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While most are aware of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments in which African American syphilis patients went untreated, less is known about experiments with malaria fever therapy conducted upon syphilis patients during the same period by the Unites States Public Health Service at the Williams Laboratory on the grounds of the South Carolina State Hospital (SCSH) in Columbia, SC. Over a twenty-year period, physicians maintained patients as malaria reservoirs for patient-to-patient inoculation and subjected patients to extreme fevers and thousands upon thousands of insect bites as part of a program in which one disease was tested as therapy for another. Using extant administrative files, medical journals from the period, and a database created from SCSH annual reports, this paper considers the ethics of malaria fever therapy experiments while exposing the conditions under which patients suffered the intersecting oppressions of race, class, and mental illness. It illuminates the prevalent scientific racism of the period that enabled pseudo-medical assumptions about African Americans' perceived penchant for poverty, deviant sex, and pain tolerance, which combined to enable a culture of experimentation that influenced events at Stateville Penitentiary and continued long after penicillin became widely available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genomics research is regularly appropriated in social and political contexts to publicly legitimize unjust and malicious political views, policies, and actions. In recent years, there have been high‐profile cases of mass shooters, public intellectuals, and political insiders using genomics findings to convince audiences that deadly force and coercive policies against racial minorities are warranted. To create a just genomics, geneticists must consider what makes their research so attractive and adaptable for the legitimization of unjust ends and what they can do to counter such appropriations. We offer insights and recommendations drawing from our research into the many ways online white nationalist and far‐right political movements mobilize genetics research to promote their racist, sexist, antisemitic, and homophobic views. First, geneticists should identify and change routine research practices that feed eugenic thinking. Second, geneticists should adopt creative extra‐scholarly communication efforts to counter the use of their field's research that occurs in nonscholarly spaces. Third, we identify permissive epistemological and professional practices within the genetics field that have enabled such unjust appropriations to thrive, and we recommend strategies for institutional reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Politics of Replacement: Demographic Fears, Conspiracy Theories and Race Wars" is an edited volume that delves into population replacement ideologies, particularly focusing on fears of white populations being replaced by other races. The book traces the evolution of these ideologies from the nineteenth century to the present day, highlighting their ties to political motivations rather than demographic or biological realities. It also explores how gender hierarchies and restrictive cultural norms play a role in these replacement ideologies, emphasizing the importance of demographers being aware of how demographic trends are used for political purposes. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the relationship between Harold Laski's pluralism and Carl Schmitt's intellectual development, focusing on how Laski's ideas influenced Schmitt's thinking. Laski's pluralism emphasizes individual conscience as the ultimate moral authority, challenging the state's sovereignty to obtain consent from individuals. Schmitt, in response, critiques Laski's pluralism, arguing for the necessity of a single overarching association to maintain political unity and order. Schmitt's rejection of individual conscience as a source of moral authority may have influenced his later support for Nazism, highlighting the significance of the concept of conscience in political philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

The latest issue of Terrae Incognitae explores the theme of the circulation of knowledge in the aftermath of exploration. The articles in this issue challenge the Eurocentric perspective on exploration, highlighting the exchange of information between explorers and the explored. Topics range from the mapping efforts of Jesuit missionaries in New Spain to the ethnographic accounts of Australia by Sir Joseph Banks and the racialized categorization of Pacific Islanders by the United States Exploring Expedition. The issue also delves into the history of Caribbean surfing skills and includes a Literature Review, book reviews, and a Media Review of the film "Los colonos (2023)." [Extracted from the article]

