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Nutraceutical, functional or fortified food not only supplements the diet but also assists in developing immunity and preventing diseases. Therefore, it also provides medical benefits apart from nutrition. Individual health and diet are receiving a lot of attention these days. Food products that are healthy, safe, and easy to use are in high demand. A lot of emphases has been directed toward food products with added health benefits. Jaggery (non-centrifugal sugar), made from sugarcane juice, is one of them. It is known to mankind for the last 3000 years and is an essential part of the diet in the rural part of many countries. Jaggery is recognized as a nutraceutical due to the presence of a variety of essential amino acids, antioxidants, phenolics, minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins. Jaggery has a better natural source and nutrients for health benefits and could be used as a healthier dietary substitute to white sugar. The nutraceutical value of jaggery can be enhanced with value addition and fortification of medicinally important herbs and spices. This would not only enhance the quality of nutritive jaggery but will also offer value-added products with exciting flavors for daily use sweeteners with several nutritional health benefits.

Schuster et al. make the important observation that small numbers of trypanosomes can infect tsetse flies, and further argue that this can occur whether the infecting parasites are developmentally 'slender' or 'stumpy'(Schuster et al., 2021). We welcome their careful experiments but disagree that they require a rethink of the trypanosome life-cycle. Instead, the study reveals that stumpy forms are more likely to successfully infect flies, the key limit on parasite transmission, and we predict this advantage would be greatly amplified in tsetse infections in the field. Further, we argue that stumpy forms are defined by a suite of molecular adaptations for life-cycle progression, with morphology being a secondary feature. Finally, their dominance in chronic infections means most natural tsetse infections would involve stumpy forms, even in small numbers. Our interpretation does not require re-evaluation of the obligatory life cycle of the parasite, where stumpy forms are selected to sustain transmission.

Schuster et al. make the important observation that small numbers of trypanosomes can infect tsetse flies, and further argue that this can occur whether the infecting parasites are developmentally ‘slender’ or ‘stumpy’(Schuster et al., 2021). We welcome their careful experiments but disagree that they require a rethink of the trypanosome life-cycle. Instead, the study reveals that stumpy forms are more likely to successfully infect flies, the key limit on parasite transmission, and we predict this advantage would be greatly amplified in tsetse infections in the field. Further, we argue that stumpy forms are defined by a suite of molecular adaptations for life-cycle progression, with morphology being a secondary feature. Finally, their dominance in chronic infections means most natural tsetse infections would involve stumpy forms, even in small numbers. Our interpretation does not require re-evaluation of the obligatory life cycle of the parasite, where stumpy forms are selected to sustain transmission.

Mast et al. analyzed transcriptome data derived from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of COVID-19 patient bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, as compared to BALF RNA-seq samples from a study investigating microbiome and inflammatory interactions in obese and asthmatic adults (Mast et al., 2021). Based on their analysis of these data, Mast et al. concluded that mRNA expression of key regulators of the extrinsic coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis were significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients. Notably, they reported that the expression of the extrinsic coagulation cascade master regulator Tissue Factor (F3) remained unchanged, while there was an 8-fold upregulation of its cognate inhibitor Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI). From this they conclude that “pulmonary fibrin deposition does not stem from enhanced local [tissue factor] production and that counterintuitively, COVID-19 may dampen [tissue factor]-dependent mechanisms in the lungs”. They also reported decreased Activated Protein C (aPC) mediated anticoagulant activity and major increases in fibrinogen expression and other key regulators of clot formation. Many of these results are contradictory to findings in most of the field, particularly the findings regarding extrinsic coagulation cascade mediated coagulopathies. Here, we present a complete re-analysis of the data sets analyzed by Mast et al. This re-analysis demonstrates that the two data sets utilized were not comparable between one another, and that the COVID-19 sample set was not suitable for the transcriptomic analysis Mast et al. performed. We also identified other significant flaws in the design of their retrospective analysis, such as poor-quality control and filtering standards. Given the issues with the datasets and analysis, their conclusions are not supported.

