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The chronology of the Temple of the Owls, a construction of unusual characteristics located in the group of the Initial Series at Chichen Itza, has proved a challenge for archaeologists during long time. The importance of the building resides in its unique iconography, and especially in the presence of a hieroglyphic text with a calendar date in a painted capstone. The dating of this inscription has been crucial to explain the combination of architectural, iconographic, and ceramic traits and styles associated with it. In this contribution we will propose a new interpretation of the calendric date, which contradicts the dating of the capstone in the ninth century accepted by most scholars, placing the inscription instead in the twelfth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms are eliminated by ovarian suppression and stimulated by administration of ovarian steroids, yet they appear with ovarian steroid levels indistinguishable from those in women without PMDD. Thus, symptoms could be precipitated either by an acute change in ovarian steroid levels or by stable levels above a critical threshold playing a permissive role in expression of an underlying infradian affective "pacemaker." The authors attempted to determine which condition triggers PMDD symptoms.Method: The study included 22 women with PMDD, ages 30 to 50 years. Twelve women who experienced symptom remission after 2-3 months of GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression (leuprolide) then received 1 month of single-blind (participant only) placebo and then 3 months of continuous combined estradiol/progesterone. Primary outcome measures were the Rating for Premenstrual Tension observer and self-ratings completed every 2 weeks during clinic visits. Multivariate repeated-measure ANOVA for mixed models was employed.Results: Both self- and observer-rated scores on the Rating for Premenstrual Tension were significantly increased (more symptomatic) during the first month of combined estradiol/progesterone compared with the last month of leuprolide alone, the placebo month, and the second and third months of estradiol/progesterone. There were no significant differences in symptom severity between the last month of leuprolide alone, placebo month, or second and third months of estradiol/progesterone. Finally, the Rating for Premenstrual Tension scores in the second and third estradiol/progesterone months did not significantly differ.Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the change in estradiol/progesterone levels from low to high, and not the steady-state level, was associated with onset of PMDD symptoms. Therapeutic efforts to modulate the change in steroid levels proximate to ovulation merit further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el sitio arqueológico de Chichén Itzá en la península de Yucatán, México, con un enfoque en la civilización maya que ocupó la región.

Droop, the decrease of efficiency with increased power density, became a major topic with InGaN LEDs, after its introduction in 2007. This paper provides insight into droop in localized center luminescence phosphors, exemplified here by Eu2+ doped materials. This topic is of increasing importance, as high brightness blue LEDs have reached outputs >1 W/mm2. The nonlinearities in phosphor quantum efficiency result in drive-dependent color point shift and reduction of overall efficiency of phosphor converted white LEDs which utilize Eu2+ activated phosphors. The efficiency quenching can be traced back to two processes, well-known in laser physics, excited state absorption or/and cross relaxation by Foerster/Dexter transfer. Both processes lead to reduction in phosphor efficiency, but they can be differentiated. Understanding the root cause of efficiency quenching opens ways to minimize the practical consequences. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss role of inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the lighting industry. Topics discusses include impacts of supposed advancements of light emitting diodes in the lighting industry, inferences of a report of the U.S. Department of Energy regarding energy consumption in lighting sector, discovery of LEDs by Henry Round and Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, blue light from LEDs by using compound such as gallium nitride and discovery of external quantum efficiency (EQE) in blue LEDs.

The focus of this chapter is the relationship between the onset of depression in women and the reproductive events of the menopause transition. Epidemiologic studies have documented that the majority of women do not become depressed during the menopause transition. However, recent longitudinal studies suggest that in some women, the reproductive events related to the menopause transition could play a role in the onset of depression. No abnormality of ovarian hormones has been identified that distinguishes women with depression from those who remain asymptomatic during the menopause transition. Nonetheless, several findings suggest a role of ovarian hormones in the onset of these depressions. First, episodes of depression cluster during the stage of the menopause transition that is accompanied by estradiol withdrawal. Second, randomized controlled trials have documented the short-term (3–6 weeks) antidepressant efficacy of estradiol in depressed perimenopausal women. Third, experimentally induced estradiol withdrawal triggers mood symptoms in some women. Thus, although depression is not a uniform accompaniment of the menopause transition, in some women, age-related changes in ovarian estrogen production may alter central nervous system function and predispose them to develop depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies fail to find uniform effects of age-related or induced hypogonadism on human sexual function. We examined the effects of induced hypogonadism on sexual function in healthy men and women and attempted to identify predictors of the sexual response to induced hypogonadism or hormone addback. The study design used was a double-blind, controlled, crossover (self-as-own control). The study setting was an ambulatory care clinic in a research hospital, and the participants were 20 men (average±SD age=28.5±6.2 years) and 20 women (average±SD age=33.5±8.7 years), all healthy and with no history of psychiatric illness. A multidimensional scale assessing several domains of sexual function was the main outcome measure. Participants of the study received depot leuprolide acetate (Lupron) every 4 weeks for 3 months (men) or 5 months (women). After the first month of Lupron alone, men received (in addition to Lupron) testosterone enanthate (200 mg intramuscularly) or placebo every 2 weeks for 1 month each. Women received Lupron alone for 2 months, and then, in addition to Lupron, they received estradiol and progesterone for 5 weeks each. The results of the study: in women, hypogonadism resulted in a significant decrease in global measures of sexual functioning, principally reflecting a significant decrease in the reported quality of orgasm. In men, hypogonadism resulted in significant reductions in all measured domains of sexual function. Testosterone restored sexual functioning scores in men to those seen at baseline, whereas neither estradiol nor progesterone significantly improved the reduced sexual functioning associated with hypogonadism in women. Induced hypogonadism decreased sexual function in a similar number of men and women. No predictors of response were identified except for levels of sexual function at baseline. In conclusion, our data do not support a simple deficiency model for the role of gonadal steroids in human sexual function; moreover, while variable, the role of testosterone in sexual function in men is more apparent than that of estradiol or progesterone in women.Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 565–576; doi:10.1038/npp.2008.24; published online 19 March 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Enhanced statistical characterization of mood-rating data holds the potential to more precisely classify and sub-classify recurrent mood disorders like premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and recurrent brief depressive disorder (RBD). We applied several complementary statistical methods to differentiate mood rating dynamics among women with PMDD, RBD, and normal controls (NC). We compared three subgroups of women: NC (n =8); PMDD (n =15); and RBD (n =9) on the basis of daily self-ratings of sadness, study lengths between 50 and 120 days. We analyzed mean levels; overall variability, SD; sequential irregularity, approximate entropy (ApEn); and a quantification of the extent of brief and staccato dynamics, denoted ‘Spikiness’. For each of SD, irregularity (ApEn), and Spikiness, we showed highly significant subgroup differences, ANOVA⩽0.001 for each statistic; additionally, many paired subgroup comparisons showed highly significant differences. In contrast, mean levels were indistinct among the subgroups. For SD, normal controls had much smaller levels than the other subgroups, with RBD intermediate. ApEn showed PMDD to be significantly more regular than the other subgroups. Spikiness showed NC and RBD data sets to be much more staccato than their PMDD counterparts, and appears to suitably characterize the defining feature of RBD dynamics. Compound criteria based on these statistical measures discriminated diagnostic subgroups with high sensitivity and specificity. Taken together, the statistical suite provides well-defined specifications of each subgroup. This can facilitate accurate diagnosis, and augment the prediction and evaluation of response to treatment. The statistical methodologies have broad and direct applicability to behavioral studies for many psychiatric disorders, and indeed to similar analyses of associated biological signals across multiple axes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El artículo explora las similitudes del arte y de la arquitectura pública de las ciudades prehispánicas de Tula y Chichen Itzá. Se considera la historia de la identificación de una fase maya-tolteca en Chichen Itzá y se citan algunas de las evidencias arqueológicas e históricas usadas para fundamentar esa identificación. El autor reflexiona sobre la necesidad de una investigación cuidadosa del tema.

There is considerable evidence from animal studies that the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems are sensitive to circulating gonadal steroid hormones. Less is known about the influence of estrogen and progesterone on the human reward system. To investigate this directly, we used functional MRI and an event-related monetary reward paradigm to study women with a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design across the menstrual cycle. Here we show that during the midfollicular phase (days 4-8 after onset of menses) women anticipating uncertain rewards activated the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala more than during the luteal phase (6-10 days after luteinizing hormone surge). At the time of reward delivery, women in the follicular phase activated the midbrain, striatum, and left fronto-polar cortex more than during the luteal phase. These data demonstrate augmented reactivity of the reward system in women during the midfollicular phase when estrogen is unopposed by progesterone. Moreover, investigation of between-sex differences revealed that men activated ventral putamen more than women during anticipation of uncertain rewards, whereas women more strongly activated the anterior medial prefrontal cortex at the time of reward delivery. Correlation between brain activity and gonadal steroid levels also revealed that the amygdalo-hippocampal complex was positively correlated with estradiol level, regardless of menstrual cycle phase. Together, our findings provide evidence of neurofunctional modulation of the reward system by gonadal steroid hormones in humans and establish a neurobiological foundation for understanding their impact on vulnerability to drug abuse, neuropsychiatric diseases with differential expression across males and females, and hormonally mediated mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Abnormalities in both quality of life and cognitive measures have been well-documented in women with Turner Syndrome (TS). Additionally, shyness and social anxiety appear to be common clinical features of TS. However, few studies have systematically examined the presence of mood and behavior syndromes in these women. In this chapter we report our recent studies on the psychological and social aspects of Turner syndrome in adult women. Overall, rates of psychiatric syndromes were not higher in women with TS than in women attending gynecologic clinics. Nonetheless, premature ovarian failure was associated with depression, reduced self-esteem and impaired social functioning. Elucidation of the specific mechanisms of this effect and identification of the women at particular risk are important areas for further study. Attention to psychological health and social functioning should be an important part of the care for women with premature ovarian failure, regardless of the underlying disorder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New models for menstrual cycle-related mood disorders provide unique opportunities to gain insight into the processing of emotional information and the regulation of mood state by reproductive steroids. This paper reviews the role of reproductive steroids in affect regulation and in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMD), parses PMD into component processes that suggest potential mediating neurocircuitry, and highlights the importance of and potential contributors to the differential sensitivity that permits reproductive steroids to destabilize mood in some but not all women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article focuses on a review of evidence related to the following 3 questions: (1) Does depression appear during the menopausal transition? (2) What factors influence the risk for depression during the menopausal transition? (3) Do age-related alterations in ovarian hormone secretion contribute to the development of depression in some middle-aged women? A brief background is provided on the importance of depressive disorders. Methodologic issues that have compromised previous studies investigating the possible relation between the menopausal transition and depression are discussed. Evidence is presented that suggests a relation between the perimenopause (the interval between the early menopausal transition and 1 year after the last menses), but not the postmenopause, and the onset of depressive illness. Finally, studies are reviewed that suggest an association between alterations in ovarian function and depression, including several randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the antidepressant efficacy of estradiol in depressed perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El artículo discurre sobre los últimos descubrimientos arqueológicos en el sitio de Chichén Itzá en el estado de Yucatán, México. El autor describe los esfuerzos de los expertos para comprender el desarrollo de la ciudad maya por un estudio de los edificios y monumentos de Chichén Itzá. También comenta sobre el Grupo de la Serie Inicial, una clase alta de mayas en la ciudad, información de lo cual fue obtenida por las excavaciones arqueológicas.