At the end of the 18th century, when Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, recommended Botany Bay in Australia as an "advantageous" site to establish a new British penal colony, he did so with the knowledge that the east coast of the country was inhabited by Indigenous Australians, having traveled to the South Continent with Lieutenant James Cook. As a naturalist and imperial botanist on board the Endeavour, Banks's primary duty had been to identify and classify Australian flora and fauna. Yet, the multiple observations that he made based on his interactions with Aboriginal people also contributed to establish his influence in scientific and political circles at the turn of the 19th century. Banks's ethnographic accounts recorded in his Endeavour Journal shed light on his mind-set and convictions during his time in Australia as well as his impressions that later played their part in making him the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales and motivating the decision to colonize the country. In a time when exploration records significantly shaped the perceptions of the public about human nature and the beliefs and theories of the scientific community on questions of race and otherness, the writings of Joseph Banks offer a window into science and history in the making. As the scientific exploration of distant lands progressively gave way to political and economic interests, the transition from geographical othering to racial othering in the representation of Indigenous Australians turned Terra Australis Incognita into terra nullius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 through the methodological lenses of sensory history and phenomenology. This expedition included naval personnel as well as a scientific corps and represents the overlapping interests of the United States Armed Forces and academic organizations like the Smithsonian Institution in the Age of Jackson. Applying a phenomenological approach to the Ex. Ex. clarifies the role of the senses in making race in the period spanning Indian removal and Manifest Destiny. Using a corpus of published accounts, diaries, letters, artworks, and artifacts, I contend that the Ex. Ex. used olfactory disgust, sonic boundaries, and attitudes surrounding touch and gustation to categorize Pacific Islanders as racialized others through the sensorium. Such racial scientific work laid the foundations for later racial scientific ideas in psychophysics and anthropology in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative studies of cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution (henceforth “CE” and “GCC”) emerged in the 1970s, in the aftermath of the “race and intelligence quotient (IQ)” and “human sociobiology” debates, as a counter to extreme hereditarian positions. These studies incorporated cultural transmission and its interaction with genetics in contributing to patterns of human variation. Neither CE nor GCC results were consistent with racist claims of ubiquitous genetic differences between socially defined races. We summarize how genetic data refute the notion of racial substructure for human populations and address naive interpretations of race across the biological sciences, including those related to ancestry, health, and intelligence, that help to perpetuate racist ideas. A GCC perspective can refute reductionist and determinist claims while providing a more inclusive multidisciplinary framework in which to interpret human variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Confronting the White Classical Body" by Hardeep Singh Dhindsa explores the perception of color in ancient Greco-Roman sculptures and the development of Whiteness Studies. It discusses how the concept of whiteness has been historically constructed and maintained to uphold racial hierarchies. The author challenges the traditional view of white marble sculptures by adding vibrant colors to them, questioning the neutrality and beauty associated with whiteness. The article delves into the historical context of race science and the role of Classics in justifying imperialism and slavery. [Extracted from the article]

Public genomic datasets like the 1000 Genomes project (1KGP), Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study are valuable public resources that facilitate scientific advancements in biology and enhance the scientific and economic impact of federally funded research projects. Regrettably, these datasets have often been developed and studied in ways that propagate outdated racialized and typological thinking, leading to fallacious reasoning among some readers that social and health disparities among the so-called races are due in part to innate biological differences between them. We highlight how this framing has set the stage for the racist exploitation of these datasets in two ways: First, we discuss the use of public biomedical datasets in studies that claim support for innate genetic differences in intelligence and other social outcomes between the groups identified as races. We further highlight recent instances of this which involve unauthorized access, use, and dissemination of public datasets. Second, we discuss the memification, use of simple figures meant for quick dissemination among lay audiences, of population genetic data to argue for a biological basis for purported human racial groups. We close with recommendations for scientists, to preempt the exploitation and misuse of their data, and for funding agencies, to better enforce violations of data use agreements.

