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The study aimed to design a novel nanocatalyst, 1,3-Benzothiazole-2,5-diamine supported on nanocellulose (BTDA@CNC), which was characterized using various analytical techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, and CHN. The nanocatalyst was utilized for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives through a simple and efficient three-component reaction between aldehyde derivatives, semicarbazide, and ethanol. The protocol offered advantages such as a simple procedure, high yields, short reaction time, and an environmentally benign method. The nanocatalyst could be readily separated by filter and reused without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. The synthesized compounds showed moderate activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the antifungal properties of the candida albicans synthesized derivatives were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical sensors are detecting probes that translate information of analyte into a quantifiable signal for chemical exploration studies. Fabrication of (E)-2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-iodobenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carboxamide stabilized silver nanoparticles (1c-AgNPs) is one-dimensional synthesis avenue in present study exhibiting the ability of metal cations detection and selectivity of sensing mercury (Hg2+) ions in various samples of water and cosmetic creams. The newly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were comprehensively elucidated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), zeta-sizer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal degradation analysis. 33.2 ± 1.3 nm sized polydispersed nanoparticles showed selective, sensitive and efficient detection of Hg2+ ions with detection limit of 0.274 µM by significant quenching in UV-Vis spectral band at 410 nm in real water and cosmetic cream samples. The theoretical findings displayed changes in reactive descriptors, electronic parameters, bond angles, and bond lengths of 1c and conjugated AgNPs using DFT method. The biological application of 1c-AgNPs showed significant synergistic potential as antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to ligand. Thus, the newly engineered 1c-AgNPs could be a favorable appliance in nature and health restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One effective option to minimize N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in finished drinking water is to identify and control its precursors. However, previous works to identify significant precursors use formation potential (FP) tests using high doses to assure the maximum NDMA formation rather than the NDMA formation in finished waters. In this study, we applied characteristic low treatment doses of ozone (O3)-to-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of target compounds of 0.8 mg/mg and NH2Cl of 2.5 ± 0.2 mg Cl2/L to evaluate the NDMAFP yields of organic compounds bearing N,N-dimethylamine (DMA) and N,N-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) during preozonation and post-chloramination. The results in pH-buffered Milli-Q water showed a significant decrease from ≤ 52% to non-detectable levels in the O3-NDMAFP yields of O3-reactive precursors (i.e., DMH-like compounds) after preozonation and post-chloramination. Similarly, a significant decrease from 0.5 to 12% to nonquantifiable levels was observed for the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of NH2Cl-reactive precursors; however, the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (DMBzA)-like compounds only decreased from ~ 110 to ≤ 43%, suggesting that these compounds could contribute to NH2Cl-NDMAFPs even after preozonation. The effect of the matrix in sewage-effluent and lake water samples varied and was specific for precursors; for example, the O3-NDMAFP yield of 1,1,1′,1′-tetramethyl-4,4′-(methylene-di-p-phenylene) disemicarbazide (TMDS), an important O3-reactive NDMA precursor, did not significantly decrease when tested in sewage-effluent samples. Based on the previous occurrence concentration of TMDS in sewage samples, we estimated an NDMAFP of ~ 315 ng/L. This estimate exceeds the guidance concentrations of NDMA (3–100 ng/L), highlighting the importance of TMDS and its related compounds for NDMA formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, in order to investigate the metabolic pathway of semicarbazide, a metabolite of nitrofurazone, in crustacean aquatic products, the accumulation of nitrofurazone and its metabolites in Procambarus clarkii was evaluated at different time points, and the metabolomics characteristics of semicarbazide were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS). Meanwhile, substances that may be related to semicarbazide production in the metabolic pathway were examined through in vitro simulation test. The results showed that the semicarbazide content in the muscle tissue of P. clarkii increased with increasing nitrofurazone stress period, while the nitrofurazone content initially increased, then decreased and finally increased again. Metabolomics demonstrated that a total of 39 differential metabolites were annotated in samples treated with nitrofurazone for 24 h compared to 4 h, of which 22 metabolites were up-regulated while the remaining 17 were down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis suggested that nitrofurazone exposure could affect pathways associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. Validation tests confirmed that taurine, arginine, alanine and glutamine might be crucial in the metabolic pathway of semicarbazide.