Celem artykułu jest omówienie naukowych listów Jana Karłowicza, Antoniego Kaliny, Izydora Kopernickiego i Adama Fischera wysłanych do Seweryna Udzieli. Zostały tu poruszone przede wszystkim dwa tematy: organizacja życia naukowego na ziemiach polskich w ostatnich dwóch dekadach XIX i na początku XX w. oraz badania etnograficzna nad ludem ukraińskim. The aim of this article is to discuss the science of letters of Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Kalina, Izydor Kopernicki and Adam Fischer, sent to Seweryn Udziela. In particular, I am interested in two topics: the organization of academic life on Polish territory in the last two decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and led in the Ukrainian people during the study period.

Funder: Great Ormond Street Children’s Charity, Funder: The Brain Tumour Charity; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002203, Funder: National Institute for Health Research; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272, Funder: Olivia Hodson Cancer Fund, Funder: CHILDREN with CANCER UK; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001273, Funder: Cancer Research UK; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000289, Funder: Wellcome Trust; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010269, Funder: Medical Research Council; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265

En comparant, de manière chiffrée, les caractéristiques d’une soixantaine de réseaux de correspondance, cet article s’efforce de mettre en évidence différentes formes de collaboration entre savants du XVIIIe siècle. Au-delà des spécificités de chacun des ego-réseaux examinés, et des idiosyncrasies qu’elles révèlent, ces comparaisons montrent l’existence de pratiques épistolaires qui varient selon les champs de recherche. Elles indiquent aussi l’émergence d’une géographie de la collaboration savante marquée par l’affirmation de pôles, voire de communautés nationales et linguistiques. 18th century scientific correspondence. A tentative statistical analysis. The empirical basis of this article is provided by the inventories of 60 correspondences of 18th century scholars. With the help of a few simple indicators, it provides comparisons between ego-networks and between modes of scientific collaboration. Beyond individual practices, these indicators reveal an influence of disciplinary fields on the modes of collaboration. They also show the existence of emerging national and linguistic clusters which tend to structure the scientific world of the Enlightenment.

With the omics tool, the challenges in understanding the microbial community functions are becoming more intriguing. It is the environment created scenario, which demands alignment of the different members of the community for the desired output leading to common condition for their survival. The resultant community pathways provide a broad umbrella of metabolic options giving the desired plasticity, which plays decision making role in the adaptation process. The initial step in community characterization must involve the discovery of key and core member of the community and monitoring the fluctuations in functional abundance over the space and time. The concept of entropy and metabolic fluxes must reflect the inner metabolic machinery of the taxon selection and route of functional operation in a community. The segregation of member based on their functional role and hierarchical level in the community must be an essential step to be followed by interaction mapping and measurement of metabolic fluxes to derive the flow of metabolites within the community. This conceptual framework and integrated omics tools with supported statistical modeling algorithm can help in bringing out finer details in the process of community functional adaptation in any given scenario.

Abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein is the pathological hallmark of some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with transactive response DNA‐binding protein of 43KDa (TDP‐43)‐negative pathology that lack SOD1 mutations. FUS is an RNA‐binding protein located predominantly in the nucleus and is involved in regulation of transcription, alternative splicing, RNA stability, microRNA biogenesis, apoptosis and cell division. FUS, Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) and TATA‐binding protein‐associated factor 15 (TAF15) proteins constitute the FET (FUS/EWS/TAF15) family, highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed RNA‐binding proteins that shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm assisted by the nuclear import protein Transportin 1 (Trn1), This study was partially funded by Fundació Marató de TV3 (grant no. 20143810 to RSV, no. 20141610 to EG and no. 201437.10 to RRG) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (PI16/01673 to JG and PI15/01618 to RRG).

Methane (CH(4)) is a well-known and abundant feedstock for natural gas, and is readily available from various sources. In thermal plants, the CH(4) generated from anthropogenic sources is converted into electrical energy via combustion. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has proven to be an efficient strategy for the biological conversion of a many substrates, including biogas (CH(4)), to electricity. MFC technology uses gaseous substrate along with an enriched and selective microbial consortium. Predominantly, methanotrophs and electrochemically active Geobacter were utilized in a syntrophic association on the anode of an MFC. This review focuses on the exploitation of CH(4) as a substrate for bioelectrogenesis via MFCs.

In this study, we report three paediatric cases of Diffuse Glioneuronal Tumours with Oligodendroglioma-like features and Nuclear Clusters (DGONC).

