Search

International audience; Both proponents and critics of the regulatory state thesis view the creation of non-majoritarian institutions, such as independent regulatory agencies, as a process of 'depoliticisation'. This article problematises this assumption by proposing an analytical framework for better understanding the link between politicisation, depoliticisation, and the delegation of powers to non-majoritarian institutions, based on a study of drug rationing policies in England and France. A greater delegation of decision-making powers to a regulator enables policy decisions that are likely to prove politically costly, but such decisions are also likely to attract greater countermobilisation, undermining policy stability over time. By contrast, in a less delegated setting, elected politicians can prevent unpopular policy choices from being taken, which contributes to policy continuity. The article further argues that, where decision-making powers are highly delegated, the regulator's autonomy and the visibility of losses imposed by policy decisions condition the politicisation process. These findings suggest that, far from depoliticising policy problems, delegated policymaking insulated from politics can undermine itself by becoming a source of subsequent politicisation; they thus question the prevailing notion that delegation to non-majoritarian institutions contributes to policy stability.

Published online: 10 Jan 2023; International audience; This introduction discusses responses to ethno-racial discrimination in a hostile political environment, colour-blind France. The article presents the current characteristics of the French case, including data measuring ethnoracial discrimination. We outline the on-going role of state institutions and their agents in disqualifying minority claims, but also the recent turn against Islam and the hostility towards new movements against structural racism. We discuss how colour-blindness constrains both local policies and movements. We examine the consequences for individuals that experience discrimination and the collectives that fight against it. We highlight the various strategies that they adopt such as discretion, infrapolitical mobilization as well as tactical re-framing.

This paper studies the prevalence of potential anticompetitive effects of vertical mergers using a novel data set on U.S. and international buyer-seller relationships and across a large range of industries. We find that relationships are more likely to break when suppliers vertically integrate with one of the buyers’ competitors than when they vertically integrate with an unrelated firm. This relationship holds for both domestic and cross-border mergers and for domestic and international relationships. It also holds when instrumenting mergers using exogenous downward pressure on the supplier’s stock prices, suggesting that reverse causality is unlikely to explain the result. In contrast, the relationship vanishes when using rumored or announced but not completed integration events. Firms experience a substantial drop in sales when one of their suppliers integrates with one of their competitors. This sales drop is mitigated if the firm has alternative suppliers in place. These findings are consistent with anticompetitive effects of vertical mergers, such as vertical foreclosure, rising input costs for rivals, or self-foreclosure. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. Funding: This work was supported by a Banque de France/Sciences Po Partnership. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4363 .

Introduction: MINASARC is a case-control study designed to assess the inorganic “exposome” by a specific questionnaire concomitantly with the mineralogical analysis (MA) of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) by transmission electron microscopy (MA-TEM) and paraffin embedded biopsy by scanning electron microscopy (MA-SEM). We report the results obtained by MA-SEM from 10 sarcoidosis cases. Objectives: To compare the results of MA-SEM and MA-TEM. Methods: 5 mediastinal lymph nodes obtained by endobronchial ultrasound trans-bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS/TBNA) and 5 bronchial biopsies (BB) were studied by SEM-EDX. Results: * + to ++++: level of particles load Discussion and conclusion: MA-SEM on tissue sections is feasible and may give potential interesting results. In one manicurist (n°4), it identified silica particles in the lymph node and a high level in BAL. In a fire safety worker (n°10), it identified steel particles associated to a steel overload in the BAL. However, we have to be cautious for interpretation of EBUS/TBNA collected samples, as we identified FeCrNi and TiNi particles compatible with metal particles release from needles used for TBNA, as already reported [Gounant et al., Chest 2010]. MA-SEM on paraffin embedded biopsies allows to determine the chemical composition of particles observed in the preserved structures of tissues. It offers additional information on the patient9s exposure to inorganic dusts.

International audience; En ayant recours à des outils et méthodes de cartographie de réseau et d’analyse sémantique, cet article explore comment la revue Sciences Sociales et Santé s’inscrit dans l’espace des sciences sociales de la santé, et plus largement des sciences sociales. À partir d’un corpus d’articles publiés dans Sciences Sociales et Santé entre 1994 et 2021, l’article identifie, d’une part, les horizons disciplinaires qui alimentent la production de la revue depuis 30 ans et met en relief, d’autre part, des thématiques de prédilection présentes ou passées et leur prévalence relative. Ces analyses confirment et prolongent celles réalisées à l’occasion des précédents numéros anniversaires de la revue. L’analyse thématique des trente dernières années de production de la revue montre qu’elle est restée fidèle au cœur de son projet : rendre compte – via un regard pluridisciplinaire – des multiples débats portant sur la santé et ses enjeux de société.