Nitrofurazone is a synthetic antimicrobial drug developed by the Eaton Institute in the United States in the 1950s. Nitrofurazone can play an inhibitory or bactericidal role by interfering with the glucose metabolism process and oxidase system in bacteria. Due to its strong bactericidal ability, wide antibacterial spectrum, and low price, it was widely used in animal husbandry and aquaculture. Nitrofurazone is detected in animals because it is rapidly metabolized, with a half-life of only a few hours. Semicarbazide (a typical metabolite of nitrofurazone) is detected in food-borne products in a linear proportion to the amount of nitrofurazone added to the animal. Semicarbazide binds to animal proteins to generate stable residues and is difficult to metabolize completely. The United States, European Union, China, and other countries detect and monitor semicarbazide as a marker of nitrofurazone drugs. Nitrofurazone (and its metabolite semicarbazide) have teratogenic and carcinogenic effects on the human body. Any residues in animal-derived foods can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. Long-term intake of semicarbazide in humans will cause anemia, liver necrosis, neuritis, and damages the eyeball and DNA. Therefore, the United States, the European Union, and other countries have explicitly banned its use in the food industry. China has listed nitrofurazone as a banned drug and specified that nitrofurazone and its metabolites should not be detected in animal-derived foods. Over the years, the detection of semicarbazide has been limited by the detection methods and instruments. The Ministry of Agriculture has stated the residual limit of semicarbazide as 1.0 μg/kg and assigned a supervision and sampling inspection program.Existing studies have identified the semicarbazide detected in crustacean aquatic products combines the residue caused by nitrofurazone metabolism and other obvious sources of semicarbazide, which include: 1) the presence of endogenous sources in crustacean aquatic animals; 2) the growth environment and feed intake; and 3) aquatic product processing. Previously, semicarbazide residues were generally considered to be the result of excessive nitrofurazone drug use by farmers. In recent years, the farmers state they have not used nitrofurazone during aquaculture. However, semicarbazide has been present in seafood. In 2004, Saari et al. detected semicarbazide in Procambarus clarkii that did not consume nitrofurazone and provided the first report that crustaceans may naturally produce semicarbazide, which is causing the detection of semicarbazide in many cultured crustacean aquatic animals that have not been fed nitrofurazone drugs (represented by shrimp and crab). This research confirms the presence of endogenous semicarbazones in crustacean aquatic products. In addition, the natural living environment of crustacean aquatic animals is polluted with semicarbazide due to economic human activities. Many scientists have detected the presence of semicarbazide in the waters and sediments in various regions. Concurrently, semicarbazides also contaminate aquatic plants. Semicarbazide is a new water pollutant that exists in water bodies and plants, which is continuously enriched and enters organisms. Nitrofurazone is a commonly used antibiotic for aquaculture products and is often detected when the amino residues exceed the standard levels due to illegal addition by farmers. Studies have shown that semicarbazide is also introduced through processing aquatic products, such as sodium hypochlorite disinfection resulting in an increase in the levels of semicarbazide, by azodicarboxamide through thermal decomposition producing semicarbazide and so on. The biological toxicity of semicarbazide and the food chain transfer effect have ensured semicarbazide is now an important environmental and food pollutant.In the current aquatic trade in China, the presence of endogenous semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products has serious impacts and interferes in the detection of nitrofurazone drugs, resulting in an inability to accurately determine semicarbazide sources. It is of great importance to thoroughly analyze and understand the main sources and formation mechanism of SEM in crustacean aquatic products to ensure the healthy development of the aquaculture industry in China. At present, there are two statements on the formation mechanism of endogenous semicarbazide: arginine is involved in the urea cycle of crustacean aquatic animals and semicarbazide is produced through the oxadine intermediate. An analysis of content changes in the main substances of the urea cycle revealed the formation of endogenous semicarbazide is closely related to the guanidinyl and amide groups of arginine, citrulline, and the amide structure of urea. Arginine is a potentially important factor in the formation of endogenous semicarbazide; secondly, SEM is derived from a single cell epidermis that produces chitin. There is a single cell epidermal layer secreting chitin between the shrimp shell and shrimp meat, and the detection level of semicarbazide in the shrimp meat close to this epidermal layer was more than three times higher than the inner shrimp meat. Therefore, the semicarbazide in shrimp meat mainly originates from the epidermal layer cells producing chitin. Two inferences on the formation mechanism of exogenous semicarbazide are: the carbamate ions in hypochlorite solution may react with ammonia or acid amide in aquatic products to generate hydrazine, and hydrazine reacts with urea and other compounds through the urea cycle to generate semicarbazide, increasing the production of semicarbazide; the azodicarbonamide added in processing is degraded to biurea at high temperatures, and biurea is then converted to semicarbazide by the hydrolysis reaction. Considering the different molecular structures between nitrofurazone and biurea, the speculation that nitrofurazone is metabolized to produce biurea can be ruled out. From existing studies, azodicarbonamide is the only biological source of biurea, so biurea can be used as the corresponding target detector of azodicarbonamide. To solve the problem that endogenous and exogenous semicarbazide cannot be distinguished in aquatic products in China, the endogenous and exogenous pathways of semicarbazide and the corresponding possible formation mechanisms are reviewed in this paper. The formation pathways of endogenous semicarbazide are speculated to help solve the formation mechanism of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products and provide scientific data for the standardization of semicarbazide residue limits in China.

