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Previous studies investigating the risk of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to biological wastewater treatment have primarily tested NPs individually; however, limited data are available on the impact of NPs on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process. In this study, the toxicity of CuNPs on anammox granules was investigated individually and in combination with CuONPs or ZnONPs. Exposure to CuNPs at 5 mg g −1 suspended solids (SS) decreased the anammox activity to 47.1 ± 8.5%, increased the lactate dehydrogenase level to 110.5 ± 3.4% and increased the extracellular N 2 H 4 concentration by 16-fold but did not cause oxidative stress. The presence of CuONPs or ZnONPs at 5 mg g −1 SS did not significantly aggravate or alleviate the toxicity of the CuNPs; however, the introduction of EDTA or S 2− could attenuate the adverse effects of the CuNPs, CuONPs and ZnONPs on the anammox granules. EDTA captured Cu ions, whereas S 2− shielded and deactivated Cu ions and passivated CuNPs. Therefore, our results indicated that the toxicity of NPs was dependent on the amount of active metal reaching the anammox cells. Overall, the results of this study have filled knowledge gaps and provided insights into the combined toxicity of NPs on anammox biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) poses an emerging challenge to biological wastewater treatment. The long-term impact of CuNPs on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was firstly investigated in this study. The nitrogen removal capacity of anammox reactor was nearly deprived within 30 days under the stress of 5.0 mg L −1 CuNPs and the relative abundance of anammox bacteria (Ca. Kuenenia ) was decreased from 29.59% to 17.53%. Meanwhile, copper resistance genes associated with the Cus, Cop and Pco systems were enriched to eliminate excess intracellular copper. After the withdrawal of CuNPs from the influent, the nitrogen removal capacity of anammox biomass recovered completely within 70 days. Overall, anammox biomass showed susceptibility, resistance and resilience to the stress of CuNPs. Therefore, the potential impacts of ENPs on anammox-based processes should be of great concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) in consumer products raises great concerns about their environmental impacts, but their potential impacts on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process in wastewater treatment remain unclear. In this study, the presence of MONPs (1, 50, 200 mg L -1 ) exhibited no visible effects on the nitrogen removal performance of anammox reactors, but high levels (200 mg L -1 ) of SiO 2 NPs, Al 2 O 3 NPs and CeO 2 NPs had a distinct effect on shaping the anammox community. Long-term exposure of MONPs caused different responses in the relative abundance of Ca. Kuenenia, the level of functional gene HzsA and the activities of three key enzymes involved in anammox metabolism, but no significant inhibition effects on specific anammox activity were detected. Overall, the effects of MONPs on anammox community structure and sludge properties depended on their types and levels and followed the order SiO 2  > CeO 2  > Al 2 O 3  > TiO 2 ., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To explore the effect of proteins extraceed from mycelia of Omphalia lapidescens on inhibiting H22 liver cancer in vivo., Methods: 50 hepatoma 22 tumor bearing mice models were divided into five groups randomly:control group( CG), cyclophosphamide group, and 3 groups of incremental Hepatoma 22 dosages (5, 3, 1 mg/kg). All groups were i.v. with drugs once a day. After 8 consecutive days, the concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). The weight changes of tumor, thymus, liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney were observed., Results: It showed the tumors' weight were significant heavier in CG than in EGs. The tumor-inhibition rate (IR) was 36.4% in high dosage group,which was lower than 43.2% in cyclophosphamide group. The spleen mass of proteins groups increased significantly. The concentration of IFN-gamma in serum of proteins groups increased as CG, but IL-4 in inverse direction. The observations of thymus, liver, heart, lung and kidney in EGs were the same as CG., Conclusion: The proteins extracted from mycelium of Omphalia lapidescens can inhibit the growth of tumour and enhance the immune function of H22 tumor-bearing mice.