International audience; COVID-19 has caused unprecedented disruption to previously settled everyday routines, prompting a period of forced experimentation as people have adjusted to rapid changes in their private and working lives. For discussions regarding consumption, this period of experimentation has been interesting, as the apparent instability has disturbed the ongoing trajectory of consumption practices, and with it has created possibilities for transition toward sustainability. In this article, we examine food practices (e.g., food shopping, preparation, and eating) in seven countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, UK, and Vietnam) to assess what we can learn to accelerate transitions toward sustainable consumption. Grounded in a practice theoretical approach, our empirical analysis shows how disruption of everyday routines has generated socio-materially bounded experimentation. We demonstrate commonalities across contexts in how lockdown measures have restricted the performance of previously taken-for-granted practices. We also show diversity in experimentation as food consumption is entangled in other everyday practices. Our study, on one hand, portrays how adaptation of food practices allows disruption to be managed, demonstrating creativity in working within and around restrictions to continue to provide services for everyday life. On the other hand, we reveal that the capacity of experimentation is not evenly distributed among people and this variation helps in identifying the wider socio-material conditions that constrain and enable opportunities for readjustment. Understanding disparities that affect experimentation (e.g., integration of food practices with work and caring practices) is informative when thinking about how to stimulate sustainability transformations in food practices and provides critical reflections on strategies to enable sustainable consumption.

International audience; "This article follows on from various studies that analyze the internal sociological heterogeneity of social movements and the power relations resulting from it. It focuses on the activist careers of three female activists in the French Yellow Vest movement and shows that the loose, decentralized structure of this movement allows for the emergence of spaces where it is possible, locally and temporarily, to subvert power relations. The demonstration is processual and chronological. We start by analyzing how the social and political background of the three women informed the way they entered the movement and seek what they regard as their rightful place, whether as organizer or as grassroots activist. We then show how the mix of such backgrounds and their first steps in the movements led them to negotiate, stay, or escape from the mobilization sites they frequented"

International audience; Plan de l'article : Migrations et mondialisation : dynamiques économiques et défis politiques ; Migrations forcées : enjeux juridiques et géopolitiques ; Le paradoxe libéral : calculs d’intérêts, droits et régulation ; Diplomaties migratoires

International audience; Over the past decades, and across different contexts worldwide, migration has become inseparable from a narrative of crisis. This article analyses the connection between migration and crisis. It proposes a migration as crisis framework, designed to understand and analyze the emergence of this specific perception of migration, on the basis of an interplay between social “subjective” constructions of reality and “objective” migration dynamics. Migration as crisis rests upon a fragmented, changing, and contested assemblage of events, representations, and practices, which in turn call for specific ways of governing migration. The link between migration and crisis can be activated or not, and may or may not be correlated with empirical realities. By engaging with migration as crisis (rather than migration crisis), the article denaturalizes and historicizes the relationship between migration and crisis, and unpacks the processes through which key actors (including media, policymakers, civil society, and academics) frame migration as such.

A childhood intervention to improve the social skills and self-control of at-risk kindergarten boys in the 1980s had positive impacts over the life course: higher trust and self-control as adolescents; increased social group membership, education, and reduced criminality as young adults; and increased marriage and employment as adults. Using administrative data, we find this intervention increased average yearly employment income by about 20 percent and decreased average yearly social transfers by almost 40 percent. We estimate that $1 invested in this program around age 8 yields about $11 in benefits by age 39, with an internal rate of return of around 17 percent. (JEL I21, I26, I28, J13, J24, J31, Z13)

International audience; Using an online randomized experiment in the context of the 2019 European elections campaign in France, we study how fact-checking affects sharing of false news on social media. We exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to statements on the role of the European Union made by the far-right populist party Rassemblement National.A randomly selected subgroup of participants was also presented with fact-checking of these statements; another subgroup was offered achoice whether to view the fact-checking information. Then, all participants could choose whether to share the false statements on their Facebookpages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45\%; (ii) the size of the effectis similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking; and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements substantiallyreduces sharing. These results inform the debate about policy proposals aimed at limiting propagation of false news on social media.

International audience; In 2020, Sciences Po Paris reformed its admission procedure, notably by abolishing its written tests. The institution also integrated the Parcoursup platform. This article presents some exploratory results on the first effects of these changes. It is based on enrolment data for the period 2013-2021, as well as on a questionnaire survey administered between 2014 and 2022 to first-year admissions. It highlights two main trends: On the one hand, a widening of the recruitment pool, contributing to a relative social and territorial opening for the general stream. On the other hand, increased academic selectivity, which works in the opposite direction for the “Convention éducation prioritaire” procedure.; Sciences Po Paris a réformé sa procédure d’admission en 2020, en supprimant notamment les épreuves écrites et en intégrant la plateforme Parcoursup. Cet article présente quelques résultats exploratoires sur les effets de ces changements. Il s’appuie sur les données issues de la scolarité sur la période 2013-2021, ainsi que sur une enquête par questionnaire administrée entre 2014 et 2022 aux admis en première année. Il met en évidence deux tendances principales : d’un côté, un élargissement du bassin de recrutement, contribuant à une relative ouverture sociale et territoriale pour la voie générale. De l’autre, une sélectivité scolaire accrue, jouant dans le sens inverse pour la procédure CEP (Convention éducation prioritaire), principal dispositif d’ouverture sociale.

