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Digital transformation of economy leads to changes in industrial markets and firms behavior on them. They begin to compete basing not on expansion of their market share but on creating a benefit for a consumer. Therefore, increase of firm competitiveness requires information about consumer preferences and behavior, which in turn leads to a changes in the role and forms of supply chain participants interaction. In such a situation, big data operators gain a competitive advantage, backed by high fixed costs of extracting value from big data, which provides monopoly power. The question arises about the possibility of considering big data and the behavior of such data operators based on the provisions of the essential facilities doctrine. The research is based on the theory of essential facilities and its application in the construction of an optimization model of big data market subjects behavior. The matter of big data attribution to essential facilities is solved basing on study of approaches to interpretation of big data and essential facilities categories, analysis of interrelation and size of big data processing costs, building a model of big data operator behavior when supplying firms on neighboring markets with processed information. It is shown that big data in processed form can be attributed to essential facilities as their collection and processing are connected to high initial costs which block possibility of their duplication by competitors. However, the peculiarity of it as essential facilities is that they do not completely limit the possibility of entering the market, but determine the competitiveness of firms in it, which causes the growth of the importance of such an entry barrier as the formation of customer loyalty. Such results raise the question of the need and ways to regulate access to big data as essential facilities, since their incorrect regulation or lack of such can lead to a decrease in the markets or supply chains performance and the effectiveness of industrial or antimonopoly regulation.

Bismuth oxide kinetically stabilized by doping with a metastable structure of disordered fluorite ?-Bi2O3 has a unique conductivity. Oxygen selective membranes at intermediate temperatures ~550?C, on the base of cermet ?-Bi2O3/Ag, have the highest potential for air separation and can be used to produce oxygen for distributed multigeneration by burning fossil carbon fuels. When searching for the optimal composition of ?-Bi2O3, the degradation of fluorite into a new tetragonal phase was discovered in ceramics synthesized using mechanical activation. The tetragonal phase is formed and exists in a topotaxial composite with the fluorite structure. For a relatively stable over a wide temperature range tetragonal phase with a = 0.3854, c = 0.88905 nm, S.G. P-4, crystal structure and atomic coordinates have been proposed. In samples of fluorite and topotaxial composite, the Raman and M?ssbauer spectra were recorded and discussed. The discovery of a new tetragonal phase of doped bismuth oxide and its existence area makes it possible to optimize the composition and the synthesis of a more stable solid electrolyte ?-Bi2O3 with high conductivity.

The article presents the results of deep processing of heavy crude oil in supercritical aqueous fluid, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the content of sulfur and resinous asphaltene compounds in products, and to increase the yield of light fuel fractions. The possibility of reducing the temperature of upgrading of heavy crude oil due to the presence of active charcoal in the reaction medium is shown. The proposed technology provides environmentally safe and residue-free processing of heavy oil and further production of high-quality hydrocarbon raw materials enriched in low-boiling fractions. Keywords: upgrading; heavy crude oil; supercritical aqueous fluid; activated charcoal.

A number of theoretical and applied studies have shown that there is no unambiguous relationship between the market structure, expressed in particular by the firms size, and firms innovation activity. Understanding the nature of the relationship between the market structure, the firms size and their behavior allows us to raise the level of justification for both business strategies and innovation policy, which is also relevant in the context of the digital transformation of the Russian economy. The paper is aimed at considering the problem of an influence of a market structure with due regard for the peculiarities of their industries on firms innovation activity in Russia for the period 2006–2016. This period was chosen due to the transition to a new Russian National Classifier of Economic Activities edition and the beginning of active Russian economy digitalization in 2017. The hypothesis of the study is that in Russia, under the impact of a number of events, the influence of the firms size on their innovative activity in various sectors of the economy is becoming more acute. By building pooled and panel data models it was shown, that at the studied stage of country development a positive relationship between the average firms size in the industry and their innovation activity can be observed. But some conditions for a stronger growth of innovation activity in industries with firms of smaller sizes are emerging and it indicates a change in the Russian economy structure. As a result of assessing the linkage of the innovation activity intensity and firm size, it can be concluded that there is no connection with belonging to the type of economic activity, i. e. the relationship between the share of costs for technological innovations and the size of firms in the Russian economy has no industry specifics. The further development of this study consist in a more study of the factors that determine the results obtained, the development of recommendations for the formation of a working innovation system in Russia, as well as in the field of antimonopoly regulation on the issue of entry barriers.

