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In this study, a novel nanoadsorbent material is developed using plant waste dead bark of Azadirachta indica plant and activated with phosphoric acid. By using FTIR, XRD, UV–vis, FESEM, BET, and TEM analytical tools, the structural and morphological features of the prepared nanoadsorbent were investigated, and the adsorption capability was tested for the removal of a cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution. N2 sorption study confirmed that the nanoadsorbent structure is composed of 2–50 nm diameter size of pores and illustrated a type IV isotherm with H3 type of hysteresis loop. Batch experiments performed for adsorption isotherm investigation revealed that the sorption equilibrium was achieved within 80 min at pH = 11 when used 30 mg of adsorbent in 50 mL of dye solution (30 mg/L) at room temperature. In 80 min of contact time, 99.49% adsorptive removal of MB dye was achieved at optimized adsorption operational parameters. The adsorption process of MB dye was exhibited better agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the utmost adsorption capability was estimated to be 106.92 mg/g at 303 K. The kinetics of adsorption process was well followed to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the adsorption of MB dye molecules on the developed nanoadsorbent was found to be directed by the intra-particle diffusion (IPD) process but it was not a sole directing factor. The thermodynamic investigation of adsorption study revealed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic, and increased randomness at the adsorbate-adsorbent interface. The recyclability study performed in four successive cycles established the stability and reusability of adsorbent which retained nearly 90% adsorption ability after fourth run of reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle are losing maximum breeds among the world's livestock. Genetic variability data is essentially required for conservation decision-making. Thutho is a recently registered Indian cattle breed (INDIA_CATTLE_1400_THUTHO_03047) from the northeast region (NE), a biodiversity hotspot. Genetic diversity in the Thutho population and its differentiation from the only other cattle breed of NE (Siri) and cattle (Bachaur) of the neighboring region was established using highly polymorphic, FAO-recommended microsatellite markers. Numerous alleles (253) were detected across the 25 loci. The mean observed and expected numbers of alleles in the population were 10.12 ± 0.5 and 4.5 ± 0.37, respectively. The observed heterozygosity (0.67 ± 0.04) was lower than the expected heterozygosity (0.73 ± 0.03) which indicated a departure from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A positive FIS value (0.097) confirmed the heterozygote deficiency in the Thutho population. Genetic distance, phylogenetic relationships, differentiation parameters, population assignment, and Bayesian analysis explicitly ascertained the unique genetic identity of the Thutho cattle. The population did not suffer any bottlenecks in the past. Thutho has minimum diversity among the three populations; hence, its scientific management needs to be initiated immediately. Interestingly, genetic variation is enough for formulating breeding programs for managing, improving, and conserving this precious indigenous cattle germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is bestowed with immense cattle biodiversity with 50 registered breeds. However, the majority (59.3%) is yet not characterized. Identification and characterization are the gateways to the management of prized indigenous resources. Present research described a unique cattle population of Jharkhand state, managed under a traditional low-input, low-output system. It was characterized by morphological traits, performance parameters, and management practices. Animals have the characteristic pre-scapular location of the hump. Genetic variation within this population and its differentiation with the six closely distributed cattle breeds were evaluated using FAO recommended microsatellite markers. Jharkhandi cattle have substantial genetic variation based on gene diversity (>0.6) and the average number of alleles per locus (>8). The population did not suffer from a genetic bottleneck in the recent past. Pairwise Nei's genetic distance, phylogenetic relationship, population differentiation, and the correct assignment of all the animals to self group substantiated its separate genetic identity. Since gene flow (Nm = 2.8–7.32) was identified and admixture was indicated by the Bayesian analysis there is a pressing need for scientific management of this population. Results endow authorities with critical information for registering a new Indian cattle breed (Medini) that contributes to the food security, livelihood, and economic sustainability of rural tribal households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA sequencing-based expression profiles from pectoralis major muscles of black meat (Kadaknath) and white meat (broiler) chicken were compared to identify differentially expressed genes. A total of 156 genes with log2 fold change ≥ ± 2.0 showed higher expression in Kadaknath and 68 genes were expressed at a lower level in comparison to broiler. Significantly enriched biological functions of up-regulated genes in Kadaknath were skeletal muscle cell differentiation, regulation of response to reactive oxygen, positive regulation of fat cell differentiation and melanosome. Significant ontology terms up-regulated in broiler included DNA replication origin binding, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and chemokine activity. Highly inter-connected differentially expressed genes in Kadaknath (ATFs, C/EPDs) were observed to be important regulators of cellular adaptive functions, while in broiler, the hub genes were involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication. The study is an attempt to get an insight into the transcript diversity of pectoralis major muscles of Kadaknath and broiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review gives a comprehensive account in terms of the synthesis, characterization and biological application of bisthiosemicarbazone ligands and their metal complexes that have been reported until 2022. Their coordination chemistry with p and d block elements, where the structure is solved by single crystal X‐ray crystallography is explored. Complexes are placed group‐wise and their structure as well as bonding aspects are discussed separately. Various spectroscopic techniques for the characterization of ligands and their complexes like infrared (IR), ultraviolet‐visible (UV–Vis), electron spin resonance (ESR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C, 31P, 59Co, 119Hg) are discussed. Complexes formed by bisthiosemicarbazones are generally mononuclear; however, in some cases, binuclear or polynuclear complexes have also been found. Square planar, square pyramidal, octahedral, and pentagonal pyramidal are some of the common geometries exhibited by these complexes. Structure–activity relationship was established for substituted and unsubstituted diimine bisthiosemicarbazone complexes of different metal ions. The effect of co‐ligands on biological activity is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goat population of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states is about five million, respectively. The goats of these two states lack phenotypic uniformity. But it is not known whether these populations have any genetically uniform group that can be registered as a breed. The study was undertaken to explore possibility of any potential new goat germplasm. Methods: Study was carried out at ICAR-NBAGR during 2017-19. Genetic diversity and differentiation was evaluated by using 22 microsatellite markers in three goat populations: Telangana Black (TB, n=26), Telangana Mixed (TM, n=49) and one Andhra Pradesh goat population (AP, n=45). Their genetic differentiation was compared with that of geographically closely distributed registered breeds viz. Bidri (n=28) and Nandidurga (n=48) of Karnatka and Ganjam (n=48) of Odisha. Result: The mean allele frequency observed was 6.59 (TB), 7.27 (TM) and 8.36 (AP). Expected number of alleles varied from 3.33 in (TB) to 3.69 in AP goats. Observed heterozygosity was lowest in the TM (0.474) followed by TB (0.504) and was highest in the AP goats (0.569). AP goat population had 6.3% heterozygote deficiency, whereas, both TB (15.4%) and TM (17.5%) had very high inbreeding coefficients. A total of 344 alleles were detected across the 22 loci in six goat groups. F-statistics, the pair-wise Nei's genetic distance, assignment test and Baysian approach suggested that AP goats are distinct from two Telangana