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The design requirements for the hydrodynamic performance of underwater vehicles vary significantly depending on the application. Optimization without an initial model results in challenges such as large design domains, nonlinear complexity, and high data requirements. To optimize the hydrodynamic performance during the design process, in this paper, a multi-surrogate model was employed to progressively design the shape of an autonomous and remotely-operated vehicle. Based on the data characteristics of different stages, this approach strikes a balance among data quantity, prediction accuracy, and multi-objective requirements. An artificial neural network prediction surrogate model was constructed based on the principle of the minimum prediction factor using the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method. During the optimization of the design domain, the optimum objective was to minimize the dimensionless force (G(x)). During the multi-objective optimization stage, a regression kriging surrogate model was constructed based on a support vector product. The optimization objectives were to maximize volume and minimize dimensionless forces. This enabled the overall design process to attain optimal Pareto solutions within the design domain while simultaneously ensuring high prediction accuracy and minimum data requirements. The results obtained are consistent with the simulation comparison, thus verifying the reliability of the entire optimization process.

In this study, the complex aluminium nitride (AlN) components with performance comparable to those produced by conventional methods were fabricated through an improved additive manufacturing technique. The use of a novel surfactant (KMT3331) improved the dispersion of AlN powder in resin, enhancing the compatibility between the powder and the resin, resulting in a low-viscosity slurry with solid loading exceeding 60 vol.%. This approach improved the density and homogeneity of the green bodies, resulting in dense and microstructurally homogeneous AlN ceramics, as well as reduced the sintering shrinkage and grain size. Finally, by controlling oxygen impurities introduced from the debinding process, complex-shaped AlN ceramics with high thermal conductivity (184.56 ± 2.77 W·m−1·K−1), outstanding mechanical properties (bending strength of 458.09 ± 36.03 MPa, fracture toughness of 3.95 ± 0.26 MPa·m1/2) and high reliability (Weibull modulus of 14.89) were obtained, greatly broadening the prospect of AlN ceramics in advanced thermal management applications.

Microorganisms are key players in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Among them, some have garnered particular attention due to their electrical activity and ability to perform extracellular electron transfer. A growing body of research has highlighted their extensive phylogenetic and metabolic diversity, revealing their crucial roles in ecological processes. In this review, we delve into the electron transfer process between sulfate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic alkane-oxidizing archaea, which facilitates growth within syntrophic communities. Furthermore, we review the phenomenon of long-distance electron transfer and potential extracellular electron transfer in multicellular filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria, with their vast application prospects and ecological significance, play a pivotal role in various ecological processes. Subsequently, we discuss the important role of the pili/cytochrome for electron transfer and presented cutting-edge approaches for exploring and studying electroactive microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electroactive microorganisms participating in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. By examining their electron transfer mechanisms, and the potential ecological and applied implications, we offer novel insights into microbial sulfur metabolism, thereby advancing applications in the development of sustainable bioelectronics materials and bioremediation technologies.

It remains challenging to broaden the application fields of ceramics, largely because the hardness and brittleness of ceramics mean that they cannot undergo shape reconfiguration. In this study, we developed an ultraviolet light-curable preceramic polymer slurry, and this slurry was used for digital light processing printing of flexible green parts in designed shapes. These parts were subsequently transformed into complex structures by an assisted secondary molding strategy that enabled the morphology of their green and pyrolyzed forms to be well controlled. The collapse of bulk pyrolyzed parts was avoided by impregnating their precursors with silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles. The effects of different proportions of Si3N4 on the weight loss, shrinkage, density, porosity, and mechanical properties of the pyrolyzed composites were investigated, and the bending strength and Vickers hardness of the composites with 10 wt.% Si3N4 were found to be 130.61 ± 16.01 MPa and 6.43 ± 0.12 GPa, respectively.