The veterinary drug nitrofurazone (5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde semicarbazone) exhibits excellent antimicrobial properties but its application in food‐producing animals is prohibited. The illegal use of nitrofurazone is regularly monitored by food regulatory agencies. Currently, semicarbazide (SEM) is used as a marker of nitrofurazone exposure. However, the use of SEM as a marker of nitrofurazone is under scrutiny after evidence of a high incidence of false positive tests. To overcome the current dilemma, it is necessary to identify a nitrofurazone‐specific marker analyte which requires conducting nitrofurazone metabolism studies in food‐producing animals. The use of carbon‐14 labeled nitrofurazone would facilitate metabolism studies and structural elucidation of nitrofurazone metabolites of possible utility as a marker compound. In the present work, a synthetic method is described to procure radiolabeled nitrofurazone that incorporates 14C‐ carbon at the semicarbazide moiety. The method incorporates 14C‐carbon via employing readily available and more economically affordable [14C]‐urea compared with [14C]‐semicarbazide. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the synthesis of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde [14C]‐semicarbazone from 14C‐urea. The developed method involves monoamination of [14C]‐urea followed by a condensation reaction with 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde to produce 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde [14C]‐semicarbazone in 85% yield with greater than 98% radiochemical purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The influence of the electronic and spatial structure of the diene system of 2-benzylidene-3-methyl-4-nitro-2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxides on the result of the reaction with semicarbazide in different media (in ethanol and DMSO) was studied. The structure of the obtained compounds was established by IR, 1Н, 13С{1Н}, 1Н–13С HMQC, 1Н–13С HMBC, 1Н–1Н NOESY spectroscopy methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semicarbazide (OC(NH2)(N2H3)) and thiosemicarbazide (SC(NH2)(N2H3)) are well-known for their coordination complex formation ability. They contain nonbonding electrons in the form of heteroatoms (N, O and S) and π-electrons in the form of >C=O and >C=S through they strongly coordinate with the metal atoms and ions. Because of their association with this property, the Semicarbazide (SC), thiosemicarbazide (TSC) and their derivatives are widely used for different applications. They serve as building blocks for synthesis of various industrially and biologically useful chemicals. The SC, TSC and they derivatives are also serve as strong aqueous phase corrosion inhibitors. In the present reports, the coordination ability and corrosion protection tendency of Semicarbazide (SC), thiosemicarbazide (TSC) and their derivatives is surveyed and described. These compounds are widely used as inhibitors for different metals and alloys. Through their electron rich sites they adsorb on the metal surface and build corrosion protective film. Their adsorption mostly followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Through their adsorption they increase the value of charge transfer resistance and decrease the value of corrosion current density. Computational studies adopted in the literature indicate that SC, TSC and their derivatives adsorb flatly and spontaneously using charge transfer mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title polymer, [Cu(SO4)(CH5N3O)2]n, has been synthesized from aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and semicarbazide. In the crystal structure, the CuII atoms are chelated by two neutral semicarbazide molecules through the oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom of the amino group. The remaining two positions of the Jahn–Teller-distorted octahedral coordination sphere are occupied by oxygen atoms of two sulfate anions in the axial positions. The coordination bonds of the latter associate the polyhedra into polymeric chains running parallel to the c axis. There is a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N—H group and an oxygen atom of the SO42– anion. Thirteen relatively weak intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions link the chains into a three-dimensional network. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that 64.7% of the intermolecular interactions are from O...H/H...O contacts and 20.1% from H...H contacts. Other interactions such as N...H/H...N or C...H/H...C contribute less to the crystal packing.

Introduction: Semicarbazide (SEM) has gained concerns about its existence, excessive exposure and possible hazards to the human health. Infants and children are at more risk of exposure to SEM because their high intake of food put in glass jars as jams, fruit juices, honey, sterilized vegetables, mayonnaise, mustard, sauces and ketchups. Aim of Work: To estimate the effects of semicarbazide on histological ovarian structure of adult albino rats and the chance for recovery after its withdrawal. Materials and Methods: Forty-five adult female albino rats were divided into three groups. Control, semicarbazide treated (40 mg/kg body weight / day for four weeks) and withdrawal group (given SEM for four weeks as the previous group, then SEM was withdrawn for 2 weeks). Samples were gathered and examined by light and transmission electron microscopes. Changes in body weight, Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Estradiol (E2) levels were estimated. Results: SEM enhanced significant drop in body weight, GnRH, LH, FSH and E2 hormone levels as well as histopathological alterations of ovarian tissues. Ovarian alterations appeared as degenerated follicles with exfoliated cells and hyaline material in their lumen. Granulosa cells were widly separated with ill-defined corona radiata. Various ultrastructural changes in follicular cells with irregularity and thickening in basement membranes surrounding them. Many lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of granulosa lutein cells were also demonstrated. These alterations were partially reversed on withdrawal of SEM. Conclusion: Semicarbazide induced dangerous changes in rat ovarian structure. Parts of these changes were reversed after withdrawal of this agent but others were still present which have negative impact on reproductive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptides are highly potent biological active compounds with excellent selectivity and binding, but they have some drawbacks (e.g., low stability in vivo because of the enzymatic degradation, and fast elimination). To overcome their drawbacks, various peptidomimetics have been gaining ground. Different modifications have been examined, such as the modification of peptide backbone. One such seemingly simple modification is the replacement of the CHα group by an N atom. These amino acid derivatives are called azaamino acids, and peptides containing azaamino acid are called azapeptides. This exchange results in both steric and electronic differences from the original amino acids, thus affecting the structure and biological activity of the modified peptide. In this review, the synthesis possibilities of azapeptides and the impact of azaamino acid incorporation on the structure and biological activity are presented through examples. Different synthetic solutions for azaamino acid introduction and the various routes to build in the side chain are summarized to illustrate the improvement of the field of azaamino acid chemistry. The influence of the altered electronic and steric properties of N-atom on the structure is described, too. Finally, some examples are given with potent biological activity.

