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Peritoneal carcinomatosis is viewed by many experts as a terminal illness with an unfavourable course and prognosis. Existing therapies are controversial and exhibit ambiguous efficacy. We review the current state of the art in therapy for peritoneal metastases of various origin and its historical background. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy compound the treatment of choice as achieving the highest survival rates. Palliative surgery and systemic chemotherapy are an alternative that proved even more aggressive and ineffective in comparative survival evaluations. Manifold studies and expert opinions exist on the efficacy and expedience of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Today, however, their routine use in everyday practice is hotly debated. Despite an evident progress in managing peritoneal metastases, a series of questions remain unsolved. Contentious research data, late diagnosis, low treatment efficacy in severe peritoneal dissemination, a limited applicability of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, all highlight the importance of inventing and developing novel methods for early high-accuracy diagnosis and careful selection of the treatment strategy. Fundamental knowledge of malignant metastasis underlies the choice of patient management and the innovative toolkit for prevention and treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Introduction. Neuroendocrine breast tumors represent a rare subtype of breast cancer, accounting for less than 1 % of all neuroendocrine neoplasms. Starting from their pathology definition, and going through their prevalence, prognosis and treatment, our knowledge is still really uncertain.Materials and methods. The article presents a rare clinical observation of a neuroendocrine breast tumor. A breast fibroadenoma was diagnosed at the initial diagnosis stage in a private clinic; after a surgical treatment and further morphological study, it was estimated: a diagnosis of Cancer in situ of the left breast T1N0M0, stage I. Next, 3D-conformal remote radiation therapy was performed on the area of the left breast.Results and discussion. After conducting positron emission tomography, multiple metastases were detected in the lymph nodes, bones, and liver. Additionally, micropreparations were consulted at the Federal Reference Center in St. Petersburg and at an independent third-party molecular biological laboratory in Germany (Munich). Given all the instrumental, molecular biological, histological and immunohistochemical studies of the patient, an individual regimen of drug therapy was selected.Conclusion. After 18 months of personalized drug therapy, we observed a positive trend and a significant decrease in metabolic activity according to positron emission tomography.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a global challenge of modern oncology representing the most unfavourable scenario in diverse-locality tumourisation. Despite certain attention by the oncological community, the management of PC patients is currently palliative, which weakly promotes research into the basic principles of this morbidity. This literature review attempts to comprehensively cover the PC problematic from a global perspective and presents a key evidence on the world schools of thought in this area. Briefly taking, peritoneal carcinomatosis is viewed today as a local process in the conventional implantation theory, which imposes a locoregional character on all current or emerging therapies, such as cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Their inadequate efficacy is largely due to pronounced gaps in our understanding of PC logistics and signalling. PSOGI is a key organisation for centralising the specialty effort in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Despite its global geography and approach to PC discussion, a multitude of scientific questions remain unanswered impeding the establishment of novel effective therapies. The seven countries that nurtured distinguished schools of thought in PC studies are the USA, UK, Japan, China, Italy, France and Germany. Taking peritoneal carcinomatosis in a global perspective, an insufficient attention to its problematic in Russia should be addressed. The founding and fostering of national PC institutions will benefit cancer patients and progress in oncological science.

Carcinogenesis research uncovers new pathogenesis links as vulnerable targets of effective antitumour therapies. Among the key mediators of immune response, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and inflammation is transcription factor NF-κB. Misregulation of an NF-κB-dependent pathway is found in solid and haematopoietic tumour cells. One of the best known NF-κB functions is expression regulation of genes involved in the apoptosis inhibition or activation and survival in both intact and malignant cells. The NF-κB-mediated pathways’ involvement in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis and tumour resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies makes this factor a promising target for drug anti-cancer interventions. This review summarises evidence on the antitumour and anti-inflammatory activity of a high-potent and specific low molecular-weight NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylhepoxyquinomycin (DHMEQ), as a candidate therapeutic agent in treatment for variant malignancies.