International audience; The right to mainstream education for children with disabilities has been recognized in law since 2005. This article is based on a study carried out within a project designed to enhance their inclusion within schools. In so doing, it explores the ways in which sectoral boundaries can be crossed ‘from below’. The arrival of professionals and pupils from the French “medical-social” sector within a mainstream school aroused professional reticences within the latter. It was only after a succession of inter-professional negotiations that this crossing eventually reached a form of stability. The resulting negotiated local order has nonetheless still been rendered fragile by bureaucratic rivalries.; Le droit à l’éducation en milieu ordinaire des enfants en situation de handicap est reconnu par la loi depuis 2005. En faisant évoluer les catégories de l’action publique, la logique inclusive met sous tension la partition historiquement construite entre écoles ordinaires et institutions médico-sociales. À partir d’une enquête menée au sein d’un dispositif qui permet à des élèves handicapés et aux professionnels qui les accompagnent d’inscrire leurs activités quotidiennes dans un collège, cet article s’intéresse aux modalités d’un franchissement des frontières sectorielles « par le bas ». L’irruption de professionnels et d’élèves du médico-social suscite des réticences professionnelles au sein de l’établissement scolaire. C’est dès lors par de multiples négociations professionnelles que ce franchissement trouve une forme de stabilité, ordre local négocié rendu fragile par les rivalités bureaucratiques entre les tutelles sectorielles

International audience; Objective: The association between a first, second, and third childbirth and in-work poverty in the short-and medium-term were assessed across age groups in the US and Germany. Background: Previous research on in-work poverty has concentrated on structural and ascriptive characteristics, while family processes-especially childbirths-received less attention. This gap was filled by adopting a processual life course approach. Method: Longitudinal data from the US and Germany were applied to between-within random effects models to estimate within-individual change in the probability of in-work poverty up to six years following a first, second, and third childbirth across age groups. Results: First, second, and third birth were associated with an immediate increase in the probability of inwork poverty (up to 10 and 5 percentage points in the US and in Germany, respectively). Among US adults aged 30 and younger probabilities increased in the medium term (from 9 to 15 percentage points for a first, 6 to 15 for a second, and 9 to 18 for a third birth), but remained unchanged for older adults in the US and all adults in Germany. Conclusion: There was no recovery in risk of in-work poverty in the medium-term following childbirth in the US and Germany. Increasing the labor market participation of adult household members via more and lowcost childcare options remains crucial. However, higher levels of income support and child benefits may be needed to avoid poverty.

ObjectiveResearch on adults has identified an immigrant health advantage, known as the ‘immigrant health paradox’, by which migrants exhibit better health outcomes than natives. Is this health advantage transferred from parents to children in the form of higher birth weight relative to children of natives?SettingWestern Europe and Australia.ParticipantsWe use data from nine birth cohorts participating in the LifeCycle Project, including five studies with large samples of immigrants’ children: Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance—France (N=12 494), the Raine Study—Australia (N=2283), Born in Bradford—UK (N=4132), Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study—Netherlands (N=4030) and the Generation R study—Netherlands (N=4877). We include male and female babies born to immigrant and native parents.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome is birth weight measured in grams. Different specifications were tested: birth weight as a continuous variable including all births (DV1), the same variable but excluding babies born with over 4500 g (DV2), low birth weight as a 0–1 binary variable (1=birth weight below 2500 g) (DV3). Results using these three measures were similar, only results using DV1 are presented. Parental migration status is measured in four categories: both parents natives, both born abroad, only mother born abroad and only father born abroad.ResultsTwo patterns in children’s birth weight by parental migration status emerged: higher birth weight among children of immigrants in France (+12 g, pConclusionThe immigrant health advantage is not universally transferred to children in the form of higher birth weight in all host countries. Further research should investigate whether this cross-national variation is due to differences in immigrant communities, social and healthcare contexts across host countries.

International audience; Ce premier article d’une série dédiée à l’actualité de la guerre en Ukraine et de ses effets en termes de migration interroge les déterminants de la solidarité européenne à l’égard des réfugiés ukrainiens. Leur protection temporaire conduit à questionner l’universalité du droit d’asile sur le territoire européen.

International audience

International audience

International audience; We characterize negative awards. Their pervasiveness in various domains as well as the objectives of their designers and promoters are documented. We discuss the outcomes generated by negative awards and provide some rationales explaining why individuals and organizations may be interested in getting them. Several issues deserve further exploration.

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2022 This article proposes a measure of the social structuration of political parties. The measure has some distinctive virtues. It assesses the social bases of partisanship from the standpoint of the political party, and it provides a simple and transparent method for assessing the relative weight of social-structural and behavioral factors for party composition. We illustrate the power of this measure through a comparison of political parties in 30 European countries since 1975.

International audience; The reorganization of governments is crucial for parties to express their policy preferences once they reach office. Yet these activities are not confined to the direct aftermath of general elections or to wide-ranging structural reforms. Instead, governments reorganize and adjust their machinery of government all the time. This paper aims to assess these structural choices with a particular focus at the core of the state, comparing four Western European democracies (Germany, France, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom) from 1980 to 2013. Our empirical analysis shows that stronger shifts in cabinets' ideological profiles in the short- and long-term as well as the units' proximity to political executives yield significant effects. In contrast, Conservative governments, commonly regarded as key promoters of reorganizing governments, are not significant for the likelihood of structural change. We discuss the effects of this politics of government reorganization for different research debates assessing the inner workings of governments.

International audience; We study the optimal design of tests with manipulable inputs. Tests take a unidimensional state of the world as input and output, an informative signal to guide a receiver's approve or reject decision. The receiver wishes to only approve states that comply with her baseline standard. An agent with a preference for approval can covertly falsify the state of the world at a cost. We characterize receiver‐optimal tests and show they rely on productive falsification by compliant states. They work by setting a more stringent operational standard, and granting noncompliant states a positive approval probability to deter them from falsifying to the standard. We also study how falsification‐detection technologies improve optimal tests. They allow the designer to build an implicit cost of falsification into the test, in the form of signal devaluations. Exploiting this channel requires enriching the signal space.