Objective: Mood and reproductive function were prospectively evaluated in asymptomatic premenopausal women to determine whether the onset of depression was temporally linked to the perimenopause. Method: Twenty-nine asymptomatic, regularly cycling women were monitored longitudinally for an average of 5 years until at least 6 months of amenorrhea occurred. Outcome measures included mood ratings and menstrual diaries completed daily, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone obtained at 3-6-month intervals. The number of episodes of depression and their timing relative to the final menstrual period were determined. Differences in outcome measures between women who did and did not become depressed during the perimenopause were determined by Student's t test, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact test. Results: The authors observed 11 episodes of new-onset depression in nine of the 29 women. In the 24 months sur- rounding the last menstrual period nine episodes of depression were observed. Six of the nine women who became depressed during the study had no prior depressive episodes. For the 24 months surrounding the final menses, the risk for onset of depression was 14 times as high as for a 31-year premenopausal period of time. Women who developed depression during the perimenopause were not distinguished from those who remained asymptomatic on the basis of symptom profile, duration of the perimenopause, endocrine measures, or past historical variables. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that events related to the late pen- menopause may be associated with an increased susceptibility to develop depression in some women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary We compared the number and quality of life events reported by depressed perimenopausal women and a non-depressed comparison group. Additionally, we examined the effects of the presence of hot flushes on life event reports. All women were 44–55 years old, had irregular menses and elevated plasma gonadotropin levels. The Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview recorded both the frequency of occurrence and the desirability of life events experienced by the women during the six months prior to the interview. Depressed perimenopausal women (n=50) reported significantly more undesirable events [Student’s t-test (unpaired) with Bonferroni correction, t[sub 98]=3.9, p=0.001] but not more exit events (e.g., divorce, last child leaving home or death in family) (t[sub 98]=0.9, p=NS) compared to the non-depressed women (n=50). There were no effects of hot flushes on these diagnostic differences. The “empty nest” syndrome does not appear to be relevant in the development of perimenopausal depression. Nevertheless, independent of the presence of hot flushes, perimenopausal depressed women are more likely to report both negative life events and diminished self esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While diagnostic criteria for premenstrual syndromes (PMS) exist, studies rarely state how these criteria are operationally applied. We examined the consequences of application of different operational methods for DSM-IV criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) to individual cycles in women with PMS and controls. PMDD criteria require the presence of both certain types or numbers of symptoms (5/11 symptoms present premenstrually, at least one being one of four mood symptoms) and certain phenomenal characteristics (present premenstrually, absent postmenstrually, causing interference premenstrually). We identified individual cycles as symptomatic or asymptomatic by applying criteria that operationalized the required phenomenal elements of PMDD according to four severity thresholds: literal (i.e. present or absent), 30%, 50%, 70%. Data examined were Daily Rating Form symptom scores from two symptomatic menstrual cycles both in 25 women with PMS and 25 controls. Literal thresholds correctly identified 28% of symptomatic and 4% of asymptomatic cycles, compared with 86 and 70% identification with a 30% threshold, 60 and 86% with a 50% threshold, and 0 and 100% with a 70% threshold. An “optimal” combination of 30% thresholds for premenstrual symptomatology and premenstrual interference and a 50% threshold for postmenstrual symptomatology correctly identified 92% of symptomatic cycles in women with PMS and 72% of asymptomatic cycles in controls. Different criteria for cycle inclusion yield markedly different sample compositions. No single operational threshold of the phenomenal features maximizes selection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic cycles, largely consequent to the ubiquity of postmenstrual symptoms and premenstrual “interference” even in women without PMS. At the very least, the method for operationalizing DSM-IV criteria should be described in studies of PMDD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Studies of the effects of gender and gonadal steroids on serotonergic activity in humans are few in number and often contradictory. We examined the neuroendocrine and core temperature response to a serotonergic stimulus, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) (0.08 mg/kg body weight, IV), in asymptomatic female and male volunteers during induced hypogonadism (leuprolide acetate) and hormone replacement (estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4) in women; testosterone (T) in men).Compared with the hypogonadal state, basal prolactin (PRL) secretion was significantly higher during both P4 and E2 replacement (p < .05) in women and during T replacement in men (p < .05). m-CPP stimulated PRL secretion was significantly greater only during P4 (p < .05) but not E2 (women) or T (men) replacement, compared with hypogonadism. Basal but not stimulated plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly higher during P4 in women and T in men (p < .05), and no significant differences in basal or m-CPP stimulated plasma levels of ACTH or cortisol were observed. Finally, basal core temperatures were significantly higher during P4 replacement compared with either E2 replacement or the hypogonadal condition (p < .01) in women, with no differences observed in men. Comparisons of measures by gender (and matched for baseline plasma T