Fijian sugar industry is a major performer in Fiji's national economy, although it has been challenged by a range of problems alongside its journey. The latest vulnerability of the amplifying pandemic of the novel COVID-19 (coronavirus) has influenced the sugar industry and its interrelated ventures, in Fiji, and, all through the world. The entire supply chain of the sugar industry has been affected by spillover effects. The Fiji sugarcane industry amidst COVID-19 pandemic and concrete steps taken in response by the government and industry during these difficult times are deliberated in this paper.

In this study 81 letters sent by Felice Giordano (1825-1892) to his friend Quintino Sella (1827-1884) between summer 1847 and spring 1859 are transcribed and annotated. Giordano and Sella had both graduated in hydraulic engineering (1847) at the University of Turin and later specialized at the École des Mines in Paris and European mines and modern metallurgical industries. Back to Turin, Giordano was applicated to the Royal Corps of Mines and sent to Cagliari (1852) as a regent of the Sardinian Mining District. The first letters refer to the period they spent together in France and the other ones to the seven years of intense activity given by Giordano in Sardinia, carefully visiting mines and mineral deposits, as well as operating with the need to attract foreign capital and avoid easy speculations. Interesting aspects emerge about the personal relationships between Giordano and Sella, their scientific collaboration and the history and perspectives of mining in Sardinia., Rivista di Storia dell'Università di Torino, V. 9 N. 2 (2020)