Pour les lycéens qui fréquentent l’internat, celui‐ci est le plus souvent une solution d’hébergement lorsqu’ils habitent loin de leur établissement scolaire. Pour certains élèves, l’internat est également choisi afin de fournir un cadre de vie plus favorable à la scolarité que leur milieu familial. L’hébergement en internat est donc censé permettre aux élèves internes de suivre leur scolarité dans des conditions au moins aussi satisfaisantes que les autres élèves. Dans cette étude, nous comparons la réussite scolaire des élèves qui étaient internes l’année de leur entrée en lycée public à celle des autres élèves. Lorsqu’on tient compte des différences de caractéristiques entre les élèves internes et non‐internes, leurs résultats en fin d’enseignement secondaire sont proches. Dans la voie professionnelle, les élèves internes obtiennent un peu plus souvent un diplôme que les non‐internes.

International audience; Religions and social classes -- Reviewing the research in recent decades on the links between religions and social classes amounts in part to documenting an absence. However, this eclipse is relatively recent because this topic has long been a classic in the social sciences. Has the articulation between religious and class affiliations become so discreet or, on the contrary, so obvious that it now flies under our radars? The eleven qualitative surveys gathered in this volume reopen this field of investigation. They question our ways of seeing (or not seeing) these links and invite us to further the analysis beyond apparent elective affinities, by looking at the overlaps, the misalignments and the tensions between religions and social classes. Through immersion in a diversity of historical contexts, geographical areas, religious traditions and social groups, the contributions illustrate the topicality of these questions and their relevance for understanding the construction of social boundaries and the reproduction of inequalities. With its fine empirical analyses and rigorous theoretical framework, this book is a must-read for students and researchers in the social sciences, as well as for all professionals who deal with issues related to religion and class in their work.; Faire l’état de la recherche de ces dernières décennies sur les liens entre religions et classes sociales revient pour partie à documenter une absence. Cette éclipse est toutefois relativement récente, car la question a longtemps constitué un classique en sciences sociales. L’articulation entre appartenance religieuse et appartenance de classe est-elle devenue si discrète ou à l’inverse si évidente qu’elle passerait désormais sous nos radars ? Les onze enquêtes qualitatives réunies dans cet ouvrage renouent avec ce champ d’investigation. Elles interrogent nos manières de voir (ou de ne pas voir) ces liens et invitent à approfondir l’analyse au-delà des affinités électives apparentes, en portant le regard vers les superpositions, les désajustements et les tensions entre religions et classes sociales. À travers une immersion dans des contextes historiques, des aires géographiques, des traditions religieuses et des groupes sociaux très divers, les contributions démontrent l’actualité de ces questionnements et leur pertinence pour comprendre la fabrique des frontières sociales et la reproduction des inégalités. La finesse des analyses empiriques et la rigueur du cadre théorique font de cet ouvrage un incontournable pour les étudiants et chercheurs en sciences sociales ainsi que pour tous les professionnels qui croisent les questions de religion et de classe dans le cadre de leurs activités.

Alain Finkielkraut : En France, dans les années 1980 de ce qu’il faut bien se résoudre à nommer le siècle dernier, la philosophie politique est « sortie de Marx » par Tocqueville. C’est la lecture de Tocqueville qui a permis de démystifier la démystification marxiste de l’égalité bourgeoise, et de substituer l’idée de révolution démocratique au modèle robespierriste ou léniniste de la Révolution. Mais il y avait dans l’élan même de cette...

International audience; How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected learning progress among school-age children? A growing number of studies address this question, but findings vary depending on context. We conduct a pre-registered systematic review, quality appraisal and meta-analysis of 42 studies across 15 countries to assess the magnitude of the effect of the pandemic on learning. We find a substantial overall learning deficit (Cohen’s d = –0.14, 95% c.i. –0.17, –0.10), which arose early in the pandemic and persists over time. Forgone learning is particularly large among children from low socio-economic backgrounds. It is also larger in math than in reading, and in middle-income countries, relative to high-income countries. There is a lack of evidence on learning progress during the pandemic in low-income countries. Future research should address this evidence gap and avoid the common risks of bias that we identify.; Comment la pandémie de COVID-19 a-t-elle affecté les progrès de l'apprentissage chez les enfants d'âge scolaire ? Un nombre croissant d'études se penchent sur cette question, mais les résultats varient en fonction du contexte. Nous réalisons une revue systématique pré-enregistrée, une évaluation de la qualité et une méta-analyse de 42 études dans 15 pays pour évaluer l'ampleur de l'effet de la pandémie sur l'apprentissage. Nous constatons un déficit d'apprentissage global substantiel (d de Cohen = -0,14, 95 % c.i. -0,17, -0,10), qui s'est manifesté au début de la pandémie et qui persiste au fil du temps. Le déficit d'apprentissage est particulièrement important chez les enfants issus de milieux socio-économiques défavorisés. Il est également plus important en mathématiques qu'en lecture, et dans les pays à revenu moyen, par rapport aux pays à revenu élevé. On manque de données sur les progrès de l'apprentissage pendant la pandémie dans les pays à faible revenu. Les recherches futures devraient combler ce manque de données probantes et éviter les risques communs de biais que nous avons identifiés.