Oncology was officially acknowledged as a separate branch of medical science 75 years ago. Historically, it was landmarked by Order No. 323 of the People’s Commissariat for Health of the USSR of April 30, 1945 “On efforts to improve national oncology care”. This decision triggered deployment of a network of oncological institutions that covered almost the entire country in relatively short time and persists today. Aside to rapid revival of existing cancer institutions, new research centres for oncology and radiology, cancer dispensaries and rooms were being set up to gear universal and comprehensive case archival, due-time tumour diagnostics and vocational training, along with manifold other measures to contain cancer. A milestone event was the erection of the Oncological Society in 1954 by the Scientific Council Presidium of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Moscow and All-Union oncological societies contributed greatly to establishment of the Oncology Service and promoted the prestige of Soviet oncology, professional activity in the Union’s republics and overall effectiveness against cancer. Involvement of outstanding scientists, leading oncologists and healthcare decision makers in fostering the Oncology Service cannot be overstated. Today, a progress is made towards understanding the roots of cancer, supply of medical institutions with state-of-the-art equipment, implementation of effective diagnostic and therapy practices. Nevertheless, as yet timely remain further enhancement of preventive medicine, deployment of regional programs for cancer monitoring, education and higher-level professional training, remodelling of diagnostics and care in specialised oncological and primary medical institutions, creation of a unified system for prevention, earlier diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Background. Our previous studies have shown that postnatally formed lymph nodes (PNFLN) can serve as a source of biological signals activating antitumour immune reactions and suppressing the spread of metastatic malignant cells.Aim. To determine the expression of CD3, CD20, CD68 in native, sentinel and postnatally induced lymph nodes of the axillary zone in breast cancer.Materials and methods. The study involved an analysis of digitalized images of the immunohistochemical expression of a fixed panel of antibodies CD3, CD20, CD68. The expression levels were assessed quantitatively by counting the expressed cells in each studied node for four main structural and functional zones.Results and Discussion. The results of a comparative immunohistochemical study of native, sentinel and postnatally induced lymph nodes showed that the content of CD3, CD20, CD68 demonstrates fundamental differences in different lymph node structures.Сonclusions 1. In postnatally induced lymph nodes, compared to native and sentinel lymph nodes, the distinct expression of antibodies to the main immunocompetent cells, which realize key immune responses in the lymph node, can indicate an increased functional status of the newly formed lymph nodes. 2. The study demonstrated a high level of antigenic stimulation of T and B lymphocytes in postnatally induced lymph nodes, as well as indicated a possible role of macrophage cells in the stimulation of neolymphogenesis and the formation of new lymph nodes. 3. The study provides the basis for further research into postnatal induced lymph nodes in cancer patients.

Introduction. This article presents data on the manifestations of changes in the microenvironment of the peritoneal cavity in patients with carcinomatosis, expressed by the mineralization of the peritoneum, which in turn leads to functional changes in drainage of the peritoneal cavity.Materials and methods. We examined autopsy tissue of the peritoneum with symptoms of carcinomatosis and intact peritoneum using comparative scanning electron microscopy.Results and discussion. The study of the ultrastructure of peritoneum in patients with PC, revealed the phenomenon of SLL mineralization. The resulting elemental composition profile showed a high content of Ca, P, Na.Conclusions. 1. Carcinomatosis is not a local, but rather a systemic process. Determining the role of mineralization in carcinomatosis is of fundamental importance in carcinogenesis. 2. The serous membranes mineralization in patients with carcinomatosis can become a new treatment target, the impact on which may increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life. 3. The serous membranes demineralization can serve as a part of a combination treatment that includes the subsequent endolymphatic anti-tumour drug therapy.

Introduction. Despite the large number of scientific studies on metastasis problems, the state of liquid media (lymph and blood) in oncological diseases remained without sufficient attention.Materials and methods. A study of the lymph fluid properties, including viscosity, of 100 female patients with malignant breast tumours was carried out. The age of the patients ranged from 50 to 80 years. All patients were in menopause. The material for determination of viscosity was taken 5–7 days following mastectomy with extended dissection of axillary lymph nodes. On the first and second days, the contents of the wound were represented by blood clots and serous fluid. Between three- and five-days following surgery, the discharge from the wound consisted of serous discharge, prelims and lymph. On the fifth day and the following days, the wound discharge consisted primarily of lymph fluid caused by the completed haemostasis and continuation of discharge from the small lymphatic vessels.Results. The metastatic process is more active during the initial stages of cancer, since the metastatic medium is represented by less viscous lymph fluid while the vessels for the most part retain their permeability. With advanced stages of cancer, when the viscosity of the lymph rises, metastasis slows down.Conclusions: (1) In breast cancer, the viscosity depends on the stage of the cancer, while the lymph in the tumour pool behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid. (2) In stages I-II of cancer, metastasis occurs more actively than in cancer at more advanced stages. This phenomenon is determined by the rheological properties of the lymph and the functional viability of the regional vascular system.