In this review, we explore systemization of knowledge about the triggering effects of non-genetic factors in pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Possible mechanisms involving environmental and individual factors in RA pathogenesis were analyzed, namely, infections, mental stress, sleep deprivation ecology, age, perinatal and gender factors, eating habits, obesity and smoking. The non-genetic factors modulate basic processes in the body with the impact of these factors being non-specific, but these common challenges may be decisive for advancement of the disease in the predisposed body at risk for RA. The provocation of this particular disease is associated with the presence of congenital loci minoris resistentia. The more frequent non-genetic factors form tangles of interdependent relationships and, thereby, several interdependent external factors hit one vulnerable basic process at once, either provoking or reinforcing each other. Understanding the specific mechanisms by which environmental and individual factors impact an individual under RA risk in the preclinical stages can contribute to early disease diagnosis and, if the factor is modifiable, might be useful for the prevention or delay of its development.

In the present work, complex powder alloys containing spinel as a minor phase were produced by mechanical alloying in a high-energy planetary ball mill from a 33Al–45Cu–22Fe (at.%) powder blend. These alloys show characteristics suitable for the synthesis of promising catalysts. The alloying was conducted in two stages: at the first stage, a Cu+Fe powder mixture was ball-milled for 90 min; at the second stage, Al was added, and the milling process was continued for another 24 min. The main products of mechanical alloying formed at each stage were studied using X-ray diffraction phase analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. At the end of the first stage, crystalline iron was not found. The main product of the first stage was a metastable Cu(Fe) solid solution with a face-centered cubic structure. At the second stage, the Cu(Fe) solid solution transformed to Cu(Al), several Fe-containing amorphous phases, and a spinel phase. The products of the two-stage process were different from those of the single-stage mechanical alloying of the ternary elemental powder mixture; the formation of undesirable intermediate phases was avoided, which ensured excellent composition uniformity. A sequence of solid-state reactions occurring during mechanical alloying was proposed. Mesopores and a spinel phase were the features of the two-stage milled material (both are desirable for the target catalyst).

The article explores the crossroads of two surviving groups of “old Russian sectarianism” — Molokan Jumpers and JehovistsIl’intsy — for whom the anticipation of the millennial kingdom on earth was a central doctrinal tenet. Researchers in the past, as well as modern scholars of religion, usually have not paid attention to the connection between the two movements, which was at one time quite substantial both in the doctrinal and the practical sense. Handwritten, typed and unofficially published sources gathered by the author during field work served as the principal material for the article. They include letters of Nikolai Il’in to his followers and his other writings, the memoirs of Molokan elders, and the historical accounts found among the Molokans of Armenia and the USA.

Nanocomposites highly loaded with various iron oxides were obtained by thermal treatment of SBA-15 mesoporous silica soaked in concentrated freshly prepared ferric oxalate aqueous solution. Ultradispersed iron oxide particles appeared to cover external surface of the matrix as well as to be embedded into the depth of silica. We showed that CO evolving during the thermal decomposition of ferric oxalate added at the second impregnation stage is able to reduce the iron(III) oxide preliminary formed by oxidative thermolysis of the salt having been initially loaded.