goat populations as well as from the other geographically closely related registered goat breeds. Genetic bottleneck analysis indicated the absence of any detectably large, recent genetic bottleneck in AP population. Altogether, the study identified Andhra Pradesh (AP) goats to be a new potential goat germplasm of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kadaknath, the only black chicken indigenous to India, faces the threat of extinction due to declining numbers. Its meat is used in tribal medicine for invigorating and health-promoting properties. Expectations of immune-boosting and therapeutic properties in its meat are creating a buzz these days. Thus, Kadaknath meat was explored and further compared with the commercial Cobb 400 broiler (Cobb) for the functional traits that might be contributing towards proclaimed pharmacological benefits. Birds (n = 20/ group) were raised under similar management conditions and the two primal chicken meat cuts (breast and thigh) were collected at the marketing age. Kadaknath meat was found to be an enriched source of functional biomolecules (carnosine, anserine, creatine). Its breast meat carnosine content was more than double of the Cobb broiler, 6.10 ± 0.13 and 2.73 ± 0.1 mg/ g of wet tissue, respectively. Similarly, the thigh meat of Kadaknath was a significantly (P < 0.05) richer source of carnosine. The genetic background was a key determinant for muscle carnosine content as a significant abundance of CARNS1 and SLC36A1 expression was identified in the Kadaknath breast. The superior functional property of Kadaknath meat was established by the antioxidant capacity established by the Oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay and a stronger ability to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The identification of fairly unknown nutritional and functional advantages of Kadaknath meat could potentially change the paradigm with its meat consumption. It will help in developing a brand name for Kadaknath products that will propel an increase in its market share and ultimately conservation of this unique but endangered poultry germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New chicken breeds are being evolved for backyard rural poultry production to overcome the slow growth, late sexual maturity and poor production of indigenous breeds. However, autochthonous poultry is epitomized for quality attributes of their products. With this in mind, the present study for the first time explored the antioxidant capacity of meat obtained from a unique Indian chicken, Kadaknath and a synthetic breed of poultry, Jabalpur colour (JBC). Methods: During the period 2018-2020, breast and thigh meat were collected from chickens (n=20/group) at their commercial slaughter age (20 weeks). Meat extract was used for qualitative evaluation. Antioxidant activity was explored using five well established in vitro methods testing for different antioxidant mechanisms. Result: Both, Kadaknath and JBC meat was proteinaceous with higher protein concentration (g/100 g of wet weight) in the breast (Kadaknath, 25.21±0.31 and JBC, 25.65±0.39) than the thigh (Kadaknath, 19.98±0.29 and JBC, 19.04±0.23). Both the groups exhibited antioxidant capacity in all the assays. They showed good radical scavenging for ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Superiority of Kadaknath meat was ascertained unequivocally by the three assays viz. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid oxidation inhibition (TBARS) and metal chelating capacity. FRAP values (mM Fe2+/g of tissue) were 26.97±0.37 and 33.85±0.47 (Kadaknath) and 22.84±0.25 and 26.82±0.36 (JBC) for breast and thigh, respectively. Similarly, Kadaknath meat was more potent (% inhibition) iron chelator (breast, 62.71±0.99 and thigh, 75.07±0.98) in comparison to the JBC (breast, 46.30±2.36 and thigh, 63.12±1.87). Breast meat had better scavenging capacity than the thigh except in FRAP and metal chelating assays. Results provide insight into the antioxidant potential of backyard poultry germplasm thus, laying foundation for developing marketing strategies targeting consumers interested in nutritional quality, animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, baseline data has been generated for studying medicinal properties attributed to the black chicken meat of Kadaknath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian domesticated chickens have a wide variety of phenotypes. Unlike other chicken breeds, Kadaknath chicken has black meat and is used by indigenous tribal people for its invigorating and therapeutic properties. To look for the functional traits that might be contributing towards the acclaimed benefits, free radical scavenging capacity and metal chelating ability of Kadaknath meat were explored for the first time in comparison to the commercial Cobb broiler. Methods: During the period 2018-2020, breast and thigh meat were collected from chickens (n=20/ group) at their commercial slaughter age. Meat extract was used for qualitative evaluation of protein as well as the antioxidant capacity utilizing diverse in vitro methods corresponding to different antioxidation mechanisms. Result: Protein concentration (g/100g of tissue) in Kadaknath breast (25.25 ± 0.31) and thigh (19.98 ± 0.29) meat was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the Cobb. Breast meat had better scavenging capacity than the thigh. The superiority of the antioxidant capacity of Kadaknath meat was explicitly established by more than one in vitro assay. Free radical scavenging assays viz. 2,2-azinobis (3- ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS); 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for Kadaknath in comparison to the Cobb broiler meat. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values (mM Fe2+/g of tissue) were also more in breast meat of Kadaknath (26.97±0.37) than the Cobb (15.24±0.40). Similarly, FRAP values were higher in Kadaknath (33.85±0.47) than the Cobb (19.2±0.31) thigh meat. Kadaknath had higher antioxidant capacity as reflected by metal chelation inhibition value. These findings help to explain the unique nutritional and functional characteristics of Kadaknath black-bone chicken and provide basic research data for exploring the commercial potential of its meat in the fields of functional foods, cosmeceuticals and nuutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equimolar reaction of copper(I) chloride with the (E)-2-benzylidene-N-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide (btscH-N1HMe) thio-ligand in acetonitrile followed by the addition of one equivalent of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) gave crystals. The elemental analysis, and infrared and proton NMR spectra of the crystals supported the empirical composition, {CuCl(Ph3P)(btscH-N1HMe)}, and single crystal X-ray crystallography revealed formation of the dinuclear compound, [Cu2(µ-Cl)2(Ph3P)2(κ1S-btscH-N1HMe)2] (1). There is intramolecular H-bonding between the hydrazinic hydrogen atom (N2-H) and chloride ion {NH⋅⋅⋅Cl, 2.29; N⋅⋅⋅Cl, 3.144 Å}. The intermolecular H-bonding between the dimeric units led to the formation of a H-bonded 1 D polymer. DFT calculations on complexes of copper(I) halides with the model thiosemicarbazone, {H2C2=N3-N(H)-C(=S)-N1HMe}, and PH3 as a co-ligand, revealed the formation of halogen-bridged or sulfur-bridged dinuclear complexes, without or with the halogen - solvent/water hydrogen bonding. Some interesting conclusions are inferred from the experimental-theoretical correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic economic growth, robust growth of industrialization and expanding population are the key factors responsible for significant increases in global energy demand. The Power sectors account for almost 74% of coal consumption in India. The Indian coal is characterized by low calorific value (3000-3500 k. cal.) and very high ash content (30-45 %). Thus, huge amount of fly ash is being generated every year as “waste by product” in coal-based power plants. Hence in present scenario, the safe management and eco-friendly utilization of this surplus fly ash generated has become a global challenge. Due to the serious efforts of ‘Fly Ash Mission’ of India, the utilization level of fly ash has progressively improved from 11.68 % in 1998-99 to 77.59 % in 2018-19. This review presents state wise status of fly ash generation-utilization, government initiatives in India and other new domains of potential fly ash applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Use of internet has increased exponentially worldwide with prevalence of internet addiction ranging from 1.6% to 18 % or even higher. Depression and insomnia has been linked with internet addiction and overuse in several studies. Aims and Objectives: Present study has looked in to pattern and prevalence of internet addiction in university students. This study has also explored the association of internet addiction with depression and insomnia. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study 954 subjects were enrolled who had been using internet for past 6 months. Information regarding pattern of use and socio demographic characteristics were recorded. Internet addiction Test (IAT), PHQ-9,and insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were applied to measure internet addiction, depression and insomnia respectively. Results: Among 954 subjects, 518 (60.59%) were male and 376 (39.41%) were female with mean age of 23.81 (SD ± 3.72). 15.51% study subjects were internet addicts and 49.19% were over users. Several parameters including graduation level, time spent per day on line, place of internet use, smoking and alcohol had significant association with internet addiction. Internet addiction was predominantly associated with depression and insomnia. Conclusion: Internet addiction is a rising concern among youth. Several parameters including gender, time spent on line, alcohol, smoking predicts higher risk of internet addiction. Depression and insomnia are more common in internet addicts and overusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk is inherently associated with each and every entity of this universe and software is not an exception to this fact. Risk can be anything that adversely affects the progress (during development) and success of software after deployment. It can occur due to incorrect assessment of user-requirements, fallacious estimates of overall development cost, improper project schedule, or quality specifications that are unattainable within the software-specific constraints. Though risks are involved in every phase of software development life cycle (SDLC) and it has been universally admitted that testing phase consumes significant part of SDLC. Testing phase is the most vulnerable one and poses a great threat to the acceptance as well as to the post deployment success of software. This paper presents the possible consequences of including risk management activities at the very first level of CMMI exclusively for small software industries (SSI) like start-ups. Based on these consequences a process improvement model for SSI is also proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C3‐symmetric star‐shaped phenothiazene‐substituted truxene 1 was reacted with the electron acceptors tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reaction yields the conjugates 2 and 3. A combination of spectral, electrochemical, and photophysical investigations of 2 and 3 reveals that the functionalization of the triple bond has a pronounced effect on their ground and excited‐state interactions. Specifically, the existence of strong ground‐state interactions between phenothiazine and the electron‐accepting groups results in charge‐transfer states, while subsequent ultrafast charge separation yields electron transfer products. This is unprecedented not only in phenothiazine chemistry but also in tetracyanobutadiene‐ and dicyanoquinodimethane‐derived donor–acceptor conjugates. Additionally, by manipulating spectroelectrochemical data, a spectrum of the charge‐separated species is construed for the first time, and shown to be highly useful in interpreting the rather complex transient spectra. Intramolecular charge transfer: Two C3‐symmetric truxene conjugates have been synthesized. A strong ground‐state charge transfer with the intramolecular TCBD or DCNQ group, a wide‐band absorption covering near‐infrared regions, a HOMO–LUMO gap as low as 1.01 eV, and an ultrafast excited state electron transfer render these compounds promising materials for applications in molecular optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C3‐symmetric star‐shaped phenothiazene‐substituted truxene 1 was reacted with the electron acceptors tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reaction yields the conjugates 2 and 3. A combination of spectral, electrochemical, and photophysical investigations of 2 and 3 reveals that the functionalization of the triple bond has a pronounced effect on their ground and excited‐state interactions. Specifically, the existence of strong ground‐state interactions between phenothiazine and the electron‐accepting groups results in charge‐transfer states, while subsequent ultrafast charge separation yields electron transfer products. This is unprecedented not only in phenothiazine chemistry but also in tetracyanobutadiene‐ and dicyanoquinodimethane‐derived donor–acceptor conjugates. Additionally, by manipulating spectroelectrochemical data, a spectrum of the charge‐separated species is construed for the first time, and shown to be highly useful in interpreting the rather complex transient spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Crossbreds of low-producing indigenous cattle and high-producing exotic dairy bulls (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) have contributed in ensuring that India continues to be the world's top milk-producing country. However, subfertility observed in crossbred male progenies has been a major obstacle in exploitation of heterosis due to crossbreeding. There is sufficient scientific evidence in support of genetic and epigenetic regulation of key physiological processes including spermatogenesis. Bovine Vasa Homology (Bvh) is considered a molecular marker for the study of gametogenesis. Significant negative correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression has been reported in cattle-yaks hybrids and their parents. The present study analyzed promoter methylation status and expression profile of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from exotic Holstein Friesian cattle, indigenous Sahiwal cattle and their crossbreds with varying semen motility parameters. The degree of methylation of the Bvh promoter region was significantly higher in poor motility crossbred bulls (13.3%) as compared to good motility crossbreds (5.3%), Sahiwal (3%) and Holstein Friesian bulls (1%) (P < 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed significantly higher mRNA abundance of Bvh in purebreds (Holstein Friesian and Sahiwal) as compared to crossbred counterparts (P < 0.001). Inverse correlation observed in this study between promoter methylation and gene expression of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from crossbred bulls with poor motility phenotype as compared to purebred parents provides an important insight into understanding the graded fertility of crossbred bulls. Highlights • Promoter methylation and expression profile of Bvh gene were evaluated in spermatozoa of purebred and crossbred cattle. • The degree of methylation was significantly higher in poor motility crossbreds as compared to good motility bulls (P<0.05). • Gene expression of Bvh was significantly higher in purebreds as compared to crossbred counterparts (P<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Equimolar reactions of copper(I) halides with PPh 3 and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-substituted thiosemicarbazone (C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3N2(H)-C1(S)N1HR has yielded complexes, [CuX 2 (κS1-H 2 L1-R)(PPh 3)] 1–5 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) with pyridine protonated thio-ligand. Similar reactions of copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones (C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR and Ph 3 P halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] 6–10 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) or sulfur-bridged dinucelar complexes [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] 11–13 with no Ph 3 P coordination. The substitutions at N1, C2 and order of reactants with change in solvent appear to have yielded three types of products. Abstract Equimolar reaction of copper(I) iodide with PPh 3 in acetonitrile formed compound of empirical composition, {CuI(Ph 3 P)} and its further reaction in chloroform with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazone {(C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3-N2-(H)-C1(S)N1HR; R = Me; HL1-Me} formed crystals of complex, [CuICl(Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me] 1a , tetramer [Cu 4 I 4 (Ph 3 P) 4 ] 1b and free HL1-Me 1c , separated from the same reaction vessel. The formation of product 1a involved abstraction of chlorine from chloroform and has pyridine-N-protonated thio-ligand. Copper(I) bromide/chloride with Ph 3 P and HL1-Me or HL1-Et also formed pyridyl protonated, [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 2 , [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 3 , [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 4 and [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 5. The products similar to 1b and 1c were also identified in these reactions. In these four coordinated complexes the pyridine protonated thio-ligands are coordinating through sulfur only. Copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR ; R = Me, Et; HL2-Me; HL2-Et} and Ph 3 P have yielded halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] (X, R: I, Me, 6 ; Br, Me, 7 ; I, Et, 8 ; Br, Et, 9 ; Cl, Et, 10). For R = phenyl at N1 atom, copper(I) halides with two m moles of HL2-Ph have formed sulfur–bridged dinucelar complexes, namely, [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] (X = I, 11 , Br, 12 , Cl, 13). Complexes have been characterized using analytical data, IR, proton NMR and single crystal X-ray crystallography (1–5, 7, 9, 11 and 12). The coordination environment of the Cu in complex 1a contains both Cl and I, but both sites are disordered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFLO beads exhibited efficient adsorption for Co(II) ions (344.82 mg/g at 318 K). • Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and second-order kinetic models. • RSM was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. • The PFLO beads retain 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption after five cycles. Contamination of water through heavy metal ions has received great attention and wide-ranging consequences for human health and living beings. Polymer@metal oxide composites are good candidates for detoxification of water contaminants. Herein, we report pectin@Fe 3 O 4 -La 2 O 3 (PFLO) beads for the selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II) ions. The synthesized PFLO beads are eco-friendly, low-cost, easy to handle, simple, and have good adsorption selectivity. The Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Response surface modeling (RSM) was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. Different characterization techniques were used to explain the fabrication and adsorption mechanism i.e., XPS, XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, EDAX, and TGA. The monolayer adsorption capacity of synthesized PFLO beads at 318 K was found to be 344.82 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies demonstrate the adsorption process is spontaneous, workable, and endothermic. Teabag's experiment shows the commercial application of the adsorbent. The PFLO beads nanocomposite maintains 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption even after five cycles. The developed PFLO nanocomposites can be used as potential adsorbents for effective, reproducible and selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II). This paper will be beneficial for researchers working towards further improving water purification technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the maternal genetic diversity in the pig genetic resources of India by analyzing a mitochondrial D-loop fragment and comparing it with the corresponding sequences of previously published studies involving domestic pigs and wild boars. Sequencing of 103 samples representing different domestic pig populations revealed existence of 32 maternal haplotypes. The indices of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Indian domestic pigs were 0.9421 and 0.015, respectively. Median-Joining network revealed that Indian pigs belong to Clade A and show conformity to 6 haplogroups reported worldwide (D1a, D1a1, D1a2, D1e, D1h and D3a). Among these, D1e and D1a2 were shared with Asian wild boars too. Interestingly, haplotype sharing was evident between Indian pigs and samples from other countries representing Africa, Asia, Europe and Oceania. This study substantiates India's contribution as a possible pig domestication center and highlights the importance of the Indian subcontinent in dispersal of the species to other continents. Additionally, genetic evidence suggested the influence of trading routes and historical interactions in shaping pig genetic exchange. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity, historical migration, and domestication of Indian domestic pigs, contributing to the broader understanding of global pig genetic resources and their evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, comparative analysis of skeletal muscle transcriptome was carried out for four biological replicates of Aseel, a fighter type breed and Punjab Brown, a meat type breed of India. The profusely expressed genes in both breeds were related to muscle contraction and motor activity. Differential expression analysis identified 961 up-regulated and 979 down-regulated genes in Aseel at a threshold of log2 fold change ≥ ±2.0 (padj<0.05). Significantly enriched KEGG pathways in Aseel included metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation, with higher expression of genes associated with fatty acid beta-oxidation, formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling, response to oxidative stress, and muscle contraction. The highly connected hub genes identified through gene network analysis in the Aseel gamecocks were HNF4A, APOA2, APOB, APOC3, AMBP, and ACOT13, which are primarily associated with energy generating metabolic pathways. The up-regulated genes in Punjab Brown chicken were found to be related to muscle growth and differentiation. There was enrichment of pathways such as focal adhesion, insulin signaling pathway and ECM receptor interaction in these birds. The results presented in this study help to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with fighting ability and muscle growth in Aseel and Punjab Brown chicken, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a centuries-old tradition of sheep production and breeding that accomplish economic, agricultural, and religious roles. In addition to the 44 registered sheep breeds, there is a fat-tailed sheep population referred to as Dumba. This study evaluated genetic variation in Dumba sheep and its differentiation from other Indian sheep breeds using mitochondrial DNA and genomic microsatellite loci. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity based on mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed substantially high maternal genetic diversity in Dumba sheep. Major ovine haplogroups A and B observed in sheep populations across the globe registered their presence in the Dumba sheep. The molecular genetic analysis using microsatellite markers also showed high measures of allele (10.125 ± 0.762) and gene diversity (0.749 ± 0.029). Results correspond to the non-bottleneck population that is near mutation-drift equilibrium despite some deficiency in the number of heterozygotes (FIS = 0.043 ± 0.059). Phylogenetic clustering confirmed Dumba to be a distinct population. Results of this study endow authorities with critical information imperative for sustainable utilization and conservation of Indian fat-tailed sheep, which is considered to be an untapped genetic resource contributing to the food security, livelihood, and economic sustainability of rural households in marginal areas of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hailey--Hailey disease also known as Familial benign chronic pemphigus is a relatively uncommon disease characterized by painful erosions, vesicles, pustules and scaly erythematous plaques on the neck, axillae, groins and perineum. A case of 27 years old male with history of recurrent, itchy, erythematous, papules and vesicles over the groins presented to the dermatology OPD. A clinical diagnosis of Hailey -- Hailey disease was made which was confirmed later by histopathological examination. He was treated with tacrolimus ointment and showed a remarkable improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six blended cement samples were prepared by adding either reducing agents (1% SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O and FeSO 4 ·2H 2 O) only or reducing agents along with agricultural waste (rice husk ash, RHA and rice tiller ash, RTA). Cr (VI) leachability of pure Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC (S1) and blended samples (S2–S7) was checked using the standard diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method. It has been observed that blended cement samples with 1% stannous chloride (S3, S5 and S7) are more effective in reducing Cr(VI) content than cement samples with 1% ferrous sulfate (S2, S4 and S6). Addition of reducing agents only (S2 and S3) delayed the initial hydration process, as reducing agents might be reacted with Ca(OH) 2 to form ettringite phases and decreases Ca(OH) 2 content. Initial as well later age hydration improved on addition of rice husk ash or rice tiller along with reducing agents (S4–S7). Amorphous silica of RHA and RTA reacted with Ca(OH) 2 to form calcium silicate hydrate which provides strength to the cement and improve the hydration. Microstructural changes in these samples were analyzed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bolton's norms are an essential parameter used in orthodontic diagnosis to evaluate the tooth size discrepancy. However, these norms have been established for Caucasian population and population variations necessitates the evaluation of these norms on Haryana population. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine Bolton's ratios for Haryana population, compare them with original Bolton's ratios and determine the clinical significance of these differences. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of study casts of 100 subjects in the age range of 18-25 years, all belonging to Haryana population, having a full complement of teeth with Angle's Class I molar and canine relationship, proper intercuspation, normal overjet and overbite and minimal crowding and spacing. Tooth dimensions were measured using digital vernier caliper (accurate to 0.01 mm) and Bolton's anterior and overall ratio was calculated. Unpaired t-test was used to determine statistical differences between sexes and Single sum t-test was used to determine difference between population groups. Results: Bolton's anterior and overall ratio norms for Haryana population sample were found to be 77.89+0.23% and 91.45+1.77% respectively. Statistically significant differences were found in the anterior ratio of Haryana population and Bolton's original values but both anterior and overall ratio of Haryana population lie well within the 1 standard deviation of original Bolton's norms. Conclusion: Clinical relevance of differences in Bolton's norms established for Haryana population was not found in spite of statistically significant differences from original Bolton's norms. Hence, original Bolton's norms for anterior and overall ratio can be used for Haryana population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel protein tyrosine phosphatase like phytase (PTPLP), designated as PhyLf from probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum NKN51 was identified, cloned, expressed and characterized. The recombinant PhyLf showed specific activity of 174.5 U/mg. PhyLf exhibited strict specificity towards phytate and optimum temperature at 60 °C, pH 5.0 and ionic strength of 100 mM. K m and K cat of PhyLf for phytate were 0.773 mM and 84.31 s −1 , respectively. PhyLf exhibited high resistance against oxidative inactivation. PhyLf shares no homology, sans the active site with reported PTLPs, warranting classification as a new subclass. Dephytinization of durum wheat and finger millet under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions using PhyLf enhanced the bioaccessibility of mineral ions. Probiotic origin, phytate specificity, resistance to oxidative environment and gastric milieu coupled with ability to release micronutrients are unique properties of PhyLf which present a strong case for its use in ameliorating nutritional value of cereals and animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript reports the design and synthesis of C3-symmetric star shaped donor and acceptor substituted truxenes 6, 7, 10 and 11 using Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions. Their photophysical, electrochemical and computational studies were explored, which indicate strong donor–acceptor interactions and effective tuning of the HOMO–LUMO gap. The computational studies reveal that the TCNE and TCNQ substituted truxenes 10 and 11 exhibit lower HOMO–LUMO gaps compared to truxenes 6 and 7. The reaction pathway of [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization was studied using computational calculations, which reveal that the donor substituted truxene 7 is favourable for cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions, whereas acceptor substituted truxene 6 is not favourable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Triphenylvinyl (TPV) substituted bisthiazole 4 and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) substituted triphenylamine functionalized oxazole 5 were designed and synthesized by the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. The TPV 4 shows Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) behavior and TPE 5 shows aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) in THF/water mixture due to π‐π stacking. The TGA analysis reveals that the TPE 5 show better thermal stability as compared to TPV 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Bakery products are items of mass consumption in view of its low price and high nutrient value. With rapid growth and changing eating habits of people, bakery products have gained popularity among masses. Materials and Methods. About 200 working and 200 non-working women were selected by simple random sampling method from Central India, Maharashtra, India and the data was collected using interview cum questionnaire method. Purchasing pattern of five bakery products viz., bread, buns, biscuit, cake and pizza bread were studied with respect to age group, qualification, family size, number of earning members and family monthly income of the working and nonworking women. Results and Discussion. The results of the study showed that the average age of working women was 39.39± 6.15 years and non-working women was 38.36±5.7 years. The average monthly income of working and non-working women was Rs. 38,125±19,550 and Rs. 40,625±20,825 respectively. Bread was found to be the most consumed bakery products among both types of families (79.5% in working and 83.5% non-working) followed by biscuits (76.5% in working and 70.5% non-working). The purchasing of buns, cake and pizza bread among working women were 7.5%, 19 % and 14% whereas among nonworking families it was 13%, 23% and 18.5% respectively. The significant associations were observed between the purchasing pattern of bread (p=0.000), biscuits (p=0.000) and cake (p=0.010) with the educational status of working and non-working women. The age group, family size, number of earning members and monthly income of working and non-working women did not show any association with the purchasing pattern of bakery products. Conclusion. Purchasing of bakery products was same in both working and nonworking women. Among demographic characteristics, education of women significantly affected the purchasing pattern of bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present research compared the effect of chromate reducers such as ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO·7HO) and stannous sulphate dihydrate (SnCl·2HO) on the hydration of cement paste, using water-cement ratio of 0.5 and sealed in plastic bags without curing for 28 days. Uncured hydration properties of cement paste are investigated in detail by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and verified with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). This research concluded that the cement paste with 0.1% additives showed better hydration in the uncured condition than the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ferrocenyl substituted tetraphenylazadipyrromethane and Aza-BODIPY were designed and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The effect of the pyrrolic substituents on photophysical and electrochemical properties was explored. The results show substantial electronic communication between the ferrocene unit, and Aza-BODIPY core. The aza-dipyromethane and aza-BODIPY 3 – 6 are non-emissive in nature and their absorption maxima exhibit red shifted absorption compared to unsubstituted azabodipy. The computational calculation on Aza-BODIPY 5 and 6 was performed, which reveals that electron density transfers from ferrocene (donor) to azabodipy (acceptor) core and the photophysical properties are in good agreement with the computational data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT For multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system a dual-band dual-polarized antenna is presented. The antenna which is presented in this thesis produces a linearly polarized and circularly polarized radiation fields. The measured return losses of −18.89 and −21.86 dB are achieved at 2.43 GHz and 3.22 GHz, respectively. In this the proposed antenna is designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS Software. The result shows that the gain of the antenna has increased by 1.4dB and 1.2dB at 2.43 and 3.22 GHz, respectively by using the FSS. A compact dual-band dual-polarized antenna is achieved. The proposed antenna is fabricated and validated experimentally using VNA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2699-2703, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde/acetaldehyde-N-substituted