Nineteenth-century Victorian travellers in Northeast Asia were consistently captivated by the Ainu people indigenous to the Okhotsk region. In an age characterized by popular adventure fiction in which the trope of discovering a 'lost white tribe' figured prominently, it was perhaps not surprising that the Ainu, who were ethnically distinct from the neighbouring Japanese, would be described as 'white,' 'Caucasian' or 'Aryan' in a large body of travel writing and scientific texts. Why, then, did two of the longest English-language accounts of the Ainu published during this period show no interest in Ainu 'whiteness' and virtually none in questions of racial classification? Published the same year (1893) by two very different men, British-American humanitarian doctor Benjamin Douglas Howard and Italian-British provocateur and artist Henry Savage Landor, these books repeat hackneyed tropes of primitiveness, but remain surprisingly uninterested in explicit questions of race. This is particularly striking in that Landor later included a 'lost white tribe' episode in an account of his travels in the Philippines (1904). This article uses these works to reflect on the social constructedness of racial categorizations even in contexts far removed from their authors' home society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1854, prior to the American Civil War, Gideon Lincecum (1793–1874), an enslaver and physician from Texas, proposed a law advocating for the castration of criminals to prevent additional crimes committed by men, especially Black men, and to inhibit hereditary immorality. Shockingly, Lincecum also viewed his law as a “solution” to the “immorality” of abolitionists who supported freedom for enslaved African Americans. Lincecum inspired physicians and scientists promoting eugenics in the twentieth century who racially targeted Black men as candidates for castration. Lincecum’s castration law magnifies the ugliness of scientific racism and violent perceptions of justice as deriving from the same ideological white supremacy that persisted from before the Civil War into the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the pervasive social constructivist turn, regardless of some exceptions, discussions of race, racialization and racism continue to focus on the relatively essentialist White/non-White binary. In this article, I move from the White/non-White binary to consider the dynamics and practices of racialization, racism and racial conflicts in Japan where there are no phenotypical distinctions between the dominant and the main racialized minority groups – the Burakumin, the Ainu, the Okinawans, the Zainichi Koreans and the Chinese. The main argument made in this article is that in Japan, class and power inequalities generated by colonialism, the division of labour, adoption and the deployment of the dominant Western 19th-century discourse of 'scientific racism' contributed to 'racial formations', 'racial projects' and the construction of the racialized boundaries that fuelled and continue to compete over material and non-material resources. A historical sociology of the permanent dialectic between class and race in Japan is offered in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the study of Indigenous religions and ethics in the late‐nineteenth and early‐twentieth centuries. Over the past few decades, scholars have grappled with the colonial origins of religious studies. This essay focuses on the history of anthropological scholarship on Indigenous religions and the significance of this work for the growth of the academic study of religious and ethical systems. I first consider scholarship on Indigenous ethical systems produced by theologians and comparative religionists. I next consider how anthropological concepts of cultural relativity offered scholars of religion important tools to broaden and deepen understandings of Indigenous cultures. Finally, I address the limits of these anthropological tools. During this era, scholars increasingly argued that Indigenous cultural traditions were worthy of study; however, the prevailing racialized assumptions contributed to assessments of these ethical systems as inferior to Euro‐American religio‐ethical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes the articles published in Volume 54 of the journal "English Literary Renaissance." The articles cover a wide range of topics related to English literature during the Renaissance period. They explore various aspects of early modern literature and culture, including the use of metaphors in Sidney's poetry, Margaret Russell's letter on grief, food rituals at Chirk Castle, Lucy Hutchinson's writings on warfare, and the study of Renaissance literature through the works of Auerbach and Rancière. Additionally, the essays delve into the intersections of race, literature, and society during this time period, examining topics such as racialization in English translations of Virgil's Aeneid, the scientific racism of Robert Boyle, and the racial rhetoric of transplantation in early modern thought. These articles provide valuable insights into the complexities and nuances of these issues, offering a diverse and culturally sensitive perspective on English literature during the Renaissance. [Extracted from the article]