The article presents an overview of the literature on the study of the mechanisms of formation of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessels in cancer and their role in regional and distant metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis complex multifactorial process, the study of which helps to clarify the overall flow pattern of the tumor process.

In the article are the incidence of breast cancer, cervical and ovarian cancer in the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1993 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2012 analyzed. A comparative analysis of the performance of the primary cancer incidence neoplasms of the female reproductive system has done, level patterns the dynamics of disease in different years, depending on age are obtained.

In the article the anatomical features of the peritoneum structure have been described in accordance with the medical records supplemented by the author’s illustrations. The functional differences of various peritoneum areas are shown based on its structure. Also, issues relating to the anatomical features of the peritoneum such as «hatches» and its influence on the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis have been touched upon.

The article presents the results of the study depending survival of patients with breast cancer (BC) stage IIIb degree from neolymphangiogenesis . The results show that the higher the degree neolymphangiogenesis on the level lymphangion at the drainage area “sentinel“ lymph node, the more pronounced local compensatory and protective reactions of the organism affecting the duration of life in breast cancer.

The transcription factor NF-kB plays a key role in various physiological processes such as immune response, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and inflammation. Controlling the transcriptional activity of a number of genes responsible for different ways of inflammatory processes and of malignant, NF-kB is involved in a wide range of diseases. Special attention deserves part signalnych paths controlled NF-kB, in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, including tumor and stability to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The combination of cancer and inflammatory processes involving constitutive activation of NF-kB, making it a promising target for pharmacological intervention aimed at cancer therapy.

In the experiment on the model of transplantable tumor models of Sarcoma M-1 neolymphogenesis process induced by tumor growth was reproduced, induced postnatal revealed lymph nodes were detected. Comparative data, defined morphological differences postnatal induced lymph nodes and normal lymph nodes were analyzed.

This article describes the results of scanning electron microscopy in cancer. For the first time visualized the cancer cells migrated via directly serous-lymphatic hatches on the surface peritoneum. Shown the similar results of studies of Japanese scientists, but selected the differences in the mechanisms of this process, in particular in the direction of movement of cancer cells. From data analysis results of quantitative and anatomical evaluation of serous lymph hatches diaphragmatic peritoneum we selected their functional classes. Investigation results have important applied value in oncology.

The research of surgical material including a primary breast tumor, lymphatic basins with lymph nodes revealed the fact of neo-lymphatic genesis of breast cancer patients. Evidentiary basis of the genetic lymphoid re-forming is made with the use of modern biological technologies. Inflammatory chemokines’ expression profile and their receptors in newly formed lymph nodes during breast cancer were analyzed. The analysis revealed an increase in CCL16, XCR1, CYFIP2, TNFSF14 genes and a decrease in CXCL5 and CXCL12 chemokines’ ligands in newly formed lymph nodes .The data got are of a great scientific importance.

The lymph circulatory bed of the axillary area, peripheral lymph structure and its flow properties of 78 breast cancer patients were studied. Such factors as total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, glucose, sodium and potassium were defined to estimate the lymph structure influence on its viscosity. The research proved that during breast cancer both the quantity of sentinel afferent lymph nodes and their diameter increases. Neo-lymphatic angiogenesis is a prognosis factor for IIIB breast cancer stage.

Many studies show that there are blood composition changes in the development of malignances. Nonetheless, to study changes inchemical composition of peripheral lymph is also an urgent problem. This paper presents the results of studying the biochemical composition of peripheral lymph in 78 patients after mastectomy or breast resection in different breast stages. The study estimated the peripheral lymph concentrations of the following indicators: total protein, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, glucose, sodi- um, potassium, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. The findings suggest that considerable peripheral lymph changes occur in cancer patients, which shows the need for timely diagnosis and correction.