Continuous seismic monitoring of the Kola Peninsula and the Spitsbergen archipelago with adjacent water areas was carried out. Seismic events were recorded using digital equipment. Operational catalogs of earth-quakes were compiled. Great attention is paid to the improvement of systems for seismic and infrasonic monitoring. Seventeen seismic events with magnitudes from 0.8 to 2.8 which can be interpreted as tectonic earthquakes were recorded in the Baltic Shield area. The strongest earthquakes were recorded in the Arkhangelsk region (28.03.2013, M=2.9), in northern Norway (09.02.2013, MLрег=2.8), and in northern Finland (21.11.2013, MLрег=2.7). The maximum magnitude of the event in the Murmansk region was 2.3. The seismic activity in 2013 was the lowest over the last five-year period (from 2009 to 2013). The Spitsbergen archipelago was characterized by the smallest number of earthquakes in all ranges of magnitudes and by the smallest amount of released seismic energy for the five-year period from 2009 to 2013. The experimental research to monitor seismic and infrasonic emissions generated by glaciers was carried out using a seismic and infrasonic system installed before in the Spitsbergen archipelago. In particular, the seismic emission generated by the Isfjord glaciers has a strong seasonality. Activation is observed in the second half of summer and continues until the 20th of September. As a result of the studies, the possibility of remote monitoring of the destruction of glaciers by the seismic and infrasonic method was convincingly demonstrated

Objective: to assess safety, pathological response rate, and long-term oncologic outcomes of radical prostatectomy (RP) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy using docetaxel in prostate cancer (PCa) patients of high and very high risk groups. Materials and methods: 86 patients with high and very high risk PCa (PSA>20 ng/ml, Gleason score 8 and more, or clinical stage cT2c and more) were included, among them 46 received neoadjuvant (NCGT/RP group) treatment followed by RP and 40 patients received RP only. with a median follow-up of 11.4 years after RP. Neoadjuvant treatment included 3-weekly docetaxel (75 mg/m2 for up to 6 cycles) with concomitant degarelix (6 monthly injections). Results: NCGT cycle was started in 39 patients and completed in full dose and planned regimen in 34 (87.2%) patients. Toxicities were moderate. A statistically significant reduction of PSA>50% post-chemohormonal therapy was observed in all 39 cases. Among patients with completed neoadjuvant treatment RP was performed in 33 (97.1%) patients. Lower postoperative stage was noticed in 38.5% in NCGT/RP group compared with 2.7% in RP group. Similarly, positive surgical margin rate was higher in group without neoadjuvant therapy - 43.2% and 25.6% (RP group). Adjuvant or deferred treatment received 25 (67.6%) and 13 (39.4%) in RP and NCGT/RP group, respectively. Conclusion: The use of neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy before the RP in selected regimen and dose represents a safe strategy resulting in benefit in early oncological results. Given the limitations of the study this concept should be evaluated in large prospective controlled studies.

Background: The relative cardiovascular safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists compared with GnRH agonists in men with prostate cancer and known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains controversial. Methods: In this international, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label trial, men with prostate cancer and concomitant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive the GnRH antagonist degarelix or the GnRH agonist leuprolide for 12 months. The primary outcome was the time to first adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event (composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) through 12 months. Results: Because of slower-than-projected enrollment and fewer-than-projected primary outcome events, enrollment was stopped before the 900 planned participants were accrued. From May 3, 2016, to April 16, 2020, a total of 545 patients from 113 sites across 12 countries were randomly selected. Baseline characteristics were balanced between study groups. The median age was 73 years, 49.8% had localized prostate cancer; 26.3% had locally advanced disease, and 20.4% had metastatic disease. A major adverse cardiovascular event occurred in 15 (5.5%) patients assigned to degarelix and 11 (4.1%) patients assigned to leuprolide (hazard ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 0.59–2.79]; P =0.53). Conclusions: PRONOUNCE (A Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease) is the first, international, randomized clinical trial to prospectively compare the cardiovascular safety of a GnRH antagonist and a GnRH agonist in patients with prostate cancer. The study was terminated prematurely because of the smaller than planned number of participants and events, and no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events at 1 year between patients assigned to degarelix or leuprolide was observed. The relative cardiovascular safety of GnRH antagonists and agonists remains unresolved. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02663908.