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the interaction of nickel perchlorate with ethylenediamine, imidazole, and semicarbazide, complex compounds Ni(En)3(ClO4)2, Ni(Im)6(ClO4)2, and Ni(SC)3(ClO4)2 have been obtained, the structure and composition of which were confirmed by elemental analysis and by the method of the infrared spectroscopy of frustrated total internal reflection. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of synthesized compounds in an inert medium was studied within the framework of the traditional method of thermal analysis in a helium atmosphere at a rate of the heating of samples of 5°C/min and under conditions of their high-speed heating (>100°C/min) with simultaneous determination of the composition of gaseous products of thermal decomposition of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title polymer, [Cu(SO4)(CH5N3O)2]n, has been synthesized from aqueous solutions of CuSO4 and semicarbazide. In the crystal structure, the CuII atoms are chelated by two neutral semicarbazide molecules through the oxygen atom and a nitrogen atom of the amino group. The remaining two positions of the Jahn-Teller-distorted octahedral coordination sphere are occupied by oxygen atoms of two sulfate anions in the axial positions. The coordination bonds of the latter associate the polyhedra into polymeric chains running parallel to the c axis. There is a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N--H group and an oxygen atom of the SO4 2-anion. Thirteen relatively weak intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions link the chains into a three-dimensional network. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that 64.7% of the intermolecular interactions are from O···H/H···O contacts and 20.1% from H···H contacts. Other interactions such as N···H/H···N or C···H/H···C contribute less to the crystal packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the correlation of semicarbazide contents between shellfish and the environment, semicarbazide was determined in samples from 11 sites in Jincheng Bay, Sishili Bay, and Laizhou Bay in northern Shandong Province, China. In total, 69 shellfish, 37 seawater, and 37 sediment samples were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Semicarbazide contents in the shellfish were lower than 1.00 μg/kg, with bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) ranging within 4.47–18.9 L/kg. The semicarbazide contents in seawater were 0.021 ± 0.002 to 0.085 ± 0.003 μg/L, with BAFs ranging from 6.15 ± 1.31 to 12.5 ± 1.79. Semicarbazide was not detected in sediment. The amount of semicarbazide accumulated from the marine environment of the three bays and the BAF values showed a positive correlation; the semicarbazide content increased with increases in shell length. Additionally, the potential pathways of semicarbazide intake were assessed. Semicarbazide in microalgae (the main food source of filter feeding shellfish) could potentially affect its accumulation in shellfish and increase the BAFs determined using actual environmental samples relative to those obtained in laboratory studies. Semicarbazide BAF values in shellfish were much lower than those for fat-soluble compounds such as amantadine. Enrichment via microalgae was a possible pathway for semicarbazide to accumulate in shellfish. Long-term monitoring will help evaluate the behaviour of semicarbazide in the environment. This research will be useful for further assessments of semicarbazide and as the reference data for determining the effects of semicarbazide on marine organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrofurazone (NFZ) antibiotic is banned in food-producing animals, and its metabolite, semicarbazide (SEM), is used as a marker residue for nitrofurazone abuse. However, SEM can also be generated during food processing without veterinary treatment. Therefore, SEM cannot be considered an unequivocal marker of NFZ. This study investigates the use of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5-NF) as an additional marker for nitrofurazone in broiler chickens. After oral administration of NFZ and 5-NF at 25 mg·kg -1 BW for 10 days, tissues (muscle and liver) and plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In NFZ-treated chickens, 5-NF was detected within 1 h in plasma at a peak concentration of 1.4 ± 0.25 μg·kg -1 , while in 5-NF-treated ones, the maximum concentration was 0.85 ± 0.06 μg·kg -1 after 2 h. 5-NF was not detected in muscle and liver for both treated groups from 0 to 21 days. However, SEM persisted for up to 3 weeks in muscle (0.3 ± 0.018 μg·kg -1 ), 2 weeks in liver (0.16 ± 0.008 μg·kg -1 ), and 1 week in plasma (0.4 ± 0.05 μg·kg -1 ) with a faster elimination rate in liver tissues (half-life of 4.6 days) compared to muscle tissues (half-life of 6.5 days). These findings suggest that SEM remains a better marker for detecting nitrofurazone abuse in chickens compared to 5-NF.