Across the seventeenth century, thinkers in various contexts attempted to account for differences in human skin color in ways that could accord with developing materialist doctrines. Among the most significant of such attempts is Robert Boyle's Experiments and Considerations Touching Colour (1664), which contains a section specifically focusing on potential causes for black skin. While repeatedly insisting that he is unable to offer a comprehensive theory of color and thus to make any material claims about black skin, Boyle nonetheless comes to serve as an important model for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century iterations of scientific racism insofar as he applies the rhetoric of experimentalism to explaining what he calls an "accidental" phenomenon. In this essay, I work through Boyle's dense and heterogeneous arguments, putting his work in conversation with parodies of experimental writing, and tracing recurring iterations of the idea that black skin may assume a "pristine" state of whiteness at the Resurrection. I argue that Boyle enforces the superiority of whiteness against the ambiguity of his own experimental conclusions through his subtle but deliberate framing of blackness as potentially aberrant, secondary, or temporary. [A.S.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the historical ties between the digital welfare state and eugenics, highlighting how the use of data infrastructures for classification and governance in the digital era has roots in eugenic data practices and ideas. Through an analysis of three domains of automated decision-making – child welfare, immigration and disability benefits – the article demonstrates how these automated systems perpetuate hierarchical divisions originally shaped by ableist eugenic race science. It underscores the importance of critically engaging with this historical context of data utilisation, emphasising its entanglement with eugenic perspectives on racial, physical and mental superiority, individual and social worth, and the categorisation of data subjects as deserving or undeserving. By engaging with this history, the article provides a deeper understanding of the contemporary digital welfare state, particularly in terms of its discriminatory divisions based on race and disability, which are deeply intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential and pitfalls of performative pedagogies for teaching literature that thematizes issues of race and racism and argues that racial literacy requires a rethinking of drama‐pedagogical practice. An initial segment situates pedagogical discussions of race in North American German curricula within research on racial literacy and then considers the ethical limitations of the usual approaches from drama pedagogy (role‐play and identification exercises) when addressing literature about or from minoritized communities. The second half of the article outlines a case study of a performance‐oriented teaching unit in a German theater practicum course for German at the B2 level, which combined work on performing and staging poetry with a discussion of the Enlightenment's entanglement with white supremacy and scientific racism. Centering on Black German poet Philipp Khabo Köpsell's poem "The Brainage," the unit raised the question of performative ethics, namely, how and whether the class, consisting of 11 white students and a white instructor, could ethically perform the poem in a live performance at the end of the semester. The article analyzes examples from student learning and the final live performance and makes the argument for performing the process of students' encounter with literary form using theatrical means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Heidegger in Ruins: Between Philosophy and Ideology" by Richard Wolin is a book that examines the political beliefs of philosopher Martin Heidegger and their influence on far-right movements. The author argues that Heidegger's philosophical work is intertwined with his support for the Nazi Party, and discusses the mistranslations and omissions in his writings that have obscured his antisemitism. The book aims to challenge Heidegger's legacy and promote democratic and pluralistic political frameworks. It also highlights Heidegger's exclusionary concept of "Bodenständigkeit" and his active promotion of Nazi ideology within academia. The author emphasizes the importance of exposing and confronting fascist ideologies to prevent their resurgence. [Extracted from the article]

Heinz et al. (2024) recently criticised habit/compulsion theory of human addiction but nevertheless concluded that 'habit formation plays a significant role in drug addiction'. To challenge this causal claim, the current article develops four further methodological criticisms, that publications supporting the habit/compulsion account of human addiction: (1) under‐report contradictory observations; (2) exaggerate the process purity of positive observations; (3) under‐emphasise the low quality of epidemiological support for a causal hypothesis; (4) recapitulate the social injustice of racial intelligence era by prematurely attributing lower task performance to drug user group membership (endophenotype) without having adequately tested social, psychological, economic and environmental inequalities. Methodological guidelines are recommended to address each concern, which should raise evidence standards, incorporate social justice and improve accuracy of estimating any specific effect of addiction history on task performance. Given that construing drug users as intellectually impaired could promote stigma and reduce their recovery potential, it is recommended that scientific discourse about habit/compulsive endophenotypes underpinning addiction is avoided until these higher evidence standards are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are 52 Black scientists. Here, we establish the context of Juneteenth in STEMM and discuss the barriers Black scientists face, the struggles they endure, and the lack of recognition they receive. We review racism's history in science and provide institutional-level solutions to reduce the burdens on Black scientists.