In a time marked by ecological decay and by the perspective of a severe backlash of this ecosystem decay and climate devastation onto human society, bold moves that employ novel technology to counteract this decline are required. We present a novel concept of employing Artificial Life technology, in the form of cybernetically enhanced bio-hybrid superorganisms as a countermeasure and as a contingency plan. We describe our general conceptual paradigm, consisting of three interacting action plans, namely: (1) Organismic Augmentation; (2) Bio-Hybrid Socialization and (3) Ecosystem Hacking, which together compose a method to create a novel agent for ecosystem stabilization. We demonstrate, through early results from the research project HIVEOPOLIS, a specific way how classic Artificial Life technologies can create such a living, ecologically active and technologically-augmented superorganism that operates outside in the field. These technologies range from cellular automata and biomimetic robots to novel and sustainable biocompatible materials. Aiming at having a real-world impact on the society that relies on our biosphere is an important aspect in Artificial Life research and is fundamental to our methodology to create a physically embodied and useful form of Artificial Life.

We report the results of the trajectory-based simulation of far-infrared collision-induced absorption (CIA) due to CH$_4-$N$_2$ pairs at temperatures between 70 and 400 K. Our analysis utilizes recently calculated high-level potential energy (PES) and induced dipole surfaces (IDS) [Finenko, A. A., Chistikov, D. N., Kalugina, Y. N., Conway E. K., Gordon, I. E., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, doi: 10.1039/d1cp02161c]. Treating collision partners as rigid rotors, the time evolution of interaction-induced dipole is accumulated over a vast ensemble of classical trajectories and subsequently transformed into CIA spectrum via Fourier transform. In our calculations, both bound and unbound states are properly accounted for, and the rigorous theory of lower-order spectral moments is addressed to check the accuracy of simulated profiles. Classically derived trajectory-based profiles are subject to two approximate desymmetrization procedures so that resulting profiles conform to the quantum principle of detailed balance. The simulated profiles are compared to laboratory measurements and employed for modeling Titan's spectra in the 50-500 cm$^{-1}$ range. Based on the desymmetrized simulated profiles, a new semi-empirical model for CH$_4-$N$_2$ CIA is proposed for modeling Titan's infrared spectra. Synthetic spectra derived using this model yield an excellent agreement with the data recorded by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) aboard the Cassini spacecraft at low and high emission angles.

This paper introduces the dynamic block of a new high spatial resolution sea ice model. Arctic region irregular triangular grid generating technology based on the INMOST package is presented. The mesh refined in areas of high ice concentration, at the coastline, and in narrow passages. The parallel finite element implementation of the model with several time integration schemes for the momentum balance equation is presented. For the ice mass and compactness transport equations the Taylor-Galerkin-Flux-Correction scheme was implemented. An optimization of the time integration scheme for the momentum equation is proposed, which allows to accelerate the standard stationary mEVP method used in modern ice models (CICE, LIM, FESIM). The idea of the proposed nonstationary mEVP-opt method is to approximate the iteration parameter to the locally optimal one obtained from the estimate of the integration step in the approximation of the linearized transition operator. The numerical experiment to reproduce the most computationally complex mode of slow ridging was performed. The result is compared to the Picard method one with 10 pseudo-iterations, which gives high accuracy at high computational costs. It is shown that the new mEVP-opt method provides a significant reduction in the computation time compared to mEVP with a slight increase in the number of operations. Represented dynamic core will be generalized for a multicategory ice thickness case, supplemented by thermodynamics blocks, ice thickness redistribution due to ridging, and data assimilation procedure. It could be used as a high-quality sea ice forecast tool.

