼ一定値に達する.2. 純水処理区においては,Two Step DMDはin vivo DMDに及ばないが,両者の間には4時間および6時間で,それぞれ0.942,0.959の相関が得られた.また稲わらを除き計算すると,0.989,0.997の非常に高い相関関係が求められるところから,通常の牧乾草類については,この方法で試料の相対的な栄養価値は十分に判断できると考えられる.3. 5%Na2SO3処理区では稲わら,チモシー乾草,イタリアンライグラス乾草Aでは2時間から6時間の間にin vivo DMDと一致する点を持ち,他の試料についても加水分解時間の延長および酵素濃度の増加により,一致点が得られると予測する.4. すべての試料について,両区ともにx=Ctn(x:分解率,t:分解時間,c,n:定数)の関係が得られ,c,nともに全ての試料で5%Na2SO3処理区が高く,さらに品質の悪いものほどcの値が大きくなる傾向にあった.5. 5%Na2SO3区においては後続のセルラーゼによる分解反応が1次式に従い,すべての試料で,その反応速度定数間には大差が認められなかったが,反応物質の量がアルファルファヘイキューブでは他の試料の約1/2の値を示し,イネ科乾草とは異なる様相を呈した.6. 稲わら,チモシー乾草,イタリアンライグラス乾草A,Bは5%Na2SO3処理によって,かなりの程度リグニン,ケイ酸が溶脱したが,アルファルファヘイキューブではほとんど,その現象が見られなかった.7. リグニン,ケイ酸の溶脱した試料では,セルラーゼ分解率が顕著に増加し,細胞膜中における非リグニン部分の拡大,セルラーゼ反応の促進が認められた.

From the structural investigation of acidic products obtained by hydrolysis of enduracidins and tetrahydroenduracidins, 10-methylundeca-2 (cis)-4 (trans)-dienoic acid (V) and (+)-10-methyldodeca-2 (cis)-4 (trans)-dienoic acid (VI) were found to be constituent of enduracidins A and B, respectively. Consequently, the structural difference between enduracidins A and B was proved to be present in their unsaturated fatty acid moieties, and their full structures were assumed to be as shown in Fig. 10.

Zygomycin-A, when subjected to methanolysis, produced a crystalline pseudoneamine trihydrochloride and amorphous methyl zygobiosaminide dihydrochloride (C11H21O7N2(OCH3)·2HCL). Methyl-N, N'-diacetylzygobiosaminide on hydrolysis yielded D-ribose.

Valiolamine, a new aminocyclitol has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus and its structure has been determined to be (1(OH),2,4,5/1,3)-5-amino-1-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetr ol. Valiolamine has more potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity against porcine intestinal sucrase, maltase and isomaltase than valienamine, validamine and hydroxyvalidamine which were reported as building blocks of validamycins and microbial oligosaccharide alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. In addition, valienamine, validamine and hydroxyvalidamine have been isolated from the fermentation broth.

Chemical degradation and spectral studies on toromycin, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces collinus subsp. albescens, showed that toromycin is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon having a C-glycosyl group at C-4, a vinyl group at C-8, two methoxyl groups at C-10 and C-12, and a phenolic hydroxyl group at C-1 of 6-oxo-6H-benzo [d] naphtho-[1, 2-b] pyran (1).

A new amino acid, dealanylalahopcin, was isolated from a culture filtrate of Streptomyces albulus subsp. ochragerus; it was also formed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of alahopcin using microbial alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase. The amino acid was obtained as colorless needles and its molecular formula is C6H10N2O5. It showed very weak antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and weak inhibitory activity against the collagen prolylhydroxylase.