With the emergence of an early psychiatry around 1800, a number of questions arose on dealing with a group of persons whose "alien", irritating and disruptive behavior was considered to be a phenomenon of being sick. In the context of the growing importance of human rights, the term humanitarianism attained a high relevance as the reference for early psychiatrists. Based on historical sources it is shown that despite a multitude of psychiatric beliefs on humanitarianism the established psychiatric practice was dominated by patriarchal order regimes up to the first decade of the twentieth century, later superimposed by the challenges of somatophysiological and experimental research as well as perceptions of biological racism. The associated new ethical questions were partially addressed within psychiatry but did not prevent an increase in the assessment of the mentally ill as "inferior". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the enduring legacy of the figure of the child leading up to and at the centre of the 1982 Plyler v. Doe decision. I attempt to demonstrate the limits of the discursive deployment of the child figure for racialized subjects. This essay intervenes in education, childhood studies, and immigration literature by reading the child to understand the enduring legacy of Plyler for those who are not the central focus of the court case. I demonstrate how the necessity of matriculating into U.S. schools is implicated in politics of disposability for racialized gendered populations represented in reading the contradictions in immigration reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benjamin Rush's 1773 antislavery pamphlets are often cited as quintessential examples of "environmentalist" understandings of human difference because Rush proclaimed in them that all people were the same outside of accidents of local climate and custom, seemingly rejecting the notion of innate racial differences. However, closely examining the use of climate's relationship to health in Rush's tracts reveals that he mixed environmentalism with more essentialist ideas of race that supposed fixed differences between people of European and African descent. Rush expressed essentialist ideas about differing rates of reproduction and the ability to survive hot climates without theorizing about their cause, and he leveraged these ideas to blame enslavers for the mortality of enslaved people and for the failure to create a self-sustaining enslaved population. Crucially, Rush's statements implying fixed racial differences would be regularly repeated by later abolitionists, making antislavery speeches and publications a conduit for reinforcing and spreading racial comparisons. Rush's pamphlets illustrate that abolitionist writers, not just proslavery ones, contributed to the emergence of medical and scientific racism and indicates that the incompleteness of emancipation had its roots in the language of the freedom struggle itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how the racial worldview of Aleš Hrdlička (1869-1943) shaped his unethical treatment of Native Americans during his expeditions to Alaska between 1926 and 1937. One of the main aims of the trips was to dig up and steal Native American skeletons, by stealth if necessary. As a globally lauded anthropologist from one of America's premier scientific institutions, Hrdlička's devotion to scientific progress provided the motivation behind his behavior. In his scientific philosophy, humans (and their bones) were nothing more than material, and all individuals were best classified into races based on physical characteristics. For Hrdlička, science sanctioned everything. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the recommendation to rename the species Ziphius cavirostris, commonly known as Cuvier's beaked whale, to the goose-beaked whale. The authors argue that the current name perpetuates harm due to Georges Cuvier's involvement in scientific racism and misogyny. They highlight Cuvier's role in creating and disseminating scientific racism, as well as his exploitation of Saartjie Baartman, a Khoisan woman. The authors call for the marine mammal science community to discontinue the use of Cuvier's name and to reconsider all eponymous names of marine mammal species, in order to create a more inclusive and respectful field. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Intersex Medical Photography, Sous Rature (Under Erasure): Haunted Colonial Histories and Decolonial Intersex Futurities" explores the ways in which certain bodies and corporeal features are pathologized and produced as abnormal by eugenic ideologies. The author focuses on South African medicine and its colonial and racist underpinnings, debunking the claim that intersexuality is disproportionately common among Black South Africans. The article highlights the activism of South African intersex individuals in contesting pathologization and advocating for bodily autonomy and self-determination. The author also discusses the unique methodological approach of the book, which intentionally excludes medical photographs of intersex individuals to disrupt the objectifying logics of colonial medicine. Overall, the article offers a decolonial perspective on intersexuality and envisions more just and inclusive futures. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the book "Envisioning African Intersex: Challenging Colonial and Racist Legacies in South African Medicine" and highlights two major contributions of the book. The first contribution is the examination of citational chains that reinforce problematic and unethical medical scholarship in intersex diagnosis and treatment. The author focuses on the influential but flawed work of HJ Grace, which perpetuated the myth of higher intersex conditions among Black South Africans. The second contribution is the connection between trans diagnostic protocol and racialized gender, exploring how scientific-sounding theories are used to discredit trans existence. The article also discusses the concept of social death and its relevance to intersex and minoritized trans experiences. [Extracted from the article]

