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Abstract: In recent decades, increased demand for food has been caused by a rapid rise in the human population, which triggers agricultural intensification. To resist undesired pests from infecting crops, farmers widely utilize pesticides to improve agricultural production during the pre-harvest period. Despite the fact that pesticides cause a number of health risks, there is insufficient monitoring of these toxins. Therefore, it is important to develop a specific, accurate, and efficient method for determining the pesticides in varied samples in order to safeguard health against potential risks. Due to the lower concentrations of active compounds and their diversity of availability, it is challenging to detect pesticide residues in different samples. In this case, to effectively separate, identify, and accurately quantify pesticides at low concentrations in a variety of samples, a reliable analytical methodology is needed. Recently, the application of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) offers a wider scope with excellent separation, identification, and quantitative/qualitative determination in pesticide analysis. In spite of their extremely low quantities, pesticide residues can be accurately and precisely identified using HPTLC. HPTLC has a number of benefits, such as easy sample preparation, automation, densitometry, and hyphenation, and is particularly well suited for identification and detection. Concerning this, the proposed review paper provides an overview of stationary phases, mobile phases, sample applicators, visualization, derivatization, and detection of HPTLC utilized for the identification and detection of pesticide residues in agriculture and environmental samples.

Increasingly, nanotechnology has the potential to be applied in disease detection or treatment. Nanotechnology advancements have resulted in novel and improved biomedical nanomaterials. Liposomes, polymeric micelles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, ferro ferric oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), and so on are some of the most commonly used nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Because of its unique optical, electrical, sensing and biological capabilities, Au NPs have been regarded as the most fascinating nanomaterial. Medical imaging, drug administration and tumour therapy are all possible applications of Au NPs in the early identification and diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. This review focuses on some recent breakthroughs in the management of Au NPs as drug carriers for the intracellular delivery of therapies and as molecular nanoprobes for the detection and monitoring of target molecules.

Nanocarriers outperform traditional medication dosage forms in terms of efficacy, safety, and tolerability because of their small size, large surface area, and potential for precise targeting. More and more researchers are looking to produce nanocarriers that can be used to treat a variety of illnesses. Dendrimers, liposomal nanoparticles, polymersomes, polymer–drug conjugates and peptide nanoparticles are only some of the nanocarriers that have been developed for drug delivery. Other nanocarriers include carbon nanotubes, nanoshells and carbon dioxide nanoparticles. Nanocarriers have been characterised using a variety of approaches during the past few decades, both in vitro and in vivo. Most nanocarriers are characterised using fundamental in vitro, ex vivo, ex situ, and in situ techniques, which emphasise their advantages and limitations as well as regulatory and manufacturing issues that hinder the transfer of nanocarriers from laboratory to clinical use, as described in this review. There is also a discussion of the integration of artificial intelligence with nanotechnology and the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence in the creation and optimization of nanocarriers, along with future prospects.

Guar gum (GG) is a natural film forming biopolymer used as a drug delivery media for Telmisartan (TS). TS is a poorly water-soluble anti-hypertensive agent with low bioavailability.The present work has been hypothesized by converting TS into nanocrystals by high shear homogenisation to enhance the solubility thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. TS-NC-GG-OF was formulated by solvent casting method using GG by varying the disintegrant ratio.Telmisartan nanocrystals showed particle size of 441.70 ± 35.28 nm, surface charge of −20.86 ± 0.55 mV and reduced crystalline pattern. The amount of TS present per mg ofnanocrystals is 0.33 mg. The developed TS-NC-GG-OF was circular, creamy white colour with desired physicochemical properties. The in vitro release studies performed by beaker model showed an immediate release pattern.This proof of concept specifies that the TS-NC-GG-OF may be a better choice for hypertensive emergencies using the natural excipient Guar gum.

The aim of this study is to perform the molecular docking, identifying the drug likeness, ADME properties of drugs, Ligand-Protein interactions using different softwares. Due to the excess activity of Acetylcholinesterase, plaque formation and tau protein aggregation in the brain is the main cause for the Alzheimer’s disease. The interaction of Donepezil, Rivastigmine and Chlorzoxazone against AChE protein crystal structure (4EY5, 4EY6, 4EY7) using molecular docking were analyzed. Docking results of Rivastigmine and Chlorzoxazone were compared with Donepezil (widely used drug for Alzheimer’s disease) to identify the binding affinity. To verify whether Chlorzoxazone could act similarly as effective drug of Donepezil and also finding in which protein structure, ligands could bind effectively were employed using BIOVIA Discovery Studio software. Among those ligands interaction with all protein structure, 4EY7 on Rivastigmine (-7.1 kcal/mol) exhibits maximum binding affinity. The interactions of three ligands were compared with one another, in that Hydrogen bond formation of Chlorzoxazone and Donepezil with 4EY6 and 4EY7 interacting the similar aminoacids residues (4EY6-ARG165; 4EY7-ASP74) were studied using insilico studies .

The sequence of biochemical and cellular responses restoring the integrity of the subcutaneous tissue of the skin is termed as wound healing. Inflammatory cytokine suppression and inflammatory transduction cascades are the major targets for wound healing. Formulations for wound healing should promote neovascularization and angiogenic pathways by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Medication used for wound healing promotes antiinflammatory associated with anti-bacterial action. In order to boost the effectiveness of current medical treatments, the cutting-edge nanotechnology offers many novel therapies. This review summarized and discussed wound healing, types of wounds, natural materials used for wound healing, metallic nanoparticles and current nano drug delivery systems used for wound healing with special emphasis on the angiogenesis role in the healing of wounds.