The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is accompanied by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation progression, as well as hyperactivation of amine oxidases (AOs), which contribute to disease manifestation. The present study aims to elucidate the effect of semicarbazide (SC), an inhibitor of Cu-containing AOs: lysyl oxidase (LOX), semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), diamine oxidase (DAO), on PF induced in rats by bleomycin (BLM). Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, rats of BLM group received BLM (5 mg/kg, intratracheally once), BLM+SC group obtained 0.005% solution of SC (about 50 µg per capita per day) for three weeks starting immediately after BLM injection, and the Control+SC group drank the same solution as BLM+SC group. The content of cross-linked collagen in total bronchi and free radicals in lung, activities of LOX, SSAO, DAO, polyamine oxidase (PAO), Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in lung and blood were measured. BLM injection induced PF that was confirmed histologically and morphometrically as well as by the elevation of the content of cross-linked collagen and free radicals. The activities of LOX and SSAO involved in post-translational modification of ECM and inflammation were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The activities of DAO, and PAO that control polyamine metabolism were also essentially raised. Among antioxidant enzymes, only GPx was activated in the BLM group as compared to control. These changes were absent in the BLM+SC group. SC intake promoted the fact that the histology and morphometric parameters of lung tissue, the content of cross-linked collagen in the bronchi and free radicals in the lung, as well as the activity of the studied enzymes remained at the control level. Our data suggest that SC suppresses the development of BLM-induced PF by inhibiting AOs activities.

Semicarbazide (SMC), also known as carbamoyl hydrazide, is a key intermediate for the organic synthesis of drugs, pesticides, and a panoply of other applications. It is also regarded as a landmark metabolite of nitrofurazone, a banned veterinary drug. SMC produced in different ways will eventually enter the ocean and become an emerging marine pollutant, affecting the physiological metabolism, behavioral activities, and even survival of aquatic organisms. Sea cucumbers are sediment-feeding organisms, and their risk of exposure to pollutants has attracted increasing attention. In this study, an integrated proteomic and metabolomic approach was used to investigate the responses of Apostichopus japonicus treated with SMC (3.72 g/L) for 72 h. After SMC treatment, the proteins and metabolites of A. japonicus intestine changed significantly. The results showed that 342 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 174 were upregulated, 168 were downregulated, and 74 differentially expressed metabolites, of which 62 were upregulated and 12 were downregulated. These differential proteins and metabolites were primarily involved in energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, immune regulation, autophagy, and apoptosis. On the basis of a combination of proteomic and metabolomic data, a hypothetical network of proteins, metabolites, and pathways in sea cucumbers was also described; the resulting network indicated several significant biological activities in response to SMC. This work offers a thorough analysis of the intricate mechanisms by which sea cucumbers respond to SMC stress and indicates numerous possible indicators for further research on creatures exposed to SMC. Further, our results provide scientific guidance for pollution control of Apostichopus japonicus culture to ensure healthy breeding.

Peptides are highly potent biological active compounds with excellent selectivity and binding, but they have some drawbacks (e.g., low stability in vivo because of the enzymatic degradation, and fast elimination). To overcome their drawbacks, various peptidomimetics have been gaining ground. Different modifications have been examined, such as the modification of peptide backbone. One such seemingly simple modification is the replacement of the CHα group by an N atom. These amino acid derivatives are called azaamino acids, and peptides containing azaamino acid are called azapeptides. This exchange results in both steric and electronic differences from the original amino acids, thus affecting the structure and biological activity of the modified peptide. In this review, the synthesis possibilities of azapeptides and the impact of azaamino acid incorporation on the structure and biological activity are presented through examples. Different synthetic solutions for azaamino acid introduction and the various routes to build in the side chain are summarized to illustrate the improvement of the field of azaamino acid chemistry. The influence of the altered electronic and steric properties of N-atom on the structure is described, too. Finally, some examples are given with potent biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study resolved that these anew synthesized analogs may be embodied as an exploitable foundation of new anticancer agents to competition breast cancer. Methods: By means of the crystal structure of Histone deacetylases (HDACs-8) with Vorinostat (SAHA) as a co-crystalized ligand was gained from the protein data-bank (PDB code 4QA0) as a result of docking the compounds (V a,s, V b,s, V a,t and V b,t) give good docking scores compared to the standard. Compounds (V a,s, V b,s, V a,t and V b,t) was synthesized by multistep procedures from the reaction of intermediate derivatives (IV a,b) and the thiosemicarbazide or semicarbazide. The chemical structures of the target compounds and their intermediates were confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. Results: The in-vitro cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) demonstrated that compounds V a,t and V b,t showed good inhibition ratios in Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human colon adenocarcinoma (HRT-18) comparable with drug control Vorinostat (SAHA). Conclusion: From the docking study, it was concluded that C=S moiety were very successful to bind tightly to the zinc binding group of HDAC enzyme by making numerous interaction modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Semicarbazide (SEM) is a byproduct of azodicarbonamide widely employed in the industry of plastic gaskets used in sealing glass jars, especially baby foods jars. Aim of the Study: To determine the effects and possibility of recovery of semicarbazide on thyroid histology of male juvenile albino rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty juvenile male albino rats (3 weeks old) were Split into 3 equal groups; group I (control), group II (treated with SEM 40 mg/kg oral daily for 4 weeks), group III (recovery group allowed to recover for 4 weeks after stoppage of SEM treatment). Different histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used on thyroid specimens. Results: In comparison to the control group, group treated with SEM revealed distortion and degeneration of the thyroid follicles, some follicles appeared markedly distended and lined by flat cells with flat nuclei, desquamated follicular cells were located in the lumen, peripheral vacuolation of colloid, empty follicles, wide interstitial space and dilated congested blood vessels in between follicles. Collagen fibers amount in the interstitial space has increased significantly "P < 0.05". The mean epithelial height and colloid area percentage have both decreased significantly. Activated caspase-3 immunohistochemical expression was significantly increased. Contrary, in the recovery group, most of the Follicles appeared to be normal except for minimal changes in some follicles. Conclusion: Semicarbazide causes significant histological structural changes in the juvenile thyroid gland and its stoppage caused marked improvement in the thyroid gland histology. It is advisable to replace semicarbazide as a sealing agent for glass jars with other natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor that participates in the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. Many agonists of Nur77 have been reported to have significant anticancer effects. Our previous studies have found that the introduction of bicyclic aromatic rings, such as naphthalyl and quinoline groups, into the N0 -methylene position of indoles’ Nur77 modulators can effectively improve the anti-tumor activity of the target compounds. Following our previous studies, a series of novel 1-(2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-6-methylnicotinoyl)-4-substituted semicarbazide/thiosemicarbazide derivatives 9a–9w were designed and synthesized in four steps from 6-methoxy-2-acetonaphthone and N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal. All compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS, and their anti-tumor activity on various cancer cell lines such as A549, HepG2, HGC-27, MCF-7 and HeLa are also evaluated. From the series of compounds, 9h exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative activity against several cancer cells. Colony formation and cell cycle experiments showed that compound 9h inhibited cell growth and arrested the cell cycle. Additionally, 9h leads to the cleavage of PARP. We initially explored the mechanism of 9h-induced apoptosis and found that compound 9h can upregulate Nur77 expression and triggered Nur77 nuclear export, indicating the occurrence of Nur77-mediated apoptosis. These results suggested that 9h may be a promising anti-tumor leading compound for the further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Herein, we present a direct competitive biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BELISA) method for the determination of semicarbazide (SEM) using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film as the bionic antibody. The best monomer (methacrylic acid) and molar ratio of monomer to template (4:1) were determined with the aid of computational simulation methods based on density functional theory (DFT). The MIP film was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and adsorption experiments. The results showed that the imprinted film was successfully synthesised with good adsorption performance. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.0–1.0×104 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9863). The detection limit (IC15) and sensitivity (IC50) were 1.0 and 85.7 ng/mL, respectively. This BELISA method was further applied to the analysis of SEM in food samples; recoveries ranged from 86.1% to 90.8%. These observations indicated that the developed method could be adapted for SEM quantification in food.