The article "On Decolonial Methods in Envisioning African Intersex" by Amanda Lock Swarr explores the intersection of gender, sexuality, and decoloniality in African studies. The author discusses the need for alternative approaches to research that challenge the dominant white western gaze in scholarship on global South communities. The text examines the colonial ordering of gender and its impact on intersex individuals in Africa, highlighting the importance of decolonizing methodologies and centering the voices and experiences of marginalized communities. The article offers a toolkit for scholars and activists interested in decolonial thinking and working with minoritized communities in the study of gender and sexuality. [Extracted from the article]

"Decolonizing Constructions of Intersexuality Against the European Obsession with Genitals: A Review Essay of Amanda Lock Swarr's Envisioning African Intersex" is a book that examines the experiences of intersex South Africans in the context of colonialism and scientific racism. The author challenges the historical and colonial legacies that have led to the marginalization and discrimination of intersex individuals. The book advocates for a decolonization of medical practices and a shift towards more inclusive approaches. It also highlights the activism and decolonizing practices of intersex South Africans in challenging dominant narratives and power structures. The text emphasizes the importance of visibility, self-expression, and education in creating a more inclusive society for intersex individuals. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Dossier: Envisioning African Intersex: Challenging Colonial and Racist Legacies in South African Medicine" by Amanda Lock Swarr discusses the history of South African medicine and its role in perpetuating harmful stereotypes about intersex individuals, particularly among Black African peoples. The author argues that these stereotypes are rooted in colonial and racist ideologies and have been used to justify violence against Black intersex, trans, and gender nonconforming people. The article also explores decolonial methodologies and the need for critical analysis of the intersections between racism, colonialism, and the regulation of sex and gender. The text is a collection of responses to the book "Envisioning African Intersex" by Katrina Karkazis, which examines the intersection of intersex, race, and gender. The contributors analyze various aspects of the book, including its critique of colonial and neocolonial logics in medical practices, its examination of intersex visibility and invisibility, and its call for feminist studies to challenge oppressive systems. The text emphasizes the ongoing struggle for intersex rights and the importance of solidarity and decolonial vision in achieving justice. [Extracted from the article]

Arnold Rich (1893–1968) was an acclaimed pathologist and the first Jewish department chair at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In his landmark text, The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis , Rich continued to advance the concept of racial susceptibility to tuberculosis a decade after mainstream medicine recognized that environmental factors fueled the disease. While Rich fits into the historical narrative that embedded categories of race facilitated scientific racism, two characteristics unique to Rich help to explain why he persisted. First were the scientific origins of his theories. While racial theorists sought to prove racial difference through science, Rich used racial difference to prove his outlying theories of tuberculosis immunology. Second was his identity as a prewar Jewish person when America's focus on a racial binary pressured Jewish Americans to assimilate into white culture. Rich's life and research exemplify how examining scientific racism through an individual complicates and expands our understanding of how race is constructed in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elizabeth Hamilton (1758–1816) has a strikingly egalitarian account of gender in her novels and philosophical writings, where she professes to be offering an account of human nature in general. This paper examines whether she has a similarly egalitarian account of race, and shows that she does not. Hamilton distinguishes between what she calls 'the Christian nations of Europe' and non-Christian groups; she clearly assigns different character and mental traits to members of different groups; and she ranks these groups hierarchically. Yet whether or not Hamilton's views should be described as 'racist' requires some attention to the historical context in order to avoid presentism. The paper argues that, although Hamilton's hierarchical distinctions are not based on a belief about inherent biological differences between groups of people, they nonetheless do fit conceptions of race that were found earlier in the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article critically examines the colonialist and Eurocentric narratives in the history of art and science, focusing on the overlooked influence of Egypt/Africa on European civilisation. The author explores the complex interactions between Egyptian