International audience; La référence au passé occupe aujourd’hui une place centrale dans l’affirmation de positions politiques au présent. En 2022, le sens à donner à la Seconde Guerre mondiale a ainsi été en France au cœur des débats de la campagne présidentielle comme de ceux qui ont accompagné l’invasion de l’Ukraine. La question de savoir ce qu’on doit retenir des sociétés coloniales et esclavagistes ou encore de l’absence des femmes du récit national a également continué de nourrir les controverses autour du déboulonnage de statues et des changements de noms de rue.Pour le meilleur comme pour le pire, les sociétés contemporaines se doivent donc de tirer les leçons du passé et sont enjointes de garder des traces, pour le futur, des événements qui s’y sont déroulés. Comment comprendre l’avènement de cette société de la mémoire ? Qui décide des leçons du passé ? Quels coupables sont dénoncés et quelles victimes, consacrées ? Cet ouvrage réunit les plus importants spécialistes de la mémoire, en France comme à l’international. Il propose, de manière claire et accessible, des clefs de lecture originales de ces questions contemporaines, sous la forme de plus de 50 courts chapitres.

International audience; To address the COVID-19 pandemic, states around the world adopted a range of unprecedented and far-reaching policy measures, which had for a long time been presented as impossible. In this article, we argue that such actions suggest not only present but also past political possibilities and that these possibilities have been overlooked or denied by policymakers and scholars alike. We focus on two existential challenges about which pledges for transformative actions have been continuously made throughout the previous decades: climate change and the danger from nuclear weapons. We document the gap between pledges and accomplishments in these two realms and show how claims of impossibility to act do not hold up. Adopting a minimal standard of good faith as seeking to keep one's promises, we argue that the lack of adequate action renders the assumption that policymakers are acting in good faith problematic. We then diagnose a Panglossian double failure of the policy-relevant international relations scholarship: a failure to provide policymakers with the necessary tools to address the root causes of these existential problems and enable them to learn from past experiences and a failure to hold policymakers accountable. We propose three modifications to the scholarship to avoid repeating such failures and conclude with a dual call for political courage and scholarly responsibility.; Con el fin de hacer frente a la pandemia de COVID-19, los Estados de todo el mundo adoptaron una serie de medidas políticas sin precedentes y de gran alcance, las cuales se habían considerado imposibles durante mucho tiempo. En este artículo, argumentamos que estas acciones sugieren posibilidades políticas, no solo actuales sino también pasadas, que habían sido ignoradas o rechazadas tanto por los responsables políticos como por los académicos. Nos centramos en dos retos existenciales sobre los cuales se habían prometido, continuamente, acciones transformadoras a lo largo de las décadas anteriores: el cambio climático y el peligro de las armas nucleares. Documentamos la brecha entre las promesas y los logros en estos dos campos y mostramos como los argumentos acerca de la imposibilidad de actuar no se sostienen. Argumentamos, adoptando un estándar mínimo de buena fe consistente en el intento de cumplir las promesas propias, que la falta de acciones adecuadas provoca que la presunción de que los responsables políticos actúan de buena fe resulte problemática. Posteriormente, diagnosticamos un doble fracaso panglosiano de la literatura académica de las RRII relevantes para la política: un fracaso en proporcionar a los responsables políticos las herramientas necesarias para hacer frente a las causas fundamentales de estos problemas existenciales y permitirles aprender de experiencias pasadas y un fracaso en hacer responsables a los responsables políticos. Proponemos tres modificaciones a la literatura académica con el fin de evitar la repetición de estos fracasos y concluimos con una petición doble de valentía política y responsabilidad académica.; Face à la pandémie de COVID-19, les États du monde entier ont adopté un éventail de mesures politiques importantes et sans précédent, longtemps considérées impossibles. Dans cet article, nous affirmons que ces actions suggèrent des possibilités politiques actuelles, mais aussi passées, qui ont été négligées ou niées tant par les législateurs que par les chercheurs. Nous nous concentrons sur deux défis existentiels qui ont constamment fait l'objet de promesses de mesures transformatrices ces dernières décennies : le changement climatique et le danger des armes nucléaires. Nous documentons l’écart entre les promesses et les accomplissements dans ces deux domaines avant de montrer que les déclarations d'impossibilité ne se tiennent pas. Un niveau minimum de bonne foi étant certainement nécessaire pour tenir des promesses, l'absence de mesures adéquates remet en question selon nous l'honnêteté des législateurs. Nous établissons ensuite un diagnostic de double échec panglossien des travaux de rechercher de RI s'intéressant à la politique : l'incapacité de fournir aux législateurs les outils nécessaires pour s'attaquer aux causes profondes des problèmes existentiels et apprendre des expériences passées, mais aussi l'incapacité de les responsabiliser. Nous proposons trois modifications à la discipline pour éviter de renouveler ces échecs avant de conclure par un double appel : au courage politique et à la responsabilité académique.