Nanogels are cross-linked, nano-sized hydrogels with dimensions ranging from 20 to 200 nm. Nanogel-based nanoplatforms have proven to be an excellent choice for pharmaceutical formulations. Nanosystems have properties that are very useful in polymeric drug delivery applications, and their particular strength is that they have these nanosystemic properties and can thus merge with polymeric materials. Drug-carrier size is designed to be nano-sized in order to maintain optimal stability, resulting in more surface area and interior space. This also allows for a prolonged period of time for loaded pharmaceuticals to circulate. They can be classified by stimuli responsive or non-responsive behavior and type of linkages present in the network chains of gel structure. Nanogel can be synthesized by Photolithographic, modified pullulan, emulsion polymerization reverse microemulsion polymerization inverse miniemulsion polymerization and free radical crosslinking polymerization technique. Hybrid nanogels are different from conventional polymer nanoparticles often employed for drug administration. They can encapsulate bioactive medicines and regulate the release of such medications over time and in particular areas. The hybrid nanogels used to create a specific form of the hybrid, especially one geared towards increasing targeted drug delivery, enhance the effectiveness of ailment treatments, but perhaps the introduction of a multifunctional nanogel-based drug delivery system.

Background Worldwide, multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and their virulence’s were contributed more in the multi-drug resistant effect. According to the World Health organization report, it is an emerging thread in developing countries and also comes under first ever critical list. In this context, the current study was concentrated on detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strain and their antimicrobial susceptibility study of K. pneumoniae. Materials and methods Firstly, the multi-drug resistant effect of the K. pneumoniae was identified from specific CLSI guidelines recommended antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Consecutively, the primary ESBL identification test was performed using ceftazidime and cefotaxime, followed by double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation tests using ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. Finally, the minimum inhibition concentration of some important sensitive antibiotics were performed against selected K. pneumoniae was confirmed by micro broth dilution method. Results and conclusions The current result was most favorable to selected K. pneumoniae with more multi drug resistant characteristic nature. All the performed antibiotics were almost more sensitive to selected K. pneumoniae. The effective antibiotics of piperacillin was also exhibited more resistant effect against tested bacteria and it cleaved the bacterial enzyme clearly. The present result of primary ESBL identification test result was exhibited with ≤22 mm and ≤27 mm against ceftazidime and cefotaxime were observed respectively. Followed result of double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation experiments results were clearly stated that the selected K. pneumoniae was ESBL producer. The ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid were exhibited with merged zones and ≥5 mm zones around the combination disc when compared with disc alone were observed. All the ESBL detection test results were clearly indicated that the selected K. pneumoniae strain was ESBL producer.

Aims: The present work aimed to develop MT loaded solid Nano dispersion by improving its solubility, half-life and bioavailability in biological system thereby this formulation may be afforded economically. Background: Small cell lung carcinoma is a type of malignant tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth at lung tissues. The potent anti-cancer drug methotrexate (MT) chosen for the present work is poorly soluble in water (BCS type IV class) with short half-life and hepatotoxic effect. Objective: With the concept of polymeric surfactant to improve the solubility along with wettability of drugs, the present work has been hypothesized to improve its solubility using polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP K30) polymer and α- tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) surfactant, thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. By varying the PVP K30 and TPGS ratios different formulations were developed using emulsification process. Methods: The developed MT loaded solid nanodispersion was further characterized for its particle size, charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro release behavior etc. Results: The results of FT-IR spectrometric analysis indicated the compatibility nature of MTX, PVPK30 and TPGS. The developed formulations showed spherical morphology, particle size ranging from 59.28±24.2 nm to 169.33±10.85 nm with a surface charge ranging from -10.33 ± 2.81mV to -9.57 ± 1.2 mV. The in vitro release studies as performed by dialysis bag method showed a sustained release pattern as checked by UV Spectrophotometer. Residual solvent analysis for MTXNDs performed by HPLC indicates there is no residual DMSO in the formulation. Transmission electron microscopic image of MTXNDs revealed that the particles are spherical shaped with a solid core structure. Haemolytic assay indicates that the developed formulation is safe for intravenous administration. Cell culture studies in A549 cells indicates the enhanced cytotoxic effect for the developed formulation. Conclusion: This proof of study indicates that the developed formulation may have anticancer potential for SCLC treatment.

The pharmaceuticals and life sciences industries are generally required quite advanced technology to compete with the worldwide market share. Pharmaceutical and life science companies invest more time, effort and money into digitalization of their business. It is estimated that by 2020, there will be 50 billion connected devices, and in five years, 80% of companies are expected to utilize IoT in their digitized firms. IoT revolutionizes the pharmaceutical sector by providing and automating pharmaceutical manufacturing, the discovery of drugs and remote monitoring of patients and more. Digitization holds tremendous potential to help pharma companies address various challenges. This chapter intends to provide an insight into the Internet of Things in Pharmaceutical sectors.

Development of newer drug carrier systems by the researchers has resulted in numerous breakthroughs in the development and manufacturing of ocular products. The ocular bioavailability of drugs at the posterior segment of the eye is a challenging task in the present scenario. Naturally derived macromolecular carriers are widely used to increase the efficacy of ocular drugs. They provide enhanced corneal permeability and retention effect at the surface of cornea for a prolonged period of time. In this regimen the present review focuses towards the major ocular diseases and their prevalence and development of efficient drug carrier systems utilizing various naturally derived macromolecules for improved delivery of drugs to treat ocular diseases.