levels) revealed that during the hypogonadal state m-CPP–stimulated GH secretion was significantly greater (p < .01) and m-CPP–stimulated ACTH (p < .05) and cortisol (p < .01) significantly less in women compared with men.Although our data are limited to those components of the central serotonergic system influenced by m-CPP administration, our findings suggest the following: the regulatory effects of gonadal steroids on serotonergic function are modest in humans during leuprolide-induced hypogonadism; menstrual cycle phase effects of serotonergic agents on PRL secretion may reflect both the effects of P4 and E2; the effects of P4 in humans may occur without E2 priming of the progesterone receptor; and gender differences in GH secretion occur independent of the presence of gonadal steroids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: The authors investigated the role of acute serotonergic modulation in the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Method: Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (whose symptoms had remitred during treatment with fluoxetine) and a group of unmedicated healthy comparison women received the serotonin receptor antagonist metergoline as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Results: The patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder experienced a return of symptoms 24 hours after treatment with metergoline but not diphenhydramine (active placebo). The comparison women experienced no changes in mood. Conclusions: These data support the role of altered serotonergic transmission in the efficacy of SSRI treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the possible effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Involvement of the reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone in the development of postpartum depression; Sensitivity of women with a history of postpartum depression to mood-destabilizing effects of gonadal steroids.

Tetrahedron‐based nitrides offer a wide range of properties and applications. Highly condensed nitridophosphates are examples of nitrides that exhibit fascinating luminescence properties when doped with Eu2+, making them appealing for industrial applications. Here, we present the first nitridomagnesophosphate solid solution series Ba3−xSrx[Mg2P10N20] : Eu2+ (x=0–3), synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature approach using the multianvil technique (3 GPa, 1400 °C). Starting from the binary nitrides P3N5 and Mg3N2 and the respective alkaline earth azides, we incorporate Mg into the P/N framework to increase the degree of condensation κ to 0.6, the highest observed value for alkaline earth nitridophosphates. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and solid‐state NMR. DFT calculations were performed on the title compounds and other related highly condensed nitridophosphates to investigate the influence of Mg in the P/N network. Eu2+‐doped samples of the solid solution series show a tunable narrow‐band emission from cyan to green (492–515 nm), which is attributed to the preferred doping of a single crystallographic site. Experimental confirmation of this assumption was provided by overdoping experiments and STEM‐HAADF studies on the series as well on the stoichiometric compound Ba2Eu[Mg2P10N20] with additional atomic resolution energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahedron‐based nitrides offer a wide range of properties and applications. Highly condensed nitridophosphates are examples of nitrides that exhibit fascinating luminescence properties when doped with Eu2+, making them appealing for industrial applications. Here, we present the first nitridomagnesophosphate solid solution series Ba3−xSrx[Mg2P10N20] : Eu2+ (x=0–3), synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature approach using the multianvil technique (3 GPa, 1400 °C). Starting from the binary nitrides P3N5 and Mg3N2 and the respective alkaline earth azides, we incorporate Mg into the P/N framework to increase the degree of condensation κ to 0.6, the highest observed value for alkaline earth nitridophosphates. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and solid‐state NMR. DFT calculations were performed on the title compounds and other related highly condensed nitridophosphates to investigate the influence of Mg in the P/N network. Eu2+‐doped samples of the solid solution series show a tunable narrow‐band emission from cyan to green (492–515 nm), which is attributed to the preferred doping of a single crystallographic site. Experimental confirmation of this assumption was provided by overdoping experiments and STEM‐HAADF studies on the series as well on the stoichiometric compound Ba2Eu[Mg2P10N20] with additional atomic resolution energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of nitride phosphors, which are crucial for phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes, mixed tetrahedral networks hold a significant position. With respect to the wide range of compositions, the largely unexplored (Si, P)–N networks are investigated as potential host structures. In this work, two highly condensed structures, namely Sr2SiP2N6 and Sr5Si2P6N16 are reported to address the challenges that arise from the similarities of the network‐forming cations Si4+ and P5+ in terms of charge, ionic radius, and atomic scattering factor, a multistep workflow is employed to elucidate their structure. Using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)‐EDX maps, and straightforward crystallographic calculations, it is found that Sr2SiP2N6 is the first ordered, and Sr5Si2P6N16 the first disordered, anionic tetrahedral (Si, P)–N network. After doping with Eu2+, Sr2SiP2N6:Eu2+ shows narrow cyan emission (λmax = 506 nm, fwhm = 60 nm/2311 cm−1), while for Sr5Si2P6N16:Eu2+ a broad emission with three maxima at 534, 662, and 745 nm upon irradiation with ultraviolet light is observed. An assignment of Sr sites as probable positions for Eu2+ and their relation to the emission bands of Sr5Si2P6N16:Eu2+ is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxonitridosilicate La7Sr[Si10N19O3] : Eu2+ and its substitutional variants RE8‐xAEx[Si10N20‐xO2+x] : Eu2+ with RE=La, Ce; AE=Ca, Sr, Ba and 0≤x≤2 were synthesized starting from REN, SrN/Ca3N2/Ba2N, SiO2, amorphous Si3N4 and