The reactions of 4,5-diaroyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide in-volved elimination of carbothioamide or carboxamide group and afforded substituted 3,4-diaroyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamides. This reaction provides a convenient preparative route to 1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamides that attract interest for medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New bis-semicarbazides were obtained by the reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate with aliphatic and aromatic acids hydrazides, as well as semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, and 4-substituted thiosemicarbazides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the detection of semicarbazide (SEM) in gelatine by Italian Authorities, at levels exceeding by three times the reference point for action (RPA) of 1 μg/kg, set out by Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/1871 for nitrofurans and their metabolites, the European Commission mandated EFSA to investigate the available sources of nitrofurans and their metabolites in gelatine. European Commission also asked EFSA to provide approaches that would distinguish SEM occurring due to illegal treatment with nitrofurazone from SEM produced during food processing. The literature indicates that SEM, both free and bound to macromolecules, could occur also in food products such as gelatine, during food processing, arising from the use of disinfecting agents and/or from reactions of various food components and, therefore, SEM cannot be considered as an unequivocal marker of the abuse of nitrofurazone in animal production. It is recommended to investigate in more detail which processing conditions lead to the formation of SEM in gelatine during its production and what levels can be found. One potential approach to distinguishing between SEM from nitrofurazone and SEM from other sources in food products, such as gelatine, might be based on determining the ratio of bound:free SEM in a sample of gelatine. However, whether the ratio of bound:free SEM would unequivocally distinguish between SEM arising from nitrofurazone abuse or from other sources still needs to be demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semicarbazide has become an important pollutant in the environment, but there was no comprehensive literature on its advances. In this review, the source, biotoxicity and detection methods are summarized. Among the sources is the material of chemical reaction, a metabolite of nitrofurazone, food processing (production by azobisformamide and hypochlorite treatment), endogenous substances, etc. Semicarbazide is demonstrated to be accumulative and reproductive toxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity, endocrine disruptors, and neurotoxicity. There are still many controversies on the effect of genotoxicity and no clear result on the carcinogenic mechanism. HPLC-MS/MS is the mainstream of the detection methods. Other methods, including HPLC, immunoassay method, biosensor method, electrochemical detection, capillary electrophoresis technique, and spectral techniques mainly, have become less and less in recent years. On all these counts, to reduce the content of semicarbazide in the environment, the key is to control the use of nitrofurazone as the banned drug effectively. Meanwhile the toxicity data should be supplemented to reveal its toxic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following the detection of semicarbazide (SEM) in gelatine by Italian Authorities, at levels exceeding by three times the reference point for action (RPA) of 1 μg/kg, set out by Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/1871 for nitrofurans and their metabolites, the European Commission mandated EFSA to investigate the available sources of nitrofurans and their metabolites in gelatine. European Commission also asked EFSA to provide approaches that would distinguish SEM occurring due to illegal treatment with nitrofurazone from SEM produced during food processing. The literature indicates that SEM, both free and bound to macromolecules, could occur also in food products such as gelatine, during food processing, arising from the use of disinfecting agents and/or from reactions of various food components and, therefore, SEM cannot be considered as an unequivocal marker of the abuse of nitrofurazone in animal production. It is recommended to investigate in more detail which processing conditions lead to the formation of SEM in gelatine during its production and what levels can be found. One potential approach to distinguishing between SEM from nitrofurazone and SEM from other sources in food products, such as gelatine, might be based on determining the ratio of bound:free SEM in a sample of gelatine. However, whether the ratio of bound:free SEM would unequivocally distinguish between SEM arising from nitrofurazone abuse or from other sources still needs to be demonstrated.

The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption.

The effects of acute and chronic exposure to semicarbazide were carried out on the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. A half-maximal lethal concentration of 3.72 g/L of semicarbazide hydrochloride (95% confidence interval 3.43–4.02 g/L) was deduced. At 20, 4, and 2% of the half-maximal lethal concentrations, a 28-days exposure induced morphological alterations, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the respiratory tree, intestinal tract, and longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus. Exposure to 20% of the half-maximal lethal concentration resulted in lesions in the respiratory tree and disintegration in the intestinal tract. Exposure to lower concentration induced a gradual accumulation of lesions in the respiratory tree, intestinal tract, and longitudinal muscle. Levels of markers of oxidative stress and neurotransmission, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and AChE, were increased during the initial days of exposure and then decreased. The activity of SOD, catalase, and AChE were highest in A. japonicus exposed to 4%, followed by 20 and 2% of the half-maximal lethal concentration at the same time. At the later stages of the 28-days exposure, marker levels were decreased and close to levels in the control groups. Non-targeted metabolomics indicated that significantly different metabolites were screened out, 28 in the positive ion mode and 38 in the negative ion mode, impairments in neurological function, osmotic pressure regulation, energy metabolism, and protein digestion and absorption following exposure of A. japonicus to semicarbazide. KEGG pathway enrichment showed that the exposure affected pathways related to ABC transporters, central carbon metabolism in cancer, protein digestion and absorption, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes novel agro-waste derived Water Extract of Orange Fruit Shell Ash (WEOFSA) catalyzed synthesis of 5-aryl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones and 1,2,4-triazospiro-3-thiones under microwave irradiation. Herein, we have developed inexpensive, facile and green method synthesis of cyclic thiones by the reaction of aromatic aldehyde and cyclic ketone, with thiosemicarbazide in presence of agro-waste derived catalyst. The obtained product is chromatographically pure after