At present, the role of Russia in the world economy is mainly associated with the supply of various raw materials to world markets, the share of which in the volume of Russian exports is more than 80%. At the same time, there is a rather significant processing sector of the economy in Russia. Since inertial development is aimed at simplifying the nature of the Russian economy and consolidating its raw material orientation, the development of manufacturing industries, at least at first, should be associated with protectionist measures and an active role of the state. The paper examines the existing approaches to the study of the problem of combining the principle of free trade and protectionist measures proposed by Russian and foreign authors and describes the methodological aspects of assessing the current state and prospects of implementing the import substitution policy in Russia.

In this review presented the most relevant scientific information on the molecular and genetic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). GISTs is a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, which according to modern ideas originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. It was found that this disease is largely somatic mutations: in the overwhelming majority of cases, activating mutations in kit or PDGFRA genes that encode effector tyrosine kinases are found in tumor cells. Constitutive activation of these enzymes triggers a complex cascade of intracellular reactions, the result of which is the enhancement of cell proliferation and tumor growth. In the absence of the above-mentioned driver mutations, the GISTs is referred to as a “wild type”. The profile of mutations affects the aggressiveness of the GISTs flow and the sensitivity to target antitumor drugs. Thus, carrying out a mutational analysis in the case of a GISTs is of great prognostic significance.

A number of events taking place in the twenty-first century such as mass arrests of members of the Iran President Mahmud Ahmadinezhad's executive office accused of witchcraft make one doubt that witch hunt trials remained in the far Middle Ages. It is religious motives that are usually considered the main reason for anti-witchcraft hysteria. When analyzing the history of anti-witchcraft campaigns we came to the conclusion that in the majority of cases witchcraft was a planned action aimed at consolidating the state power and acquiring additional sources of revenue. By using economic instruments we tried to reveal some general regularities of witch hunt in various countries as well as conditions for this institution to emerge and for ensuring its stability by the state power We show that witch hunt was an instrument of implementing institutional transformations aimed to consolidate the political power or to forfeit wealth by the state power.

Lumbar drainage is one of the methods used to prevent the occurrence of intracranial hypertension and treatment of nasal liquorrhea in patients after by endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopic removal of tumors of the chiasmosellar region. The application of this method intraoperatively is a standard procedure to facilitate manipulation of the brain surgeon, but prolonged post-operative drainage is used extremely selectively and depending on the approaches taken in the specific medical organization. The present paper describes different frequency and risks of lumbar drainage after the surgery. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of postoperative drainage of liquor from the surveyed patients. We observed 80 patients in the postoperative period who were conducted passive lumbar drainage. The assessment was performed of the cell count and discharge of the liquor, depending on the size of the tumor. During the study, it was found that the optimal timing of drainage is: 3 days for patients with small and medium-sized pituitary adenomas and 5 days for patients with large and giant adenomas. In all cases, the maximum values of cell count were observed on the first day and they gradually reduced by the 3-5th days due to reorganization of the liquor and reduced inflammatory response. Postoperative meningitis developed in 6 (5.8 %) cases and in 3 cases this complication led to death. It has been found, that prolonged liquor drainage meets the standards of safety and effectiveness for the correction of intracranial hypertension and accelerates the rehabilitation of the CSF.

The object of research is the biological value of the protein-fat base for athletes, workers of heavy physical labor, military personnel, depending on the conditions of its preliminary processing. A technological audit, the purpose of which was to determine the change in the content of amino acids after enzymatic hydrolysis in samples of the protein-fat base, that had undergone pretreatment by microwave radiation, was conducted. The effectiveness of the protein-fat base pretreatment by microwave radiation was evaluated on the amount of α -amino nitrogen after enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, the optimal conditions of the protein-fat base pretreatment were established: 250–350 seconds of microwave treatment time and its hydration to the 12–14 % of moisture content. Such processing will increase the biological value of the protein-fat base, namely, increase the degree of digestion and digestibility of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.