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) is a rapidly evolving pandemic caused by the coronavirus Sars‐CoV‐2. Clinically manifest central nervous system symptoms have been described in COVID‐19 patients and could be the consequence of commonly associated vascular pathology, but the detailed neuropathological sequelae remain largely unknown. A total of six cases, all positive for Sars‐CoV‐2, showed evidence of cerebral petechial hemorrhages and microthrombi at autopsy. Two out of six patients showed an elevated risk for disseminated intravascular coagulopathy according to current criteria and were excluded from further analysis. In the remaining four patients, the hemorrhages were most prominent at the grey and white matter junction of the neocortex, but were also found in the brainstem, deep grey matter structures and cerebellum. Two patients showed vascular intramural inflammatory infiltrates, consistent with Sars‐CoV‐2‐associated endotheliitis, which was associated by elevated levels of the Sars‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 in the brain vasculature. Distribution and morphology of patchy brain microbleeds was clearly distinct from hypertension‐related hemorrhage, critical illness‐associated microbleeds and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which was ruled out by immunohistochemistry. Cerebral microhemorrhages in COVID‐19 patients could be a consequence of Sars‐ CoV‐2‐induced endotheliitis and more general vasculopathic changes and may correlate with an increased risk of vascular encephalopathy., Clinically manifest central nervous system symptoms are common in COVID‐19 patients but their causes are still unknown. We present here four patients who tested positive for Sars‐CoV‐2 with cerebral haemorrhages which were most prominent at the grey and white matter junction of the neocortex and the brainstem. We present evidence of intracerebral endotheliitis in COVID‐19 patients which could predispose to more general vasculopathic changes and may correlate with an increased risk of vascular encephalopathy.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia O Colégio jesuíta de S. Fiel, localizado no distrito de Castelo Branco, foi um importante estabelecimento de ensino em Portugal. Durante os seus 47 anos (1863-1910) formou diversas personalidades importantes da cultura portuguesa. O destaque aí dado ao ensino experimental era complementado com o uso de coleções científicas reunidas pelos professores no âmbito das suas áreas de ensino e investigação. Após a Implantação da República e a expulsão da Companhia de Jesus, estas coleções foram confiscadas e muitas nunca devolvias, transitando muitas delas para a Universidade de Coimbra. Entre essas coleções encontra-se o Herbário do Colégio de S. Fiel que ficou no Herbário da Universidade de Coimbra, na altura sob a orientação do professor Júlio Henriques. A coleção de S. Fiel incluía plantas, musgos, líquenes e fungos, a maioria entretanto incorporada no Herbário de Coimbra, mas a de fungos manteve-se até agora separada e no seu acondicionamento original.O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar, preservar e divulgar a coleção de fungos de S. Fiel.Os materiais desta coleção científica foram restaurados e mantidos separadamente. Os nomes dos taxa foram atualizados seguindo Index Fungorum. A coleção foi informatizada no software SPECIFY. Verificou-se que possui 1.868 exemplares de 252 famílias (a mais comum é Polyporaceae), 701 géneros (o mais comum é Puccinia) e 1.448 espécies (a mais comum é Trametes versicolor) colhidos por 85 coletores (o mais comum é Camille Torrend) na Europa, América e um em África. Esta informação está disponibilizada gratuitamente no Catálogo online do Herbário da Universidade de Coimbra (https://coicatalogue.uc.pt/). Foram investigados detalhadamente 55 exemplares verificando-se que 16 são tipo. Foi analisada criticamente toda a correspondência no Arquivo de Botânica da Universidade de Coimbra entre professores Jesuítas Camille Torrend S.J., Joaquim da Silva Tavares S.J., Cândido Azevedo Mendes S.J., Carlos Zimmemann S.J., Alphose Luisier S.J. e Júlio Henriques e seus colaboradores no Herbário de Coimbra (Joaquim de Mariz e Alphoso Möller) num total de 171 cartas e postais. Foram, assim, revelados os trajetos da coleção, os processos na identificação de materiais e ainda identificados outros materiais relacionados com S. Fiel e micólogos jesuítas no Herbário da Universidade de Coimbra. A informação recolhida da correspondência, da bibliografia e de bases de dados biológicas online de outras instituições botânicas permitiu compreender vários aspetos da metodologia de investigação e troca de informação no período precoce da micologia, finais do séc. XIX – princípio do séc. XX, em Portugal e no mundo. The Jesuit High School of S. Fiel, located in the Castelo Branco district, was an important educational establishment in Portugal. During its 47 years (1863-1910), various important personalities of the portuguese culture were educated there. The focus given to the experimental teaching was complemented with the use of the scientific collections gathered by the teachers within their areas of expertise. With the establishment of the Republic in Portugal (1910), the Society of Jesus was expelled from the country and their collections were confiscated and never returned to their former owners. Many of them came to the University of Coimbra. Among these collections is the Herbarium of S. Fiel, transferred to the Herbarium of the University of Coimbra, at the time under the directorship of Júlio Henriques. The collection included plants, mosses, lichens, and fungi, most of them now incorporated in the Coimbra Herbarium, but the fungi remained separate until now and in their original packaging. The purpose of this dissertation was to study, to preserve and to divulge the fungi collection of S. Fiel.The specimens of this scientific collection were restored and remained separate. The names of taxa were updated according to Index Fungorum. The collection was databased using SPECIFY software. It totals 1.868 specimens in 252 families (the most common is Polyporaceae), 701 genus (the most common is Puccinia) and 1.448 species (the most common is Trametes versicolor) gathered by 85 collectors (the most common being Camille Torrend) in Europe, America and Africa. This information is available for free in the online catalogue of the Coimbra Herbarium (https://coicatalogue.uc.pt/). A total of 55 specimens were studied in detail and 16 were confirmed types.All the correspondence, 171 letters and postcards, between the teachers Camille Torrend S. J., Joaquim da Silva Tavares S. J., Cândido Azevedo Mendes S. J., Carlos Zimmermann S. J., Alphonse Luisier S. J. and Júlio Henriques and his collaborators in Coimbra, Joaquim de Mariz and Alphoso Möller, was critically analysed. This revealed the trajectory of the collection, the specimen identification methods and other material and mycologists related to S. Fiel in the Coimbra Herbarium. The information gathered from the correspondence, the literature and the biological database online from other botanical institutes made possible to understand the research methodology and information exchange during an early period in mycology, the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century, in Portugal and in the world.

International audience; The Henri Poincaré correspondence is a corpus composed of around 2100 letters which is a rich source of information for historians of science. Semantic Web technologies provide a way to structure and publish data related to this kind of corpus. However, Semantic Web data editing is a process which often requires human intervention and may seem tedious for the user. This article introduces RDFWebEditor4Humanities, an editor which aims at facilitating annotation of documents. This tool uses case-based reasoning (cbr) to provide suggestions for the user which are related to the current document annotation process. These suggestions are found and ranked by considering the annotation context related to the resource currently being edited and by looking for similar resources already annotated in the database. Several methods and combinations of methods are presented here, as well as the evaluation associated with each of them.