ABSTRACTDue to the processing of alumina ceramic cutting tools with complex shapes using traditional methods is difficult and time-consuming, vat-photopolymerization-based 3D printing was adopted to fabricate Al2O3 ceramic cutting tools with grooves for the first time. Subsequently, cutting performance evaluation and wear mechanism analysis were conducted. The relative density, Vickers hardness, and bending strength of the alumina cutting tools were determined. The effects of the cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth on the cutting performance and wear mechanism of the cutting tools were systematically investigated. In addition, two commercial cutting tools, namely cemented carbide and ceramic tools without grooves, were used for comparison. The cutting speed has the highest influence on the cutting performance, whereas the cutting depth has the least influence. The cutting performance of the prepared alumina cutting inserts with chip breaker grooves superior to that those without chip-breaking grooves and that of the cemented carbide tools. The wear mechanisms of the prepared alumina cutting tools and commercial tools were determined to be abrasive and adhesive wear, and those of the cemented carbide tools were adhesive wear and breakage. This work opens a new avenue for the future preparation of high-performance and complex-shaped ceramic cutting tools.

Large bending may occur to the offshore floating pipeline under the action of bending load, which further results in the pipeline failure, threatening the transportation safety of crude oil from the offshore oil field. As the failure mechanism of the cord layer and spiral steel wire of pipeline is not clarified, a three-dimensional finite element model of floating pipeline was established with consideration to the torsional behavior of spiral steel wire during pipeline bending, and the validity of the numerical model was verified by bending experiments of example pipelines. The process of bending failure of pipeline was simulated with the finite element model, and the influence of pipeline structure parameters on the minimum bending radius was analyzed. The bending failure of the pipeline is in the mode of spiral steel wire buckling, without strength failure of cord. In addition, the minimum bending radius of pipeline will increase with the increasing of the number of cord layers and the diameter of spiral steel wire or the decreasing of the winding angle of the cord fiber. In general, the results show that the finite element model can effectively simulate the bending behavior of the floating pipelines, which can provide theoretical reference for the structural design and safety application of offshore floating pipelines.

The grinding performance of micro-textured grinding wheel with arrayed micro-hole and common grinding wheel are compared through experiments on alumina, aluminum nitride, zirconia and silicon nitride ceramic materials. The grinding force, the specific grinding energy, the surface roughness and the surface chipping are analyzed. In comparison with common grinding wheel, micro-textured grinding wheel improves the grinding force and the specific grinding energy in grinding of alumina, aluminum nitride and zirconia ceramics, reduces the surface roughness of these ceramics, but has a little effect on the grinding force and the surface roughness of silicon nitride ceramics. Silicon nitride has higher grinding force and specific grinding energy than other ceramic materials do. The surface characteristics of alumina and aluminum nitride mainly imply brittle removal mode, while a ductile removal mode is characterized on the surface of zirconia and silicon nitride has both plastic and brittle removal characteristics. The surface chipping thickness processed by the micro-textured grinding wheel is larger than that of the common grinding wheel, while the surface chipping thickness of both alumina and aluminum nitride ceramics is larger than those of zirconia and silicon nitride ceramics.

Due to high light absorption and high refractive index of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic, it is difficult to prepare Si3N4 slurry with favorable curing ability, high solid loading and low viscosity at the same time, and thus the high-quality Si3N4 parts are hard to fabricate via Digital Light Processing (DLP). In this paper, the oxidation process was used to enhance the curing behavior of Si3N4 slurry, and then silane coupling agent (KH560) was used to improve the rheological properties of the oxidized Si3N4 slurry. The effect of Si3N4 slurry with oxidation and modification on its rheological behavior, light absorption, curing ability and stability have been systematically investigated. A Si3N4 slurry with abundant photocuring ability, high solid loading, low viscosity and reliable stability was fabricated by the oxidized (1 h) and KH560 (1 wt.%) modified Si3N4 powders, and the dense Si3N4 ceramic parts were produced by this slurry via DLP 3D printing. Subsequently, the influence of oxidation and modification on microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity have been investigated. Finally, the microstructure and performances of Si3N4 ceramic were compared between different forming processes (including: DLP and cool isostatic pressing).