International audience

International audience; This paper addresses the relevance of climate change and environmental learning in health professional . Recent publications have shown the importance of understanding sustainability and environmental issues in healthcare management. Indeed, after years of underestimation, medical and public health professionals today acknowledge that the environment has a strong effect on human health. Conducted between April and June 2021, a quantitative study among 3,384 French medical and health students shows that the need for training on energy and climate issues is urgent and crucial. The findings are consistent with the international literature. The contrast is sharp between students’ expectations about environmental skills and the reality of the available course offer. Learning about energy, climate and environment is currently not a priority in the curriculum of healthcare professionals, including managers. Sustainability, however, clearly appears as a ‘must’ among the essentials in healthcare leadership. What these findings suggest is that healthcare managers can no longer afford to ignore environmental sustainability as an essential skills domain in their long-term capacity to contribute to the necessary healthcare environmental adaptation, mitigation and resilience.

« Pour moi, Twitter, c’est vraiment avant tout une récréation ». C’est un jeune sociologue qui prend la parole et la partage avec ses 3 000 « followers » sur le réseau. Titulaire depuis moins de dix ans, il commente ainsi sa participation active à ce « réseau socionumérique » (Stenger et Courant, 2010a), où il partage plusieurs fois par jour ses interrogations scientifiques et politiques sur son objet de recherche, ainsi que sur les politiques scientifiques menées en France depuis 2017. Après...

International audience; Diplomacy is sonorous: diplomats deliver speeches, manage silences, applaud, and laugh; they give toasts, clink glasses, and make noise. They listen to the tone of their interlocutors and modulate the timbre of their own voices. Sound – a vital component of representation, mediation, and negotiation – permeates the record of diplomacy, as media transmits images or recordings of leaders in the act of giving a speech or holding a conversation. And music, or “organized sound,” is a standard feature of diplomatic ceremonial, solemn commemorations, social occasions, and the work of public and cultural diplomacy.

Looming decisions on arms control and strategic weapon procurements in a range of nuclear-armed states are set to shape the international security environment for decades to come. In this context, it is crucial to understand the concepts, theories, and debates that condition nuclear policymaking. This review essay dissects the four editions of The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, the authoritative intellectual history of its subject. Using this widely acclaimed work as a looking glass into the broader field of nuclear security studies, we interrogate the field's underlying assumptions and question the correspondence between theory and practice in the realm of nuclear policy. The study of nuclear strategy, we maintain, remains largely committed to an interpretive approach that invites analysts to search for universal axioms and to abstract strategic arguments from the precise circumstances of their occurrence. While this approach is useful for analysing the locutionary dimension of strategic debates, it risks obscuring the power structures, vested interests, and illocutionary forces shaping nuclear discourse. In the conclusion, we lay out avenues for future scholarship.

International audience; Gender and Hierarchies in Textile Trades in France, According to Contemporary Occupational Guides, 1850-1900. This paper discusses discourses on the gender and hierarchy of trades by analysing a series of guides “pour le choix d’un état” (to help readers choose the right occupation) and, specifically, their entries on textile trades. The “choix d’un état” publishing genre emerged in France around 1850; the text analyses the major publications until the 1890s. It explores the interactions between the gendering of trades and principles of hierarchisation. It also questions the very notion of “trade”, which stands out as both crucial and elusive in 19th century texts.; L’objectif de cet article est d’utiliser le cas du textile pour discuter de l’image sociale des métiers dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, à partir d’un corpus de guides pour le « choix d’un état », un nouveau genre éditorial né au milieu du siècle. Le texte en analyse les principales publications jusque dans les années 1890, y explore les interactions entre genre et hiérarchisation sociale et discute plus généralement la notion de « métier », à la fois structurante et fuyante.

International audience; After two years of parliamentary debates, France adopted a new law on prostitution in 2016. A number of sex workers’ rights groups, community-based health organizations, and health NGOs, opposed to the criminalization of clients, organized their advocacy, and decided to document the impact of the law from the perspective of the sex workers themselves. As social researchers, we were involved in the collaborative evaluation project. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact on sex workers’ living and working conditions, but the interviewees also often expressed their opinions on the law and on prostitution. Based on ethnographic data, this chapter highlights how sex workers reacted to the ways the 2016 Act defines violence and assigned them the status of victims, and how this Act can be seen as a source of violence toward sex workers.

International audience; Numerous scholars have in recent years concluded that the field of nuclear weapons policy analysis is plagued by widespread self-censorship, conformism, and enduring disconnects between accepted knowledge and available evidence. It has been hypothesized that this tendency is fostered in part by many analysts’ reliance on funding from donors with interests in the perpetuation of the existing nuclear order. In this article, we probe this hypothesis by investigating the financial links between foreign policy think tanks, on the one hand, and nuclear defence contractors and governments that espouse nuclear deterrence strategies, on the other. Relying on semi-structured interviews and a survey of the funding sources of 45 of the world’s top think tanks, we find, first, that effectively all think tanks in the sample accepted funding from nuclear vested interests and, second, that such ‘stakeholder funding’ has real effects on intellectual freedom. Given the widely-held view that democracy relies on intellectual independence, this finding calls for a serious debate about conflicts of interest in foreign policy analysis generally and nuclear policy analysis specifically.