thiosemicarbazones{RRC = N- N(H)-C(=S)NHR; R, R, R : CHS, H, Me, Httsc-NMe; CHS, H, Et, Httsc-NEt; CHS, H, Ph, Httsc-NPh; CHS, Me, Et, Hattsc-NEt} and furan-2-carbaldehyde-N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (CHO, H, Et, Hftsc-NEt) were reacted with silver(I) halides/silver(I) acetate in presence of triphenylphosphine in organic solvents. These reactions yielded a series of dinuclear [Ag( μ-Br)( κ-S-Httsc-NEt)(PPh)] ⋅2MeOH 1, [AgCl( κ-S- Httsc-NPh)( μ-S,S-Httsc-NPh)] 2, [AgCl( μ-S-Hftsc-NEt)( κ-S-Hftsc-NEt)] 4, [Ag( μ-N,S-ttsc-NMe)(PhP)] ⋅2(CH)CO 5, [Ag( μ-N,S-attsc-NEt)(PhP)] ⋅0.5(CH)CO 6and mononuclear [AgBr ( κ-S-Httsc-NPh)(PPh)] ⋅ MeCN 3 complexes, all of which have been characterized using analytical techniques, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Thio-ligands bind in neutral form in complexes 1-4 and in anionic form in complexes 5- 6. Further, the sulfur donor atoms have shown variable coordination modes in complexes, namely, κ-S in 1 and 3; κ-S, μ-S in 4; κ-S, μ-S,S (thiopheneyl-thione) in 2 and μ- N, S in 5 and 6. Tertiary-phosphine (PPh) showed dual function of ligation/de-ligation towards silver(I) chloride during the synthesis of complexes 2 and 4. The bridge bonding of Httsc-NPh in 2 through thiopheneyl ring sulfur and thione sulfur is unprecedented in metal-thiosemicarbazone chemistry. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goats form the backbone of rural livelihood and financial security systems in India but their population is showing decreasing trend. Improvement of reproductive traits such as prolificacy offers a solution to stabilize the decreasing goat population and to meet the nutritional needs of growing human population. In the present study, six novel SNPs in three candidate genes for prolificacy (BMPR1B, BMP15, and GDF9) were genotyped in seven breeds of Indian goats to evaluate their association with litter size. Tetra primer ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP based protocols were developed for genotyping six novel SNPs, namely, T(-242)C in BMPR1B; G735A and C808G in BMP15; and C818T, A959C, and G1189A in GDF9 gene. The effect of breed was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) on litter size but the effect of genotype was nonsignificant. The effect of parity on litter size was also significant in the prolific Black Bengal breed. The litter size differences observed between breeds are attributed to breed differences. Novel mutations observed at different loci in GDF9, BMP15, and BMPR1B genes do not contribute to the reproductive capability of the investigated breeds. Further studies with more number of breeds and animals exploring association of these novel SNPs with reproductive traits may be fruitful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant form of DNA polymorphism which can be used as simple genetic markers for many breeding applications as well as for population studies. SNPs in fecundity (Fec) genes viz. BMPR1B, GDF9 and BMP15 were genotyped in Indian goat breeds to assess their basic population parameters and genetic structuring, using simple and economical methods of PCR-RFLP and Tetra-primer ARMS PCR. Three hundred and ninety one animals of seven different goat breeds differing in prolificacy, utility and geographic distribution were employed for diversity assessment at six loci in these Fec genes. Four loci were polymorphic in all the breeds with varied allelic frequencies. Statistical analysis revealed that breeds differed with respect to genetic variability as observed heterozygosity varied from 0.163 (Ganjam) to 0.359 (Jakhrana). Sangamneri and Osmanabadi were least differentiated (0.003) whereas Jakhrana and Black Bengal were most differentiated (0.048) on the basis of genetic distance. The genetic distance as well as PCA analysis indicated that breeds are grouped according to their geographical distribution. The genetic diversity based on fecundity genes presented here is an essential step towards the future exploitation of the available goat genetic resources in research and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Bengal goats are an interesting genetic material to underpin the genetic mechanism of reproduction due to high prolificacy and sexual precocity. In the present study, novel SNPs in BMPR1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes were genotyped to evaluate their association with the reproductive traits. PCR-RFLP and Tetra primer ARMS-PCR based protocols were developed for genotyping the six novel SNPs viz. T(-242)C in BMPR1B , G735A and C808G in BMP15 and C818T, A959C and G1189A in GDF9 . Linear mixed model for association of these SNPs with litter size and linear fix model for other traits were employed. The effect of season and parity was highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01) on litter size which varied with change in locus combination. However, there was no significant effect of genotype and year of birth on the litter size. Similarly, age at first heat, age at first service and age at first kidding were not affected by the year of birth as well as the genotype. Season of kidding did not affect the age at first heat and age at first service. However, significant ( p ≤ 0.05) association was observed between the season of kidding and the age at first kidding. The regression of age at sexual maturity on the age at first service and regression of age at first service on the age at first kidding was highly significant ( P ≤ 0.01). Further studies involving more number of breeds as well as animals may be fruitful for exploring the association of novel SNPs with caprine reproductive traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelids are acknowledged worldwide to endure hostile conditions prevalent in the hot as well cold deserts across the globe. Adaptations to climatic extremes have been associated with mitochondrial protein variants such as ATP8 and ATP6 in different species. The camel genetic resources of India are represented by 9 breeds of dromedary camels which inhabit hot arid and semi-arid zones of the country and a small population of Bactrian camels found in the cold desert of Ladakh. In this study, within and between breed genetic diversity in Indian dromedaries and their divergence from Bactrian camels was investigated based on ATP8/6 genes. Sequence analysis of a mitochondrial DNA fragment encompassing ATP8 and ATP6 genes identified 15 haplotypes in the dromedaries of India and 3 haplotypes in Bactrian camels. The values of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.647 and 0.00187 in the former and 0.679 and 0.00098, respectively in the latter. AMOVA analysis revealed 97.81% variance between the two species. Median-Joining network delineated three distinct mitochondrial haplogroups for Camelus dromedarius, Camelus ferus and Camelus bactrianus. Clear demarcation of the old world (Dromedary and Bactrian camels) and new world camelids (Alpaca, llama, guanaco and vicugna) was evident through the phylogenetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian agriculture is an economic symbiosis of crop and livestock production with cattle as the foundation. Sadly, the population of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) is declining (8.94 % in last decade) and needs immediate scientific management. Genetic characterization is the first step in the development of proper management strategies for preserving genetic diversity and preventing undesirable loss of alleles. Thus, in this study we investigated genetic diversity and relationship among eleven Indian cattle breeds using 21 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial D loop sequence. Results: The analysis of autosomal DNA was performed on 508 cattle which exhibited sufficient genetic diversity across all the breeds. Estimates of mean allele number and observed heterozygosity across all loci and population were 8.784 ± 0.25 and 0.653 ± 0.014, respectively. Differences among breeds accounted for 13.3 % of total genetic variability. Despite high genetic diversity, significant inbreeding was also observed within eight populations. Genetic distances and cluster analysis showed a close relationship between breeds according to proximity in geographic distribution. The genetic distance, STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analysis concluded that the Southern Indian Ongole cattle are the most distinct among the investigated cattle populations. Sequencing of hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region on a subset of 170 cattle revealed sixty haplotypes with haplotypic diversity of 0.90240, nucleotide diversity of 0.02688 and average number of nucleotide differences as 6.07407. Two major star clusters for haplotypes indicated population