Eu2O3 as doping agent at 1600 °C in a radiofrequency furnace. The crystal structure of La7Sr[Si10N19O3] was solved and refined based on single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. La7Sr[Si10N19O3] crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmn21 (no. 31). The crystal structures of the isotypic compounds RE8‐xAEx[Si10N20‐xO2+x] were confirmed by Rietveld refinements based on powder X‐ray diffraction data using the single‐crystal data of La7Sr[Si10N19O3] as starting point. Crystal structure elucidation reveals a 3D network of vertex sharing SiN4 and SiN2(N1/2‐x/4O1/2+x/4)2 (0≤x≤2) tetrahedra. When excited with UV to blue light, La7Sr[Si10N19O3] : Eu2+ shows amber luminescence with λem=612 nm and fwhm=84 nm/2194 cm−1, which makes it interesting for application in amber phosphor‐converted light emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which examines the role of gonadal steroid hormones in humans. Use of H215O positron-emission tomography to measure regional cerebral flow (rCBF) in young women during pharmacologically controlled hormonal conditions; Ovarian suppression induced by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide acetate.

Presents a study which assesses the cycle to cycle symptom stability in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Information on the symptom ratings obtained; Identification of three questions asked in the study; Methodology employed in this study; Results of the study; Discussions on the results.

Discusses the mechanisms of action and behavioral effects of androgens on animals and humans. History of the effects of androgens; Different effects of androgens; Molecular structure of androgens; Effects of androgens on brain and behavior.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of oxonitridosilicate phosphates Sr3SiP3O2N7, Sr5Si2P4ON12, and Sr16Si9P9O7N33 as the first of their kind. These compounds were synthesized under high‐temperature (1400 °C) and high‐pressure (3 GPa) conditions. A unique structural feature is their common fundamental building unit, a vierer single chain of (Si, P)(O, N)4 tetrahedra. All tetrahedra comprise substitutional disorder which is why we refer to it as the fundamental disorder unit (FDU). We classified four different FDU motifs, revealing systematic bonding patterns. Including literature known Sr5Si2P6N16, three of the four patterns were found in the presented compounds. Common techniques like single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), elemental analyses, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were utilized for structural analysis. Additionally, low‐cost crystallographic calculations (LCC) provided insights into the structure of Sr16Si9P9O7N33 where NMR data were unavailable due to the lack of bulk samples. The optical properties of these compounds, when doped with Eu2+, were investigated using photoluminescence excitation (PLE), photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Factors influencing the emission properties, including thermal quenching mechanisms, were discussed. This research reveals the new class of oxonitridosilicate phosphates with unique systematic structural features that offer potential for theoretical studies of luminescence and band gap tuning in insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of oxonitridosilicate phosphates Sr3SiP3O2N7, Sr5Si2P4ON12, and Sr16Si9P9O7N33 as the first of their kind. These compounds were synthesized under high‐temperature (1400 °C) and high‐pressure (3 GPa) conditions. A unique structural feature is their common fundamental building unit, a vierer single chain of (Si, P)(O, N)4 tetrahedra. All tetrahedra comprise substitutional disorder which is why we refer to it as the fundamental disorder unit (FDU). We classified four different FDU motifs, revealing systematic bonding patterns. Including literature known Sr5Si2P6N16, three of the four patterns were found in the presented compounds. Common techniques like single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), elemental analyses, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were utilized for structural analysis. Additionally, low‐cost crystallographic calculations (LCC) provided insights into the structure of Sr16Si9P9O7N33 where NMR data were unavailable due to the lack of bulk samples. The optical properties of these compounds, when doped with Eu2+, were investigated using photoluminescence excitation (PLE), photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Factors influencing the emission properties, including thermal quenching mechanisms, were discussed. This research reveals the new class of oxonitridosilicate phosphates with unique systematic structural features that offer potential for theoretical studies of luminescence and band gap tuning in insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) producing pure, highly saturated colors are the industry standard for efficient backlighting of high‐color gamut displays. Vivid color reproduction, matching the eye's perception of nature, is the central paradigm in the design of narrow‐band emitting phosphors. To cover a wide range of naturally occurring color tones, expansion of the color gamut in the green spectral region, and therefore an advanced applicable green phosphor, is highly desired. Herein, the oxonitridoberyllosilicate Ba[BeSiON2]:Eu2+ showing outstanding narrow‐band green emission (λmax ≈526 nm with FWHM ≈1600 cm−1 (≈45 nm), x = 0.212, y = 0.715) when excited with InGaN‐based blue LEDs is presented. High quantum efficiency and low thermal quenching (>90% rel. quantum efficiency at 100 °C) as well as excellent scalability make the material suitable for industrial application in high color‐gamut LED displays. A prototype phosphor‐converted‐LED (pc‐LED), with green‐emitting Ba[BeSiON2]:Eu2+ and K2SiF6:Mn4+ as red phosphor shows an extraordinary coverage in the CIE 1931 color space of 109% compared to the DCI‐P3 standard, topping the widely applied β‐SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor (104%), making it suitable for use in phone displays, monitors, and television screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor concerning shyness, social anxiety, and impaired self-esteem in Turner Syndrome and premature ovarian failure is presented.