Translation from the French version: https://cloud.parisdescartes.fr/index.php/s/mTAbrXWN4sReA3Q#pdfviewer; The Earth Politics Center (EPC) aims to produce interdisciplinary research of excellence, visible and attractive in France and internationally, in collaboration with stakeholders acting at both local and global levels.With the aim of responding to the scientific and political issues raised by various diagnoses on the state of the planet (growing effects of industrial and agricultural activities on the major balances of the biosphere, disruption of the major water, carbon or nitrogen cycles, etc.), the Center has set itself the mission of developing new ways of knowing and governing these socio-environmental phenomena, while at the same time forming part of a transformed relationship between science and society.Founded in 2019, the EPC has enabled the emergence of an interdisciplinary research community based on the joint exploration of nature and societies by the experimental sciences (physical and biological) and the humanities and social sciences. An Earth challenged by habitability. University and the Challenges of Earth Knowledge, a strategic positioning text, defines its research agenda for the years to come and gives concrete expression to these three years of interdisciplinary dialogue.

Constant elasticity of substitution (CES) demand for monopolistically competitive firm-varieties is a standard tool for models in international trade and macroeconomics. Inter-variety substitution in this model follows a simple share proportionality rule. In contrast, the standard toolkit in industrial organization (IO) estimates a demand system in which cross-elasticities depend on similarity in observable attributes. The gain in realism from the IO approach comes at the expense of requiring richer data and greater computational challenges. This paper uses the dataset of Berry et al. (1995), who established the modern IO method, to simulate counterfactual trade policy experiments. We use the CES model as an approximation of the more complex underlying demand system and market structure. Although the CES model omits key elements of the data generating process, the errors are offsetting, leading to reasonably accurate counterfactual predictions. For aggregate outcomes, it turns out that incorporating non-unitary pass-through matters more than fixing oversimplified substitution patterns. We do so by extending the commonly used methods of Exact Hat Algebra and tariff elasticity estimation to take into account oligopoly.

International audience

D'almeida Fabrice. Les références à Carlo et Nello Rosselli dans l'espace socialiste italien. In: Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, n°57, 2000. Carlo et Nello Rosselli : Antifascisme et démocratie, sous la direction de René Girault . pp. 14-21.

International audience; Universal jurisdiction (UJ), which not very long ago seemed condemned to extinction, is now becoming routine. It has been endorsed by 109 states, and the number of prosecutions is increasing. This article is based on an ethnographic study of the recent trial in France of Pascal Simbikangwa, a Rwandan accused of participating in the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994. Using the concepts of ‘vernacularization’ and ‘transnational legal orders’, it shows how UJ is creating a transnational judicial space (TJS). Involving both partisan and ordinary actors, this process is fraught with multiple conflicts. Although UJ does not participate in the dissemination of a uniform definition of genocide, it makes various jurisdictions work together. This fragmented transnational justice is paradoxically contributing to the integration of national legal systems.

International audience; Such privileged women? The weariness of being served by domestic workersWhile they have in their service one, two, three, or even several dozen full-time domestic workers who serve their families on a daily basis, the women interviewed during a survey on the use of domesticity by very wealthy families claim that they devote a significant amount of time and energy to the management of their homes. Reserved for rather affluent households in the contexts in which they hire, the use of domestic service is nevertheless a privilege: women delegate reproductive work to others to engage in productive work, and/or leisure. However, the complaints of the women interviewed, who are particularly privileged, deserve to be taken seriously: this article aims to discuss the paradox of their domestic investment even though they resort to significant domestic service. It questions whether these women are relieved of reproductive work on the one hand, and whether they are as relieved as their husbands on the other. In fact, the article shows that employing staff recreates an unequal and lasting division of labor between male and female employers, even when the latter work: the former handle the financial transactions to pay employees, while the latter handle the relational and emotional work necessary for the selection and supervision of staff, which is much more of a commitment.; Alors qu’elles ont à leur service un·e, deux, trois, voire plusieurs dizaines d’employé·e·s domestiques à temps plein qui servent au quotidien leur famille, les femmes très fortunées rencontrées lors d’une enquête portant sur le recours à la domesticité des grandes fortunes affirment consacrer un temps et une énergie non négligeables à la gestion de leur foyer. Réservé aux ménages plutôt aisés dans les contextes où ils embauchent, le recours à la domesticité est pourtant un privilège : les femmes délèguent le travail reproductif à d’autres pour s’adonner au travail productif, et/ou aux loisirs. Mais les plaintes des femmes rencontrées, particulièrement privilégiées, méritent d’être prises au sérieux : cet article vise à discuter le paradoxe de leur investissement domestique alors même qu’elles ont recours à une domesticité importante. Il remet en question le fait que ces femmes soient soulagées du travail reproductif d’une part, et qu’elles le soient autant que leurs époux d’autre part. En fait, l’article montre qu’employer du personnel recrée un partage inégal et pérenne des tâches entre hommes et femmes employeur·e·s, et ce, même lorsque ces dernières travaillent : aux premiers les transactions financières pour rémunérer les employé·e·s, et aux secondes le travail relationnel et émotionnel nécessaire à la sélection et à la supervision du personnel, beaucoup plus engageant.

This article argues that political realists have at least two strategies to provide distinctively political normative judgements that have nothing to do with morality. The first ground is instrumental normativity, which states that if we believe that something is a necessary means to a goal we have, we have a reason to do it. In politics, certain means are required by any ends we may intend to pursue. The second ground is epistemic normativity, stating that if something is (empirically) true, this gives us a reason to believe it. In politics, there are certain empirical regularities that ought to be acknowledged for what they are. Both sources are flawed. Instrumental normativity only requires coherence between attitudes and beliefs, and one can hang on to false beliefs to preserve attitudes incompatible with reality. I may desire to eschew power relations, and accordingly I may imagine politics to be like a camping trip. Epistemic normativity, on the other hand, operates critically, striking down existing normative claims. It shows us that politics is nothing like a camping trip, but it doesn’t tell us what we should do about it (beyond abandoning some false beliefs). We conclude by showing that if the two are taken together, they remedy each other’s flaws.