Abstract In this study, the chemical precipitation coating (CP) process was creatively integrated with DLP-stereolithography based 3D printing for refining and homogenizing the microstructure of 3D printed Al2O3 ceramic. Based on this novel approach, Al2O3 powder was coated with a homogeneous layer of amorphous Y2O3, with the coated Al2O3 powder found to make the microstructure of 3D printed Al2O3 ceramic more uniform and refined, as compared with the conventional mechanical mixing (MM) of Al2O3 and Y2O3 powders. The grain size of Al2O3 in Sample CP is 64.44% and 51.43% lower than those in the monolithic Al2O3 ceramic and Sample MM, respectively. Sample CP has the highest flexural strength of 455.37±32.17 MPa, which is 14.85% and 25.45% higher than those of Samples MM and AL, respectively; also Sample CP has the highest Weibull modulus of 16.88 among the three kinds of samples. Moreover, the fine grained Sample CP has a close thermal conductivity to the coarse grained Sample MM because of the changes in morphology of Y3Al5O12 phase from semi-connected (Sample MM) to isolated (Sample CP). Finally, specially designed fin-type Al2O3 ceramic heat sinks were successfully fabricated via the novel integrated process, which has been proven to be an effective method for fabricating complex-shaped Al2O3 ceramic components with enhanced flexural strength and reliability.

Digital light processing (DLP) based stereolithography opens new possibilities for fabricating ceramic accessories with complex structures. The cure depth is a critical criterion for analyzing the production efficiency of ceramic accessories. As predicted using the absorption model, the absorbance from the photoinitiator and dye has a direct effect on the cure depth. In this study, blue-colored powder composed of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) and CoAl2O4 powder was prepared through ball-milling. The cure depth of a single layer exposed to varying energy levels was measured, and the values of the depth sensitivity Sd and critical energy Ec were also calculated. The results showed that the absorbance of blue-colored 3Y-TZP powder increased with CoAl2O4 content, which increased the critical energy Ec and depth sensitivity reciprocal 1/Sd. Compared with the pure 3Y-TZP, the cure depth decreased, which was attributable to the absorbance of CoAl2O4. In addition, blue-colored accessories were fabricated using the DLP method, and the microstructures of the accessories were characterized through scanning electron microscopy.

In this work, Al2O3-AlN composite ceramics with high bending strength and thermal conductivity were fabricated by Digital Light Processing (DLP). The influence of AlN content on the rheological and cure behavior of Al2O3-AlN suspensions, as well as the microstructure, thermal conductivity, and bending strength of Al2O3-AlN ceramics, were systematically investigated. The result shows that the viscosity and cure ability of the suspensions were decreased with the increase of AlN content, which are beneficial to the spreading and printing accuracy of the suspensions. Besides, the bending strength of ceramics can be improved due to the residual stress by the introduction of AlN. Approaches were employed to minimize the formation of AlON in Al2O3-AlN ceramics by optimizing the amount of AlN and the sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity and bending strength of Al2O3-AlN ceramics were 31.72 ± 0.45 W/(m·K) and 572.73 ± 59.40 MPa, respectively, which are much higher than those of Al2O3 ceramics fabricated under the same condition. Finally, complex-shaped Al2O3-AlN ceramics components have been successfully fabricated by DLP, which may provide an opportunity to broaden the application of Al2O3-AlN composite ceramics in heat dissipation components.

Flexible pipes are extensively used to connect seabed and floating production systems for the development of deep-water oil and gas. In the top connection area, end fitting (EF) is the connector between the flexible pipe and floating platform, as a critical component for structural failure. To address this issue, a combined numerical and experimental prediction method is proposed in this paper to investigate the failure behavior of flexible pipes EF considering tensile armor and epoxy resin debonding. In order to analyze the stress distribution of the tensile armor and the damage state of the bonding interface as the tensile load increases, a finite element model of the EF anchorage system is established based on the cohesive zone model (CZM). Additionally, the effects of the epoxy resin shear strength (ss) and the steel wire yield strength (ys) on the structural load-bearing capacity are discussed in detail. The results indicate that wire strength and interface bonding have a substantial effect on the anchorage system’s failure behavior, and the low-strength wire anchorage system has a three-stage failure behavior with wire yielding as the predominant failure mode, while the high-strength wire anchorage system has a two-stage failure behavior with interface debonding as the predominant failure mode.

Flexible pipes are usually clamped by tensioners and other installation tools during installation.Too small clamping force may lead to the peeling of the oversheath of the pipe, while too large clamping force will lead to radial compression damage of the pipe.The three-dimensional finite element model of the complete section of the flexible pipe was established to predict the radial compression resistance of the flexible pipe.Through the radial compression simulation on the carcass structure of the pipe that was subjected to external compression, it was found that the carcass structure gradually evolved into a movable mechanism with four plastic hinges during loading.The compression resistance of the structure dropped instantly when yielding occurred in the structural area perpendicular to the compression direction.Further analysis of the compressive capacity of different structural layers of flexible pipes shows that the contribution rate of the carcass subjected to is only 39.01% of the whole structure, indicating an excessively conservative analysis on the compression resistance if only carcass is considered in the installation process.The research results can provide reference for the prediction of the compression resistance capacity of flexible pipes.