recrystallization from ethanol, and final product is characterized by various spectroscopic techniques FT-IR, ½H-, 13C-NMR and HR-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Semicarbazide-embedded RP alkyl and HILIC aryl phases were proposed. • Semicarbazide could shield silanols like other polar embedded groups. • Electron-deficient solutes were preferentially retained by the new phase. • New stationary phase was compatible with highly aqueous mobile phase. • Semicarbazide was promising in the design of mixed-modal stationary phases. Semicarbazide, as a derivative of urea, constitutes a great variety of functional molecules for different needs. Herein, novel stationary phases with an incorporated semicarbazide group were proposed. Using aliphatic (docosanoyl, C22) and aromatic (benzoyl, Bz) hydrazides, the semicarbazide-embedded ligands were synthesized before chemical modification of the silica gel, allowing for an accurate interpretation of the chromatographic properties of the corresponding packings. The new stationary phases were water-wettable, due to the presence of highly polar groups. In particular, Bz-semicarbazide (Bz-SCD) stationary phase was sufficiently hydrophilic to run in hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) mode, whilst the C22 (C22-SCD) equivalent, in spite of its reversed-phase nature, was markedly less hydrophobic than the referenced polar-embedded ones. The versatility of C22-SCD was demonstrated with a large selection of analytes, including geometric isomers and standard mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfonamides, sulfonylurea, substituted ureas, pyridines and carbamates, fat-soluble colorants, antifungal metabolites, angiotensin II receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff bases are considered as privileged ligand in coordination chemistry as they easily form stable complexes with most transition metal complexes. In this paper, a novel Schiff-base ligand derived from Curcumin and Semicarbazide (HMHC) and its transition metal [Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] complexes were synthesized. FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR, Mass, TG-DTA and ESR spectral techniques were used to confirm the structures of the metal chelates and ligand. The Schiff base behaves as a tridentate ligand with O and N donors and coordinates to metal ion via phenolic oxygens and azomethine nitrogen. The compositions of the ligand and its metal complexes have been established by elemental analysis. Spectral investigations suggested octahedral geometrical arrangement for all the metal(II) complexes, having 2:1 (L:M) stoichiometric ratio of the type [M(HMHC)2]H2O. The Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes have been screened for antimicrobial evaluation towards some clinically important microorganisms. Result found that the metal complexes were more active than the ligand. Also anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff base complexes were studied by protein denaturation method and result reveals that Zn(II) complex shows more activity.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with pre-column derivatisation was developed and validated for the determination of semicarbazide in human urine. Urine samples were derivatised with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and subsequently extracted with acetonitrile. Extracts were concentrated and then analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. The time per run was 7 min. Good results were observed for the linearity of matrix-matched calibration curves (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration range of 1–100 µg/L. The absolute recovery ranged from 98.7% to 108.6%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.2%-3.6%. The limit of detection and quantification for the semicarbazide was 0.5 µg/L and 1 µg/L, respectively. The method showed good extraction efficiency, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. It was suitable for the detection of semicarbazide in human urine. Residues of semicarbazide were between 1.0 and 41.5 μg/L in children's 24-h urine. This work is the first report on the quantitative analysis of SEM in 24-h human urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives were synthesized. 4,5-disubsitituted 1,2,4-Triazole compounds 1b-2c were synthesized from 2-(benzylthio) benzimidazole compound a, which was then reacted with (NaH) in dioxane at a temperature of (0-5 C°) to produce the salt of compound a. Then the salt was reacted with ethyl chloro acetate to yield Ethyl 2-(benzylthio) benzimidazole acetate compound b. Compound b was converted to triazole derivatives by two pathways. The first pathway was reacting compound b with semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylsemicarbazide in DMSO as a solvent to gain compounds 1b-3b, which were then cyclized by refluxed with 2N (NaOH) to yield 1,2,4-triazole derivatives compounds 4b-6b. The second pathway involved the treatment of compound b with hydrazine hydrate to produce N-acetohydrazide-2-(benzyl thio) benzimidazole c. Compound c was refluxed with carbon disulfide (CS2) in KOH alcoholic solution to obtain the salt compound 1c. The salt was treated with hydrazine hydrate to yield 1,2,4-triazole derivative compound 2c. The newly synthesized compounds b-2c were identified by FTIR, ¹H-NMR and 13C-NMR and their physical properties were measured. Furthermore, their anti-microbial activities were tested against two Grampositive and two Gram-negative bacteria and against one strain of fungi. Also, some of these synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a direct competitive biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BELISA) method for the determination of semicarbazide (SEM) using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film as the bionic antibody. The best monomer (methacrylic acid) and molar ratio of monomer to template (4:1) were determined with the aid of computational simulation methods based on density functional theory (DFT). The MIP film was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and adsorption experiments. The results showed that the imprinted film was successfully synthesised with good adsorption performance. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.0–1.0×104 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9863). The detection limit (IC15) and sensitivity (IC50) were 1.0 and 85.7 ng/mL, respectively. This BELISA method was further applied to the analysis of SEM in food samples; recoveries ranged from 86.1% to 90.8%. These observations indicated that the developed method could be adapted for SEM quantification in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions of tropylium tetrafluoroborate with 4-nitrobenzohydrazide, semicarbazide hydrochloride, thiosemicarbazide, and N-benzylurea afforded the corresponding mono- and/or ditropyl derivatives, N′-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)-4-nitrobenzohydrazide, N′,N′-di(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)-4-nitrobenzohydrazide, 2,2-di(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)hydrazine-1-carboxamide, N-2-di(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide, and N-benzyl-3-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)urea, as potential biologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]