expansion for Indian cattle. Conclusions: Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes show a similar pattern of genetic variability and genetic differentiation. Various analyses concluded that the Southern breed 'Ongole' was distinct from breeds of Northern/ Central India. Overall these results provide basic information about genetic diversity and structure of Indian cattle which should have implications for management and conservation of indicine cattle diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the substituents at the N 1 /C 2 atoms of the thiosemicarbazones R 1 R 2 C 2 = N 3 -N 2 H-C 1 (=S)-N 1 HR 3 on the type of gold(I) complexes is investigated. Direct reaction of gold(I) chloride with benzaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazones (HL 1 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Me) in a 1:2 M ratio in acetonitrile has yielded an ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 1 ) 2 ]Cl ( 1 ). Similarly, the reaction of benzaldehyde-N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HL 2 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Et) has formed another ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 2 ) 2 ]Cl ( 2 ). The complexes have been characterized using analytical data, spectroscopy (IR, 1 H, 13 C NMR, UV–Vis), fluorescence, ESI-mass and X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 represent the first examples obtained from the direct reactions of gold(I) chloride with a thio-ligand without the presence of PPh 3 or the use of any intermediate substrate, as has normally been used. Complex 1 , with a methyl substituent at N 1 , has two independent molecules in the crystal lattice, while complex 2 , with an N-ethyl substituent, has only one type of molecule in the crystal lattice. ESI-mass studies reveal the formation of the species: [Au I Cl+H] + ( A ), [Au I Cl 2 (HL 1 )+2H] + ( B ), [Au I (HL 1 ) 2 ] + ( C ) (complex 1 ) and [Au I (HL 2 ) 2 -4H] + ( D ) (complex 2 ). Interestingly both complexes have shown intense fluorescence bands in the wide region 340–540 nm, corresponding to the excitation wavelength of 308 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian agriculture is an economic symbiosis of crop and livestock production with cattle as the foundation. Sadly, the population of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) is declining (8.94 % in last decade) and needs immediate scientific management. Genetic characterization is the first step in the development of proper management strategies for preserving genetic diversity and preventing undesirable loss of alleles. Thus, in this study we investigated genetic diversity and relationship among eleven Indian cattle breeds using 21 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial D loop sequence. Results: The analysis of autosomal DNA was performed on 508 cattle which exhibited sufficient genetic diversity across all the breeds. Estimates of mean allele number and observed heterozygosity across all loci and population were 8.784 ± 0.25 and 0.653 ± 0.014, respectively. Differences among breeds accounted for 13.3 % of total genetic variability. Despite high genetic diversity, significant inbreeding was also observed within eight populations. Genetic distances and cluster analysis showed a close relationship between breeds according to proximity in geographic distribution. The genetic distance, STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analysis concluded that the Southern Indian Ongole cattle are the most distinct among the investigated cattle populations. Sequencing of hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region on a subset of 170 cattle revealed sixty haplotypes with haplotypic diversity of 0.90240, nucleotide diversity of 0.02688 and average number of nucleotide differences as 6.07407. Two major star clusters for haplotypes indicated population expansion for Indian cattle. Conclusions: Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes show a similar pattern of genetic variability and genetic differentiation. Various analyses concluded that the Southern breed ‘Ongole’ was distinct from breeds of Northern/ Central India. Overall these results provide basic information about genetic diversity and structure of Indian cattle which should have implications for management and conservation of indicine cattle diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive traits are extremely important to the goat industry because moderate increase in litter size can lead to large profit. Traditional selection for improving litter size is difficult due to sex-limited nature and low heritability of the trait (5–10%). In addition, the lack of knowledge on the number of the genes controlling this trait and the possible gene interactions are the other limitations for this trait. Molecular genetics can overcome these limitations offering new opportunities for the improvement of reproductive traits, as it supplies tools to analyze genetic variability directly at the DNA level with the possibility of detecting the individual genes influencing the reproductive capability. For the last decade, molecular genetics has led to the discovery of individual genes or candidate genes with substantial effects on the reproductive trait viz. BMPR1B , GDF9 , BMP15 , FSHβ , FSHR , POU1F1 , PRLR , KiSS-1 , GPR54 , GH , INH , CART , GnRH , GnRHR , LHβ , BMP4 , KITLG , MT2 , CYP21 and AA-NAT . Despite the progress made in goat fecundity studies, it's hard to satisfy the actual application because the reproductive traits are complex quantitative traits involving multiple genes, loci and interactions. So it is important to analyze the combined effect of multiple genes or loci on reproductive traits. Little progress has been made on understanding interaction between genes, gene and environment, and genetic effect analysis. Thus the need of the hour is to identify more functional genes, clarify molecular mechanism of action and regulatory network and to resort to more holistic approaches like genomic selection which can tremendously accelerate the goat improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present investigation evaluated the effect of storage and packaging conditions on retention of ascorbic acid content of fenugreek leaves. Materials and methods: Fenugreek leaves (Trigonella Foenum- Graceum) with and without roots weighing 100 g were made and packed in perforated and non-perforated flexible consumer packets of 30 x 25 cm (750 sq cm) of four different types viz., LDPE -100 gauge, LDPE -200 gauge, PP-100 gauge and PP -200 gauge. For perforations 24 vents of 0.59 cm diameter were made covering an area of 1.87 sq. cm. These samples were stored at ambient (14-35° C, RH 50-60 per cent) and low temperature (0-5° C, RH 80-90 per cent) till acceptable. The samples were analyzed at regular intervals for ascorbic acid content using 2, 6 dichlorophenol indophenol method. Results and discussion: Fresh fenugreek leaves contained 51.4 mg/100g ascorbic acid. At lower temperature, fenugreek samples without root in non-perforated package (NPWORL) had a shelf life of six days and mean ascorbic acid retention of 80.95%. Packaging the samples with root (NPWRL) reduced the shelf life to four days period and retained 66.05% of ascorbic acid. Perforation in the packaging material also reduced the storage period to four days in both with (PWRL) and without root (PWORL) fenugreek samples. Fenugreek samples without and with roots stored at ambient temperature in non-perforated package (NPWORA and NPWRA) showed a maximum shelf life of two days with mean ascorbic acid retention of 69.99% and 56.47% respectively. A gradual decrease in the mean ascorbic acid content was observed at both low and ambient temperatures with the presence of roots and perforation in the packaging material. This decrease was observed to be significant at both low (p=0.004) and ambient (p= 0.055) temperatures. The ascorbic acid was also found to decrease with increase in days of storage at both low as well as ambient temperatures. The flexible packaging materials viz., LDPE and PP of 100 and 200 gauge did not show any significant difference in retention of ascorbic acid. Amongst interaction between perforations, roots, temperature, days of storage and packaging materials, the interactions between days of storage were found to be significant with perforations (p =0.023), root (p=0.053) and temperature (p= 0.00). Conclusions: Fenugreek samples stored without roots in nonperforated packaging material reflected significantly (p= 0.00) highest retention of ascorbic acid at low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KiSS1 is considered to be a key mediator of molecular mechanism of reproduction (puberty and prolificacy) in mammals. Kisspeptins are a family