We present the first nitridic analogs of micas, namely AESi3P4N10(NH)2 (AE=Mg, Mg0.94Ca0.06, Ca, Sr), which were synthesized under high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions at 1400 °C and 8 GPa from the refractory nitrides P3N5 and Si3N4, the respective alkaline earth amides, implementing NH4F as a mineralizer. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal diffraction with microfocused synchrotron radiation, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic (EDX) mapping with atomic resolution, powder X‐ray diffraction, and solid‐state NMR. The structures consist of typical tetrahedra–octahedra–tetrahedra (T‐O‐T) layers with P occupying T and Si occupying O layers, realizing the rare motif of sixfold coordinated silicon atoms in nitrides. The presence of H, as an imide group forming the SiN4(NH)2 octahedra, is confirmed by SCXRD, MAS‐NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Eu2+‐doped samples show tunable narrow‐band emission from deep blue to cyan (451–492 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first nitridic analogs of micas, namely AESi3P4N10(NH)2 (AE=Mg, Mg0.94Ca0.06, Ca, Sr), which were synthesized under high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions at 1400 °C and 8 GPa from the refractory nitrides P3N5 and Si3N4, the respective alkaline earth amides, implementing NH4F as a mineralizer. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal diffraction with microfocused synchrotron radiation, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic (EDX) mapping with atomic resolution, powder X‐ray diffraction, and solid‐state NMR. The structures consist of typical tetrahedra–octahedra–tetrahedra (T‐O‐T) layers with P occupying T and Si occupying O layers, realizing the rare motif of sixfold coordinated silicon atoms in nitrides. The presence of H, as an imide group forming the SiN4(NH)2 octahedra, is confirmed by SCXRD, MAS‐NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Eu2+‐doped samples show tunable narrow‐band emission from deep blue to cyan (451–492 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women with a history of perimenopausal depression (PMD) who were withdrawn from hormonal therapy with estradiol experienced a significant increase in depressive symptom severity compared with women with past PMD who remained on estradiol and women with no PMD history, a new study has found. The findings suggest that normal changes in estradiol secretion can generate an abnormal behavioral state in women susceptible to depression. Study results were published online May 27, 2015, in JAMA Psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxonitridosilicates RE6–xCa1.5xSi11N20O (RE = Yb, Lu; x ≈ 2.2) were synthesized starting from REF3, CaH2, and "Si(NH)2" in a radiofrequency furnace at 1600 or 1400 °C, respectively. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data of dark red Yb6–xCa1.5xSi11N20O crystals in the trigonal space group P31c (no. 159) with a = 9.8281(10), c = 10.5968(13) Å and Z = 2. The structure represents a filled variant of the Er6Si11N20O structure type, in which the charge difference caused by substitution of trivalent Yb3+ with bivalent Ca2+ is balanced by occupation of an additional third cation site. Synthesis of Lu6–xCa1.5xSi11N20O:Ce3+ resulted in a yellow powder with yellow luminescence. Powder X‐ray data were analyzed by Rietveld refinement based on the crystal data obtained from Yb6–xCa1.5xSi11N20O. The Ce3+ doped compound exhibits a broad emission (fwhm ≈ 168 nm/≈ 5100 cm–1) with a maximum at λem ≈ 565 nm. The emission extends more in the red spectral range compared to YAG:Ce3+, thus making it an interesting phosphor for warm‐white single phosphor converted light‐emitting diodes (1pcLED) with an improved color rendering index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for materials for high‐efficiency lighting applications, the color‐point tuning of phosphors for inorganic phosphor converted LEDs (pcLEDs) is of special interest. We expand the recently explored phosphor class of SiBeONs (oxonitridoberyllosilicates) by the synthesis and characterization of SrBe1−xSi2+xO3−2xN2+2x:Eu2+. High temperature synthesis, starting from Sr2N, BeO, SiO2 and Si3N4, yields the target phase as the main product. Upon doping with Eu2+, the pale blue crystals exhibit blue luminescence with emission at 456 nm and a full width at half maximum (fwhm) of 66 nm/3108 cm−1. The structure is an ordered variant of the LaSi3N5 structure type and was elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The network in SrBe1−xSi2+xO3−2xN2+2x:Eu2+ is highly condensed with a condensation degree of κ=0.6 comprising corner‐sharing [MX4] (M=Be, Si; X=O, N) tetrahedra, with mixed occupancies on both the ligand and central metal sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The molecular mechanisms underpinning the progesterone-triggering mood symptoms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are unknown. Cell metabolism is a potential source of variability. Very little is known about the effect of progesterone sensitivity on the metabolome. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of progesterone on the global metabolic profile and explore the differences between women with PMDD and controls.Methods: Plasma was obtained from 12 women with prospectively confirmed PMDD and 25 controls under two hormone conditions: (1) gonadal suppression induced by leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg IM monthly) and (2) add-back phase with leuprolide and progesterone (200 mg twice daily by vaginal suppository). The global metabolic profile was obtained using liquid and gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Differences between groups and time points were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. The false discovery rate was calculated to account for multiple testing.Results: Amino acids and their derivatives represented 78% (28/36) of the known compounds that were found in significantly lower plasma concentrations after progesterone administration than during gonadal suppression. The concentration of tyrosine was nominally significantly decreased after progesterone add-back in controls, but not in cases (P = 0.02).Conclusion: Plasma levels of some amino acids are decreased in response to progesterone. Albeit preliminary, evidence further suggests that progesterone has a different effect on the metabolic profiles of women with PMDD compared to controls. Further research is needed to replicate our findings in a larger sample and to identify the unknown compounds, especially those differentially expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Beryllate structures are marginally investigated, but show intriguing structural relations to oxo‐ and nitridosilicates. A typical feature is the coordination of Be in both trigonal planar and tetrahedral coordination by O. A broad range of structures is accessible by variable combinations of both building units. Three novel ternary Sr‐oxoberyllates are characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, density functional theory calculations and investigations on luminescence properties: α‐SrBeO2, β‐SrBeO2 and Sr12Be17O29 are obtained with oxoberyllate substructures, made up of either BeO3 triangles or BeO4 tetrahedra. The compounds can be described as chain‐ and layer‐type beryllates. When excited with blue light of (In,Ga)N LED chips, β‐SrBeO2 and Sr12Be17O29 show visible emission in the yellow and orange spectral range, respectively, upon doping with Eu2+. Exceptional narrow‐band yellow emission (λem=564 nm, fwhm=55 nm) makes β‐SrBeO2:Eu2+ a promising phosphor for application in phosphor‐converted (pc‐)LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxonitridophosphates exhibit the potential for broad structural diversity, making them promising host‐compounds in phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode applications. The novel monophyllo‐oxonitridophosphate β‐MgSrP3N5O2 was obtained by using the high‐pressure multianvil technique. The crystal structure was solved and refined based on single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction. β‐MgSrP3N5O2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmme (no. 67, a=8.8109(6), b=12.8096(6), c=4.9065(3) Å, Z=4) and has a structure related to that of Ba2CuSi2O7. DFT calculations were performed to investigate the phase transition from α‐ to β‐MgSrP3N5O2 and to confirm the latter as the corresponding high‐pressure polymorph. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of Eu2+ doped samples of both polymorphs were investigated and discussed, showing blue and cyan emission, respectively (α‐MgSrP3N5O2; λmax=438 nm, fwhm=46 nm/2396 cm−1; β‐MgSrP3N5O2; λmax=502 nm, fwhm=42 nm/1670 cm−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brexanolone, a formulation of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO), is approved for treating postpartum depression (PPD) and is being investigated for therapeutic efficacy across numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Given ALLO's beneficial effects on mood in women with PPD compared to healthy control women, we sought to characterize and compare the cellular response to ALLO in women with (n = 9) or without (n = 10, i.e., Controls) past PPD, utilizing our previously established patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). To mimic in vivo PPD ALLO-treatment, LCLs were exposed to ALLO or DMSO vehicle for 60 h and RNA-sequenced to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs, pnominal < 0.05). Between ALLO-treated Control and PPD LCLs, 269 DEGs were identified, including Glutamate Decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which was decreased 2-fold in PPD. Network analysis of PPD:ALLO DEGs revealed enriched terms related to synaptic activity and cholesterol biosynthesis. Within-diagnosis analyses (i.e., DMSO vs. ALLO) detected 265 ALLO-induced DEGs in Control LCLs compared to only 98 within PPD LCLs, with just 11 DEGs overlapping. Likewise, the gene ontologies underlying ALLO-induced DEGs in PPD and Control LCLs were divergent. These data suggest that ALLO may activate unique and opposing molecular pathways in women with PPD, which may be tied to its antidepressant mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract is available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M[BeSi2N4] (M=Sr,Eu), crystallizing in the hexagonal space group P 2c, was synthesized from Sr(NH2)2, Be3N2, and “Si(NH)2” in W crucibles under a N2 atmosphere in a radio‐frequency furnace. The crystal structure was solved from powder X‐ray diffraction data by the