In 2016 Gagliano et al. reported evidence for associative learning in plants (Gagliano et al., 2016). A subsequent attempt to replicate this finding by the present author was not successful (Markel, 2020). Gagliano et al. attribute this lack of replication to differences in the experimental set-ups used in the original work and the replication attempt (Gagliano et al., 2020). Here, based on a comparison of the two set-ups, I argue that these differences are unable to explain the lack of replication in Markel, 2020.

The Indian sugar industry, a significant player in the national economy, has faced many challenges in the course of its journey. The threat posed by the growing pandemic novel corona virus (COVID-19), has been the most recent one and it is impacting sugar industry stakeholders and its integrated industries, not only in India, but all over the world. The entire value chain of the Indian sugar industry, viz., sugarcane, sugar, molasses, ethanol and their subsequent marketing and export, has been adversely affected from the spillover impacts. The major impacts of COVID-19 on Indian sugar industry are discussed.

International audience; The Henri Poincaré correspondence is a corpus of letters sent and received by this mathematician. The edition of this correspondence is a long-term project begun during the 1990s. Since 1999, a website is devoted to publish online this correspondence with digitized letters. In 2017, it has been decided to reforge this website using Omeka S. This content management system offers useful services but some user needs have led to the development of an RDFS infrastructure associated to it. Approximate and explained searches are managed thanks to SPARQL query transformations. A prototype for efficient RDF annotation of this corpus (and similar corpora) has been designed and implemented. This article deals with these three research issues and how they are addressed.

В статье на основе материалов научной переписки директора Государственного Херсонесского заповедника Инны Анатольевны Антоновой и профессора Харьковского государственного университета Константина Эдуардовича Гриневича, директора Государственного Херсонесского музея в 1924−1929 гг., прослежена история подготовки и издания пятого выпуска «Херсонесского сборника». Отмечено, что К.Э. Гриневич, положил начало издательской деятельности Херсонесского музея, способствовал выходу путеводителей, листовок, методических материалов, научных сборников. Особое внимание уделено вопросу возобновления издательской деятельности музея в послевоенное время и попытке возродить издание «Херсонесского сборника» в конце 1950-х гг. При детальном изучении сохранившихся в архиве Херсонеса документов по данному вопросу были выявлены материалы, не вошедшие в сборник, а именно − статья В.М. Маликова «Об археологических памятниках на урочище, примыкающем к мысу Айя». Текст статьи публикуется впервые. The article is based on materials of the scientific correspondence between the Director of the State museum-reserve «Tauric Chersonesos» Inna A. Antonova and Professor of Kharkov state University Konstantin E. Grinevich that that transpired in 1924-1929. It traces the publication history of the fifth issue of the Chersonesos museum publication «Khersonessliy sbornik». It is noted that Konstantin Grinevich initiated the publishing activity of the Museum of Chersonesos, contributed to the release of guidebooks, leaflets, teaching materials, scientific publications. Particular attention is paid to the resumption of publishing activities of the Museum in the postwar period and to an attempt to revive the publication of the «Khersonesskiy sbornik» in the late 1950s. A detailed study of the documents preserved in the archives of Chersonesos revealed materials that were not included in the publication, namely, the article by V. M. Malikov «On archaeological monuments on the tract adjoined to Cape Aya». The text of the article is published for the first time., Прохорова Т. А. Из истории издания «Херсонесского сборника»: выпуск №5 и неопубликованная статья В.М. Маликова / Прохорова Т.А. // Причерноморье. История, политика, культура. – Серия А : Античность и средневековье. – 2019. – № XXX (IX). – С. 7–16.

Reanalysis of published experimental data shows that in dehydrating leaves ABA accumulation is linked with reduction of cell volume rather than turgor, providing clues toward signaling mechanisms.