and Greek cultures, emphasising the impact of climate change on the rise and fall of these civilisations. By re-evaluating traditional art historical perspectives through a decolonising lens, the article sheds light on the intertwined relationship between environmental factors and cultural development. Through an intersectional analysis of archaeological evidence, the text reveals lesser-known aspects of Greek culture, highlighting that many Greek scientists and artists learned their ideas in classical Egypt, and in Africa. The author calls for a more inclusive and holistic approach to art history, emphasising the need to integrate Indigenous knowledge systems and address the impact of climate change on human societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the American Psychological Association has taken a strong antiracism stance, scientific racism continues to be published in psychology journals and scholarly books. Recent articles claim that the folk categories of race are genetically meaningful divisions and that evolved genetic differences among races and nations are important for explaining immutable differences in cognitive ability, educational attainment, crime, sexual behavior, and wealth; all claims that are opposed by a strong scientific consensus to the contrary. These claims remain a serious source of harm through the naturalization of inequality and through support for the work of racial extremists. Contemporary "racial hereditarian research" claims to rest on modern genetics and evolutionary biology and to draw on their methods, such as genome-wide association studies. These new arguments fail to meet the evidentiary and ethical standards of these disciplines for the study of human variation. If psychology adopted standards from genetics and evolutionary biology, the current racial hereditarian work would be ineligible for publication. Actions that the American Psychological Association can take to deal with scientific racism are described. Public Significance Statement: Some psychologists claim "new evidence" that genes, not racism, are primarily responsible for racial differences in education, income, and incarceration, a claim that is taken up by those promoting racial inequality and White nationalism. This "new evidence" does not meet established scientific and ethical standards of genetics and evolutionary biology. By adopting the standards of genetics and evolutionary biology, psychologists can help eliminate the harm caused by scientific racism while preserving academic freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Wonders: Lifting the Curtain on the Freak Show, Circus and Victorian Age" by John Woolf is a well-researched history of the freak show in nineteenth-century Britain and America. The book provides insights into the performers and behind-the-scenes figures of the freak show, as well as the promotion, exhibition spaces, costuming, and styles of performance. While the book offers valuable information on the development of popular entertainment and pop culture, it could benefit from a more thorough engagement with disability studies to challenge ableist perspectives. Overall, "The Wonders" is a valuable resource for scholars of theater and popular entertainment. [Extracted from the article]

"Beauty and the Brain: The Science of Human Nature in Early America" by Rachel E. Walker explores the fascination with physiognomy and phrenology in the United States from 1770 to 1860. The book delves into how these disciplines were used to interpret moral and intellectual qualities, construct social hierarchies, and challenge existing inequalities. Walker highlights the adoption of physiognomy and phrenology by Black Americans and white women in their fight for racial justice and gender equality, showcasing the diverse ways in which these popular sciences were utilized. The book's intersectional focus on gender and race within the context of early American popular discourses makes it a valuable resource for historians interested in the cultural, literary, and visual traces of physiognomy and phrenology in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

"Progressives and Prison Labor: Rebuilding Ohio's National Road during World War I" by Jeffrey Alan John explores the repaving of Ohio's National Road with brick in 1918, shedding light on Governor James Middleton Cox's career and the complexities of early 1900s progressivism. The book delves into the use of convict labor, highlighting the racialized aspects of scientific methods in selecting laborers. John argues that some progressive movements of the era were influenced by racist ideologies, showcasing a nuanced perspective on the intersection of progressivism, convict labor, and wartime needs. This detailed and focused volume, based on primary sources, offers a valuable case study on the historical context of the Good Roads movement and Ohio's history, making it a useful resource for libraries and readers interested in this period of American history. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses three books that provide new perspectives on the history and development of race science. "Brown Skins, White Coats" by Projit Bihari Mukharji explores the concept of race beyond visible markers and focuses on seroanthropology. "Medicine, Science, and Making Race in Civil War America" by Leslie A. Schwalm examines how race science became institutionalized during the Civil War. "Masters of Health" by Christopher D. E. Willoughby explores the role of race science in the establishment of formal medical education in the United States. These books shed light on the global construction of race and its impact on social and political structures. [Extracted from the article]