Elucidating the relative importance of species interactions and assembly mechanisms in regulating bacterial community structure and functions, especially the abundant and rare subcommunities, is crucial for understanding the influence of environmental disturbance in shaping ecological functions. However, little is known about how polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) stress alters the stability and functions of the abundant and rare taxa. Here, we performed soil microcosms with gradient pyrene stresses as a model ecosystem to explore the roles of community assembly in determining structures and functions of the abundant and rare subcommunities. The dose–effect of pyrene significantly altered compositions of abundant and rare subcommunities. With increasing pyrene stresses, diversity increased in abundant subcommunities, while it decreased in the rare. Importantly, the abundant taxa exhibited a much broader niche width and environmental adaptivity than the rare, contributing more to pyrene biodegradation, whereas rare taxa played a key role in improving subcommunity resistance to stress, potentially promoting community persistence and stability. Furthermore, subcommunity co-occurrence network analysis revealed that abundant taxa inclined to occupy the core and central position in adaptation to the pyrene stresses. Stochastic processes played key roles in the abundant subcommunity rather than the rare subcommunity. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the ecological mechanisms and interactions of abundant and rare taxa in response to pollution stress, laying a leading theoretical basis that abundant taxa are core targets for biostimulation in soil remediation.

Prototype fatigue tests simulate in-place working conditions of dynamic umbilicals that are usually conducted to verify fatigue life. The fatigue failure hot spot locates on the top segment of the umbilical. The umbilical reaches a maximum curvature at the hot spot. The hot spot position of the umbilical is always inside or near the bend stiffener. The radial gap between the umbilical and the bend stiffener is very small, making it difficult to put traditional sensors in the gap. In this work, a prototype umbilical tension-bending test is conducted, and the optic frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) technology is utilized to measure the distributed strain of the umbilical inside the bend stiffener. The curvature of the umbilical is obtained to locate the fatigue hot spot in order to verify the feasibility of this approach. The test results show that the umbilical curvature can be measured well with the use of OFDR technology. The influence of tension and swing angle on the position of the maximum curvature is studied. The method proposed in this article provides a valuable approach for curvature monitoring in the application of dynamic umbilical fatigue tests.

The discovery of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) microorganisms has opened a new window for wastewater treatment. The underlying mechanism of HN-AD, however, is not fully understood because of the phylogenetic diversity of HN-AD microbes. The isolation and characterization of new HN-AD microorganisms are encouraging for furthering the understanding of this process. In this study, we found an Alphaproteobacteria isolate W30 from a historically polluted river in China through an HN-AD microbes screening process, which we identified as Pannonibacter sp. A potential HN-AD pathway for W30 was proposed based on N conversion analyses and the successful amplification of the entire denitrification gene series. The isolate exhibited high efficiency of aerobic inorganic nitrogen transformation, which accounted for 97.11% of NH4+-N, 100% of NO3−-N, and 99.98% of NO2−-N removal with a maximum linear rate of 10.21 mg/L/h, 10.46 mg/L/h, and 10.77 mg/L/h, respectively. Assimilation rather than denitrification was the main mechanism for the environmental nitrogen depletion mediated by W30. The effect of environmental constraints on aerobic NO3−-N removal were characterized, following a membrane bioreactor effluent test under an oxic condition. Compared to known Alphaproteobacterial HN-AD microbes, we showed that Pannonibacter sp. W30 could deplete nitrogen with no NO2−-N or NO3−-N accumulation in the HN-AD process. Therefore, the application of Pannonibacter sp. W30 has the potential for developing a felicitous HN-AD technology to treat N-laden wastewater at the full-scale level.