Carotenoids belong to the widespread group of lipophilic tetraterpenoids that play essential roles in plants, microbes, and animals. In photosynthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria, carotenoids are the fundamental components of photosynthesis and protect these organisms from excess radiations, and oxidative stress. Also, polar xanthophyll carotenoids are well known to regulate the biophysical properties of cellular membranes with respect to corresponding changes in temperature. In Zygomycetes fungi, carotenoids-derived trisporoids play crucial roles in early sexual reproduction and mycelial development. Considering these multifaceted roles, carotenoids are widely researched on. In this article, we highlighted the emerging roles of carotenoids in the survival and adaptations of microalgae, bacteria, and fungi under normal as well as extreme environmental conditions.

Ruby et al. recently analyzed historical lifespan data on more than 3200 naked mole-rats, collected over a total observation period of about 38 years (Ruby et al., 2018). They report that mortality hazards do not seem to increase across the full range of their so-far-observed lifespan, and conclude that this defiance of Gompertz's law ‘uniquely identifies the naked mole-rat as a non-aging mammal’. Here, we explain why we believe this conclusion is premature.

For most adult mammals, the risk of death increases exponentially with age, an observation originally described for humans by Benjamin Gompertz. We recently performed a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) and concluded that their risk of death remains constant as they grow older (Ruby et al., 2018). Dammann et al. suggest incomplete historical records potentially confounded our demographic analysis (Dammann et al., 2019). In response, we applied the left-censorship technique of Kaplan and Meier to exclude all data from the historical era in which they speculate the records to be confounded. Our new analysis produced indistinguishable results from what we had previously published, and thus strongly reinforced our original conclusions.

In 2016, we reported four substantial observations of APECED/APS1 patients, who are deficient in AIRE, a major regulator of central T cell tolerance (Meyer et al., 2016). Two of those observations have been challenged. Specifically, 'private' autoantibody reactivities shared by only a few patients but collectively targeting >1000 autoantigens have been attributed to false positives (Landegren, 2019). While acknowledging this risk, our study-design included follow-up validation, permitting us to adopt statistical approaches to also limit false negatives. Importantly, many such private specificities have now been validated by multiple, independent means including the autoantibodies ' molecular cloning and expression. Second, a significant correlation of antibody-mediated IFN a neutralization with an absence of disease in patients highly disposed to Type I diabetes has been challenged because of a claimed failure to replicate our findings (Landegren, 2019). However, flaws in design and implementation invalidate this challenge. Thus, our results present robust, insightful, independently validated depictions of APECED/APS1, that have spawned productive follow-up studies. Non

Recent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of human hemoglobin (Hb) give results in disagreement with experiment. Although it is known that the unliganded (T[Formula: see text]) and liganded (R[Formula: see text]) tetramers are stable in solution, the published MD simulations of T[Formula: see text] undergo a rapid quaternary transition to an R-like structure. We show that T[Formula: see text] is stable only when the periodic solvent box contains ten times more water molecules than the standard size for such simulations. The results suggest that such a large box is required for the hydrophobic effect, which stabilizes the T[Formula: see text] tetramer, to be manifested. Even in the largest box, T[Formula: see text] is not stable unless His146 is protonated, providing an atomistic validation of the Perutz model. The possibility that extra large boxes are required to obtain meaningful results will have to be considered in evaluating existing and future simulations of a wide range of systems.

In 2016, we reported four substantial observations of APECED/APS1 patients, who are deficient in AIRE, a major regulator of central T cell tolerance (Meyer et al., 2016). Two of those observations have been challenged. Specifically, ‘private’ autoantibody reactivities shared by only a few patients but collectively targeting >1000 autoantigens have been attributed to false positives (Landegren, 2019). While acknowledging this risk, our study-design included follow-up validation, permitting us to adopt statistical approaches to also limit false negatives. Importantly, many such private specificities have now been validated by multiple, independent means including the autoantibodies’ molecular cloning and expression. Second, a significant correlation of antibody-mediated IFNα neutralization with an absence of disease in patients highly disposed to Type I diabetes has been challenged because of a claimed failure to replicate our findings (Landegren, 2019). However, flaws in design and implementation invalidate this challenge. Thus, our results present robust, insightful, independently validated depictions of APECED/APS1, that have spawned productive follow-up studies.

We are writing to reply to the comment by Pouwels et al., 2019 about our recent study (Olesen et al., 2018) on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.

We are writing to reply to the comment by Pouwels et al., 2019 about our recent study (Olesen et al., 2018) on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.