Despite the widespread assumption that online misbehavior affects outcomes related to political extremism, few studies have provided empirical evidence to this effect. To redress this gap, we performed two studies in which we explored the relationship between subversive online activities and susceptibility to persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda. Study 1 (N = 404) demonstrates that when individuals are exposed to far-right "scientific racism" propaganda, subversive online activity is significantly associated with feelings of gratification, attribution of credibility to and intention to support the propaganda's source, as well as decreased resistance (in the form of reactance) to the propaganda. To verify these findings across thematic domains, Study 2 (N = 396) focused on far-right extremist propaganda that advocates "male supremacy." Results in Study 2 replicated those from Study 1. These findings have implications for understanding subversive online activity, vis-à-vis its association with one's susceptibility to persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elyse Semerdjian's book, "Remnants: Embodied Archives of the Armenian Genocide," provides a nuanced and intersectional approach to studying the Armenian Genocide. The book explores the themes of gender, sexuality, agency, and resistance within the context of the genocide. Semerdjian draws on a wide range of sources, including memoirs, letters, newspapers, and oral histories, to challenge traditional archival biases and amplify subaltern voices. The book also examines the ways in which the body is used as a site of violence and resistance, and explores the lasting impact of the genocide on Armenian identity and memory. Overall, "Remnants" offers a fresh perspective on the Armenian Genocide and its aftermath, and contributes to ongoing discussions in Armenian Studies and beyond. [Extracted from the article]

In 1936, Raymond Dart led the Wits University Expedition to the Kalahari where he used the tools of physical anthropology, including bodily measurements, face masks and comparative anatomy, to promote the ill-fated concept of race typology to understand human evolution. Dart's successor at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences, Phillip Tobias, and his colleagues continued these anthropological practices in numerous expeditions to the Kalahari and elsewhere in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, including an excavation of the grave of Cornelius Kok II in Campbell, Northern Cape in 1961. This paper reviews these practices and their contribution to scientific racism in South Africa. The paper also explores the impact that Steve Biko's life and death had on medical ethics at Wits University in the 1970s, leading to Wits Medical School's submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the decision to hold an Internal Reconciliation Commission (IRC). While the IRC was important, the absence of any review of pre-apartheid and apartheid-era anthropological practices at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences meant that it was incomplete. This paper concludes by suggesting that there is a need to acknowledge and revisit this painful history of scientific racism to build a greater understanding of history, transparency and ethics for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public genomic datasets like the 1000 Genomes project (1KGP), Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study are valuable public resources that facilitate scientific advancements in biology and enhance the scientific and economic impact of federally funded research projects. Regrettably, these datasets have often been developed and studied in ways that propagate outdated racialized and typological thinking, leading to fallacious reasoning among some readers that social and health disparities among the so-called races are due in part to innate biological differences between them. We highlight how this framing has set the stage for the racist exploitation of these datasets in two ways: First, we discuss the use of public biomedical datasets in studies that claim support for innate genetic differences in intelligence and other social outcomes between the groups identified as races. We further highlight recent instances of this which involve unauthorized access, use, and dissemination of public datasets. Second, we discuss the memification, use of simple figures meant for quick dissemination among lay audiences, of population genetic data to argue for a biological basis for purported human racial groups. We close with recommendations for scientists, to preempt the exploitation and misuse of their data, and for funding agencies, to better enforce violations of data use agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Constellating Home: Trans and Queer Asian American Rhetorics" by V. Jo Hsu explores the concept of homing as a form of storytelling to situate trans and queer Asian Americans within the broader narrative of belonging in the United States. The book examines three trans and queer Asian American archives, including the Dragon Fruit Project, the Visibility Project, and the Queer Ancestors Project, which challenge normative scripts of love, resilience, and ancestry. Hsu argues that these individual stories can be placed within a larger history and narrative of control, exposing the entanglements of yellow peril and the model minority myth. The book offers frameworks for scholars to situate individual narratives within a larger constellation and centers subjects' active meaning-making in their own worlds. [Extracted from the article]