charge‐flipping method (Sr[BeSi2N4]: a=4.86082(2), c=9.42264(4) Å, Z=2; Eu[BeSi2N4]: a=4.85848(1), c=9.41615(4) Å). M[BeSi2N4] contains a highly condensed rigid network of trigonal planar [BeN3] units that are connected to Si2N7 double tetrahedra by common vertices. M[BeSi2N4] (M=Sr,Eu) are the first examples of nitridoberyllosilicates and are isotypic to the oxoberyllate Sr[Be3O4]. Eu2+‐doped Sr[BeSi2N4] and Eu[BeSi2N4] show orange‐trapped exciton emission (λem=605 nm, fwhm ≈126 nm), whereas Ce3+‐doped samples of Sr[BeSi2N4] show nontypical yellowish‐orange luminescence. Sr[BeSi2N4] has a large band gap of ≈4.4 eV and shows high chemical and thermal stability. Eu2+‐doped beryllates with regular 4f65d1→4f7‐emission could be interesting for future application in LEDs upon doping with Eu2+ or Ce3+ due to large band gaps, rigid networks, and chemical and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red-emitting phosphors with the general sum formula Sr8[Li(2-0.5x)MgxAl(22-0.5x)N28]:Eu2+ for application in warm-white illumination grade light emitting diodes were obtained by reacting the metals, hydrides, and nitrides in molybdenum crucibles in a hot isostatic press. Upon irradiation with blue light (440 nm), the materials exhibit red luminescence (emission maximum: 633-665 nm; full width at half-maximum (fwhm): 1736-1964 cm-1, 78-82 nm) tunable by adjusting the compositional variable x (here, 2 and 4) as well as the activator concentration (here, 0.075-1 atom-% Eu2+). The materials show promising thermal behavior of the emission with relative quantum efficiencies, compared to room temperature, of 66% (x = 0) and 84% (x = 2) at 200 °C. α-Sr8[Li(2-0.5x)MgxAl(22-0.5x)N28]:Eu2+ (x = 2 and 4) crystallizes isotypically with Sr4[LiAl11N14]:Eu2+ in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm (no. 58) with unit cell parameters a = 10.51818(5)-10.54878(6), b = 10.44513(5)-10.48253(6), and c = 3.25704(1)-3.272752(15) Å. β-Sr2[MgAl5N7]:Eu2+ (x = 4) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (no. 12) with unit cell parameters a = 11.12874(11), b = 3.27289(3), c = 10.54530(11) Å, and β = 109.8939(7)° and is obtained as side phase (≤40 wt %) in syntheses with x = 4. The crystal structure of β-Sr2[MgAl5N7]:Eu2+ consists of a network of vertex- and edge-sharing Al(/Mg)N4 tetrahedra with four- and five-membered ring channels along [010]. The Sr2+ ions are located within the five-membered ring channels and are coordinated cube-like by eight N atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly efficient narrow-band red emitting (RE) phosphors are the most desired and requested materials for developing illumination grade phosphor-converted light emitting diodes (pcLEDs). This study presents direct measurements of RE energy levels, critical to the color and efficiency of LED phosphors. For the first time, we experimentally determine the energetic separation of the Eu 5d state and the conduction band, which is the key indicator of quantum efficiency. This was achieved for the next-generation pcLED phosphors Li2Ca2[Mg2Si2N6]:Eu2+, Ba[Li2(Al2Si2)N6]:Eu2+, and Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Band to band and 4f to valence band transitions are directly observed in X-ray excited optical luminescence spectra of Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ and Sr[Mg3SiN4]:Eu2+. These techniques are widely applicable and create a comprehensive, experimental picture of the Eu2+ energy levels in these compounds, leading to a complete understanding of all pertinent electronic processes. This study forms the base needed for a detailed discussion of the structure-property relationships, such as specific atoms, coordination and density of states, underpinning phosphor color and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares the reported alcohol use in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and comparison subjects in a longitudinal study. Implications of the difference observed; Correlation of alcohol use with dysphoric symptoms or cravings for food premenstrually.

A correction to the article "Pharmacologically Induced Hypogonadism and Sexual Function in Healthy Young Women and Men," that was published in the June 25, 2008 issue is presented.

This article focuses on a review of evidence related to the following 3 questions: (1) Does depression appear during the menopausal transition? (2) What factors influence the risk for depression during the menopausal transition? (3) Do age-related alterations in ovarian hormone secretion contribute to the development of depression in some middle-aged women? A brief background is provided on the importance of depressive disorders. Methodologic issues that have compromised previous studies investigating the possible relation between the menopausal transition and depression are discussed. Evidence is presented that suggests a relation between the perimenopause (the interval between the early menopausal transition and 1 year after the last menses) but not the postmenopause and the onset of depressive illness. Finally, studies are reviewed that suggest an association between alterations in ovarian function and depression, including several randomized placebo-controlled trials examining the antidepressant efficacy of estradiol in depressed perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]