of structurally related peptides, encoded by KiSS1 gene, with ability to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hence hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. The present study investigated the polymorphism of caprine KiSS1 gene in 9 Indian goat breeds differing in sexual precocity and prolificacy. Comparison of KiSS1 amplified sequences of indigenous goats resulted in identification of nine SNPs (intron (1) G296C, T455G, T505A, T693C, T950C and intron (2) T1125C, A2510G, C2540T, A2803G) of which four are novel. These loci were not segregating together ( r 2 < 0.33). Mutations existed in both, sexually precocious and late-maturing goat breeds as well as low and high prolificacy goat breeds. Three loci reported to be associated with goat litter size (G296C, G2510A and C2540T) were identified in Indian goats as well. Association between loci of KiSS1 gene and age of puberty as well as litter size was explored in Black Bengal ( N = 158), a sexually precocious and prolific goat breed of India by designing PCR–RFLP. None of the mutations were found to be associated with reproductive traits however, difference in litter size as well age of sexual maturity for different genotypes indicates that the study on additional data based on more number of breeds and animals would be interesting to perform. Considering the importance of the reproductive trait in small ruminants, the results extend the limited information on genetic variation of the caprine KiSS1 , which might contribute toward molecular breeding to enhance productivity of goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical limiting behavior of three ferrocenyl substituted calixarenes (FSCs) where ferrocenyl group is attached via ethynyl( a ), meta-( b ) and para-( c ) ethynyl phenyl spacers studied with nanosecond pulses at 532 nm is in the order c > a > b . While, with femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm strength of nonlinearity is in the order c > b > a . Largest nonlinear refraction ( n 2 = 9.5 × 10 −16 cm 2 /W) is estimated for the FSC c . Nonlinear absorption in these FSCs is attributed to three-photon absorption. Optical limiting behavior with nanosecond laser pulses is mainly due to thermal nonlinearity and reverse saturable absorption, whereas, with femtosecond laser pulses mainly intrinsic electronic nonlinearity contributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dilawara reservoir of Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India; an important drinking water source of Dhar tehsil is also widely used for fishculture besides irrigation and domestic purpose. In the present study, the demersal fish fauna of Dilawara Reservoir were selected for the gut content study and included species of catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus), minor carps (Rasbora daniconius, Danio melaharicus, Puntisticto, P. sarana): fingerlings of major and common carp, snake head (Channa striatus, C. punctatus), one species of clupeide (Gadusia chapra) and one species of Mastocembalidae (Mastucembalus armatus). The selection of fish species was made on their feeding habits and their availability throughout the year. The food of demersal fish species of Dilawara Reservoir varied and diversified to include, mollusks, crustaceans, annelids, insects, snails, fish, macrophytes and various algae. Gut content analysis showed that most of the fish species preyed on zooplankton benthic animals except for fishes belonging to Family Clupeidae (Gudusia chapra) and minor carps. Their Stomach content analysis showed that macrophytes and algae were exclusively the dominant food items observed in their stomachs and were categorized as omnivorous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the design and synthesis of star shaped, C3-symmetric ferrocenyl substituted truxenes by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and cycloaddition reaction. The single photon absorption and electrochemical properties indicate significant electronic interaction between ferrocene and truxene core. The bathochromic shift in the absorption spectra of truxenes 4a-4c and 5a is a function of enhanced conjugation. The incorporation of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) results in a strong charge transfer band in truxene 5a. The single crystal structure of truxene 4a is presented, which shows interesting supramolecular interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily, of which BMP4 is the most important due to its crucial role in follicular growth and differentiation, cumulus expansion and ovulation. Reproduction is a crucial trait in goat breeding and based on the important role of BMP4 gene in reproduction it was considered as a possible candidate gene for the prolificacy of goats. The objective of the present study was to detect polymorphism in intronic, exonic and 3′ un-translated regions of BMP4 gene in Indian goats. Nine different goat breeds (Barbari, Beetal, Black Bengal, Malabari, Jakhrana (Twinning>40%), Osmanabadi, Sangamneri (Twinning 20–30%), Sirohi and Ganjam (Twinning<10%)) differing in prolificacy and geographic distribution were employed for polymorphism scanning. Cattle sequence (AC_000167.1) was used to design primers for the amplification of a targeted region followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify the genetic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not detected in exon 3, the intronic region and the 3′ flanking region. A SNP (G1534A) was identified in exon 2. It was a non-synonymous mutation resulting in an arginine to lysine change in a corresponding protein sequence. G to A transition at the 1534 locus revealed two genotypes GG and GA in the nine investigated goat breeds. The GG genotype was predominant with a genotype frequency of 0.98. The GA genotype was present in the Black Bengal as well as Jakhrana breed with a genotype frequency of 0.02. A microsatellite was identified in the 3′ flanking region, only 20 nucleotides downstream from the termination site of the coding region, as a short sequence with more than nineteen continuous and repeated CA dinucleotides. Since the gene is highly evolutionarily conserved, identification of a non-synonymous SNP (G1534A) in the coding region gains further importance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mutation in the coding region of the caprine BMP4 gene. But whether the reproduction trait of goat is associated with the BMP4 polymorphism, needs to be further defined by association studies in more populations so as to delineate an effect on it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to explore the genetic basis of caprine prolificacy and to screen indigenous goats for prolificacy associated markers of sheep in BMPR1B, GDF9 and BMP15 genes. To detect the associated mutations and identify novel allelic variants in the candidate genes, representative samples were collected from the breeding tract of indigenous goat breeds varying in prolificacy and geographic distribution. DNA was extracted and PCR amplification was done using primers designed or available in literature for the coding DNA sequence of candidate genes. Direct sequencing was done to identify the genetic variations. Mutations in the candidate genes associated with fecundity in sheep were not detected in Indian goats. Three non-synonymous SNPs (C818T, A959C and G1189A) were identified in exon 2 of GDF9 gene out of which mutation A959C has been associated with prolificacy in exotic goats. Two novel SNPs (G735A and C808G) were observed in exon 2 of BMP15 gene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The chemistry of copper(I) halides (CuX) with furan-2-carbaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C4H3O)HC2N3N2H–C1(S)N1HR, Hftsc-N1HR} in presence of triphenyl phopshine is described. For methyl and ethyl substituents (R) at N1 atom, and with X = I, Br, Cl, the halogen-bridged dimers, namely, [Cu2(μ-X)2(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HR)2(PPh3)2] (R, X: Me, I, 1, Br 2, Cl 3; Et, I 4, Br 5, Cl 6) have been obtained.However, the presence of phenyl substituent at N1 has favored a three coordinate complex, [CuI(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HPh)2] 7, and with copper(I) bromide/and chloride, it has formed sulfur-bridged dimers, [Cu2X2(η1-Hftsc-N1HPh)2(μ-S-Hftsc N1HPh)2] (X = Br 8, Cl 9). In the latter three complexes (7–9), the Ph3P ligand did not take part in coordination. All these complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography (1–3, 5, 7 and 9). The bonding and nuclearity of complexes has been found to vary with the substituents at N1 atom. The intermolecular interactions have formed one dimensional (1, 9) and two dimensional (2, 3 and 5) networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]