Biofertilizers are substances that promote plant growth through the efficacy of living microorganisms. The functional microbes comprising biofertilizers are effective mediators in plant-soil systems in the regulation of nitrogen cycling, especially in nitrification repression. However, the deterministic or stochastic distribution of the functional hotspot where microbes are active immediately after biofertilization is rarely investigated. Here, pot experiments with oil-seed rape (Brassica campestris L.) were conducted with various chemical and biological fertilizers in order to reveal the distribution of the hotspot after each fertilization. A stimulated dynamic of the nitrogen cycling-related genes in the bulk soil inferred that the bulk soil was likely to be the hotspot where the inoculated bacterial fertilizers dominated the nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, a network analysis showed that bulk soil microbial communities were more cooperative than those in the rhizosphere after biofertilization, suggesting that the microbiome of the bulk soils were more efficient for nutrient cycling. In addition, the relatively abundant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea present in the networks of bulk soil microbial communities further indicated that the bulk soil was the plausible hotspot after the application of the biofertilizers. Therefore, our research provides a new insight into the explicit practice of plant fertilization and agricultural management, which may improve the implementational efficiency of biofertilization.

Bioremediation is a sustainable remediation technology as it utilizes microorganisms to convert hazardous compounds into their less toxic or non-toxic constituent elements. This technology has achieved some success in the past decades; however, factors involving microbial consortia, such as microbial assembly, functional interactions, and the role of member species, hinder its development. Microbial consortia may be engineered to reconfigure metabolic pathways and reprogram social interactions to get the desired function, thereby providing solutions to its inherent problems. The engineering of microbial consortia is commonly applied for the commercial production of biomolecules. However, in the field of bioremediation, the engineering of microbial consortia needs to be emphasized. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and ecological mechanisms of engineering microbial consortia with a particular focus on metabolic cross-feeding within species and the transfer of metabolites. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of top-down and bottom-up approaches of engineering microbial consortia and their applications in bioremediation.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are noticeably applied to enhance plant nutrient acquisition and improve plant growth and health. However, limited information is available on the compositional dynamics of rhizobacteria communities with PGPR inoculation. In this study, we investigated the effects of three PGPR strains, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the ecophysiological properties of Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), rhizosphere, and bulk soil; moreover, we assessed rhizobacterial community composition using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Inoculation with S. rhizophila, R. sphaeroides, and B. amyloliquefaciens, significantly increased the plant total N (TN) (p < 0.01) content. R. sphaeroides and B. amyloliquefaciens selectively enhanced the growth of Pseudomonadacea and Flavobacteriaceae, whereas S. rhizophila could recruit diazotrophic rhizobacteria, members of Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria, whose abundance was positively correlated with inoculation, and improved the transformation of organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen through the promotion of ammonification. Initial colonization by PGPR in the rhizosphere affected the rhizobacterial community composition throughout the plant life cycle. Network analysis indicated that PGPR had species-dependent effects on niche competition in the rhizosphere. These results provide a better understanding of PGPR-plant-rhizobacteria interactions, which is necessary to develop the application of PGPR.

Removal of nitrogen (N) is a critical aspect in the functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs), and the N treatment in CWs depends largely on the presence and activity of macrophytes and microorganisms. However, the effects of plants on microorganisms responsible for N removal are poorly understood. In this study, a three-stage surface flow CW was constructed in a pilot-scale within monospecies stands of Myriophyllum aquaticum to treat swine wastewater. Steady-state conditions were achieved throughout the 600-day operating period, and a high (98.3%) average ammonia removal efficiency under a N loading rate of 9 kg ha-1 d-1 was observed. To determine whether this high efficiency was associated with the performance of active microbes, the abundance, structure, and interactions of microbial community were compared in the unvegetated and vegetated samples. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions showed the abundances of nitrifying genes (archaeal and bacterial amoA) and denitrifying genes (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) were increased significantly by M. aquaticum in the sediments, and the strongest effects were observed for the archaeal amoA (218-fold) and nirS genes (4620-fold). High-throughput sequencing of microbial 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed that M. aquaticum greatly changed the microbial community, and ammonium oxidizers (Nitrosospira and Nitrososphaera), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira), and abundant denitrifiers including Rhodoplanes, Bradyrhizobium, and Hyphomicrobium, were enriched significantly in the sediments. The results of a canonical correspondence analysis and Mantle tests indicated that M. aquaticum may shift the sediment microbial community by changing the sediment chemical properties. The enriched nitrifiers and denitrifiers were distributed widely in the vegetated sediments, showing positive ecological associations among themselves and other bacteria based on phylogenetic molecular ecological networks.