Public procurement bodies increasingly resort to pay-for-performance contracts to promote efficient spending. We show that firm responses to pay-for-performance can widen the inequality in accessing social services. Focusing on the quality bonus payment initiative in Medicare Advantage, we find that higher quality-rated insurers responded to bonus payments by selecting healthier enrollees with premium differences across counties. Selection is profitable because the quality rating fails to adjust for differences in enrollee health. Selection inflated the bonus payments and shifted the supply of highrated insurance to the healthiest counties, reducing access to lower-priced, higher-rated insurance in the riskiest counties.

International audience; L’argent fait l’objet de soupçon. Il corrompt, avilit, souille les sentiments, les choses ou les personnes qu’il achète, notamment la vertu des femmes. Si les femmes vénales sont supposées dangereuses, sinon sulfureuses, le fait même que les femmes soient propriétaires d’argent et l’utilisent selon leur bon vouloir inquiète le corps social. Même après que les restrictions juridiques ont disparu, les femmes possèdent moins d’argent que les hommes et s’en sentent des propriétaires moins légitimes1. Construit au fil du temps, en particulier par l’exégèse chrétienne de l’argent, le soupçon de la mise en équivalence des femmes, de leur corps, de leur travail et même de leur esprit, avec l’argent, laisse des traces sociales. Ces soupçons reposent sur une série de postulats: d’abord celui d’une pureté originelle des rapports sociaux sans échanges marchands; ensuite celui d’un argent deus ex machina qui imposerait une rationalité calculatrice et marchande; enfin celui d’une passivité de la sexualité féminine et d’une propriété sociale du corps des femmes.

Quinze ans après l’assassinat d’Anna Politkovskaïa, le travail d’enquête et d’information devient toujours plus difficile en Russie. Malgré les abus et les violences du Kremlin, quelques journalistes poursuivent avec courage son indispensable combat.

International audience; Sources and data for social network analysis. Social network analysis (SNA) is becoming more and more widespread in several scientific disciplines as a method for processing social, economic, geographic, historical, digital, etc. data. Visualizations of graphs, communities and other ties are multiplying. However, there is a risk that SNA users may lose sight of the conditions under which their data are produced and thereby over-interpret or under-interpret the results. This article provides a guide to the different types of sources of network data, and the pitfalls and choices encountered in the process of producing network data. The first part provides an overview of these pitfalls and choices, and the second part focuses on the specifics of each source of data. Based on the authors’ experience in training network researchers, the article proposes a review of controlled ways of producing network data from this array of sources.; L'analyse des réseaux sociaux (ARS) ne cesse de se répandre dans plusieurs disciplines scientifiques comme une méthode de traitement de données sociales, économiques, géographiques, historiques, numériques, etc. Les visualisations de graphes, communautés et autres liens se multiplient et le risque existe que les utilisateurs et utilisatrices de l'ARS perdent de vue les conditions de production de leurs données et surinterprètent ou sous-interprètent de ce fait les résultats. Cet article propose un guide des différents types de sources qui se prêtent à l'ARS, en mettant l'accent sur les opérations de transformation de ces sources en données de réseau, les écueils qu'elles présentent et les grands arbitrages qu'elles impliquent. La première partie donne une présentation générale de ces éléments, que la seconde partie décline par type de source. Fondé sur une expérience de formateur et formatrices, l'article propose donc une recension des façons de produire des données de réseau en contrôlant au mieux leur rapport aux sources.

Wealthy people can afford full-time domestic staff at home to be served every day. Some of them spend huge amount of money in domestic service. Working for the rich, domestic workers thus receive wages, gifts and compensations in kind. They can potentially improve their standard of living. Why do super-rich pay so much for their household staff? Following the intuition of Paul Segal about inequality as entitlement over labor, I argue that money as entitlement over labor rests on what I call the ‘golden’ exploitation of the workforce. Substantial rewards do not call into question the exploitative relationship. High value gifts and high salary support exploitation even in situations where it is most likely to be undermined. The case of the ‘super-rich’ domesticity illustrates a hidden production of social inequalities: money compensates for the unlimited drudgery of the employees.

International audience; Bien que le rôle des villes dans l’accueil et l’intégration des migrants soit une constante dans l’histoire des migrations, celui-ci fait l’objet d’une attention croissante parmi les spécialistes des migrations. Le désengagement relatif des États sur cette question a laissé un vide comblé par l’activisme des municipalités. Le présent article, qui introduit le dossier sur les villes accueillantes en Europe, revient sur cette évolution récente. Il présente à grand traits cette nouvelle géographie de l’accueil et les rapports ambigus qu’entretiennent, entre eux, les acteurs locaux et nationaux. Bien que les politiques d’immigration, toujours plus drastiques, contrastent avec l’ouverture libérale affichée par les municipalités, les travaux académiques démontrent une dépendance de fait entre les différents niveaux d’action publique. L’article revient également sur une figure émergente des politiques d’intégration locale, à savoir ces maires charismatiques qui, à travers leurs revendications militantes pour une politique migratoire alternative, construisent un agenda à la fois local et international.