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Surface/subsurface processing damage on optical component can severely affect its surface mechanical properties and cause its resistance to external deformation to deteriorate. At the same time, the processing damage will also affect the surface quality. The surface processing defects are the main reasons leading to the decrease in the laser induced damage threshold in high-density laser system. In this paper, the damage formation mode and morphology of the traditional optical processing methods based on the mechanical removal in brittle and plastic modes are evaluated, then the traditional processing damage model is established accordingly. The polishing technology with material removal in elastic mode is proposed based on the damage generation mechanism. In the elastic mode, it is impossible to form the material removal by mechanical action due to the inability to overcome the yield limit of the material, thus it is necessary to introduce a weakening of the chemical reaction to reduce the bonding force of the surface layer of the optical element, using less force to form the material removal to ensure the disturbance of the basic material is controlled. The mechanism of material removal in elastic mode was analyzed. The polishing process was realized by elastic hydrodynamic ultra-smooth polishing and nano-particle jet polishing. The performance of the elastic polishing process was analyzed. The experimental results show that the elastic polishing processing method can effectively remove surface damage and achieve effective control of processing damage.

A method for simultaneous determination of multi-class antibiotics and steroid hormone analysis in faeces of livestock and poultry was developed using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). An in-house database was built for 156 detected drugs using Personal Compound Database Library software (PCDL) including compound name, monoisotopic mass, chemical formula, RT, chemical structure and three CID MS/MS spectra. The linearity result showed that all the drugs exhibited good linearity with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.99. The drug recoveries and their RSDs for all three faeces samples (pig, cattle and chicken) were tested and 81, 96 and 92 drugs were chosen for analysis in pig, cattle and chicken faeces, respectively. Further validation showed that 73 veterinary drugs in all three kinds of faeces samples can be quantified in one analytical run. This work shows that qualitative and quantitative analysis using LC-QTOF MS represents a simple, sensitive, low-cost and high-throughput methodology in routine laboratory analyses.

Distributed fiber sensing combines point-to-point fiber sensing is schematically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The concept is based on Brillouin-optical-time-domain-analysis (BOTDA) system integrates fiber-Bragg-gratings for multiple parameters sensing in a 16km standard fiber with 3m resolution.

The aim of this work is to contribute to the assessment of multi-residue analysis of veterinarian and human pharmaceuticals using UHPLC-QTOF in livestock urine and blood (cattle, chicken, sheep and pig). Firstly, an in-house database including compound name, monoisotopic mass, chemical formula, retention time, chemical structure, and three CID MS-MS spectra of the 234 selected drugs were built for qualitative detection. Secondly, the method validation result showed that all the 234 drugs exhibited good linearity with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999. Then, the distribution of the drugs recoveries, intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD results for all seven matrices were tested. Finally, after a carefully cross check, 150 veterinarian and human pharmaceuticals could meet the methodological requirements (recovery, 50–120%; intra-day RSD ≤ 15%, inter-day RSD ≤ 20%) in all seven matrices. Our results suggested that although the main applications of UHPLC-QTOF are directed towards detection and identification of the compounds, this method should be also applied for quantitative purposes.

Chemical doping is adopted to tune the work function and electrical conductivity of carbon counter electrode (CE) in HTM-free organometallic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, the boron and phosphorus co-doped carbon (BPC) CE is constructed by coating a B doped carbon layer onto the P-doped carbon (PC). The work function of BPC CE with B/P co-doping (B: 2.68 at.%, P: 2.23 at.%) is thus regulated to 5.12 eV from the 5.01 eV of pure carbon and 4.81 eV of PC, and the sheet resistance is modulated to 8.41 Ω sq −1 from 14.75 Ω sq −1 of pure carbon and 7.89 Ω sq −1 of PC. As a consequence, the BPC-based PSCs deliver a power conversion efficiency of 6.78%, higher than those of pristine carbon (3.72%), PC (5.39%) and BC (5.20%) based PSCs, and even comparable to that of conventional Au-based device (7.22%), due to the enhanced hole extraction ability and the maintained high electronic conductivity. Moreover, the good stability in ambient condition over a period of 720 h is also demonstrated in the BPC-based PSCs. The successful application of BPC CE in PSCs shows a promising way for fabricating low-cost, large-scale and highly efficient PSCs in future.

Lungmen nuclear power plant project started long time ago, it is not yet commercially operated but Taiwan Power Company has already prepared for its startup tests. 3RIP trip startup test is one of them. Three of the 10 RIPs will be manually tripped in the test. Response of the plant for this transient will be watched and recorded to check if the test criteria are satisfied. This paper is a result of code simulation of 3RIP trip startup test of Lungmen ABWR nuclear power plant. Thermal hydraulic code TRACE coupled with neutronics code PARCS were used to build the simulation model of Lungmen nuclear power plant. Startup tests under different plant power and flow conditions are considered in this research. A sensitivity study on the impact of different pump moment of inertia has been performed. Simulation results with TRACE and PARCS shows that the acceptance criteria for this startup test can be satisfied and the impact of different pump inertia is little.

Safety issues of animal derived food have been emerging one after another, and the using of the illegal addictives and abuse of high-risk chemicals bred for livestock have been increasingly serious from melamine, lean meat powder, Sudan Red, plasticizing agent, waste oils to leather milk. How to determine these chemicals faces severe challenges. Infrared spectroscopy is the same powerful for material structures as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectrum. There are few researches about quality and safety of livestocks products. In this article, some researches in analyzing structures has been reviewed, including studies of spectral features, molecular conformation, stability, homologous series, derivative and reaction products, inferring functional groups of macromolecular compounds and molecular structural formula and distinguishing complex biological samples. Forming the new thought screening contaminants maybe used for animals is expected to early warning addictives causing serious food safety problems that is to build the comprehensive analysis methods for these matters on the basis of creating spectrum or functional groups databases designed for animal products.

To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of acupoint injection of medicine in the treatment of patients with acute cerebral ischemia stroke (ACIS).Ninety ACIS patients were randomized into control, Cobalamin and Gangliosides groups (After the treatment, of the three 30 cases in the control, Cobalamin and Gangliosides groups, 0, 4 and 2 were cured, 9, 15 and 14 experienced marked improvement in their symptoms, 12, 8 and 10 were improved, 9, 3 and 4 invalid, with the effective rates being 70.0%(21/30), 90.0%(27/30) and 86.7%(26/30), respectively. In comparison with pre-treatment, the CNDS of the three groups were all significantly decreased and the ADLS notably increased (Acupoint injection of both Cobalamin and Gangliosides can effectively improve acute ischemic stroke patients' neurological function and daily life living ability.

In this research, the TRACE/SNAP model of Lungmen ABWR nuclear power plant (NPP) has been established for the simulation and analysis of ultimate response guideline (URG). The main actions of URG are depressurization and low pressure water injection of reactor and containment venting. This research focuses to assess the URG utility of Lungmen NPP under Fukushima-like conditions. This study consists of three steps. The first step is the establishment of Lungmen NPP TRACE/SNAP model. In order to evaluate the system response of TRACE/SNAP model, FSAR data (MSIV closure and loss of feedwater flow transient) were used to compare with the results of TRACE. The second step is the URG simulation and analysis under Fukushima-like conditions by using Lungmen NPP TRACE/SNAP model. In this step, the no URG case was also performed in order to evaluate the URG effectiveness of Lungmen NPP. In order to confirm the mechanical property and integrity of fuel rods, the final step is FRAPTRAN analysis. According to TRACE analysis results, the URG can keep the peak cladding temperature (PCT) below the criteria 1 088.7 K under Fukushima-like conditions which indicates that Lungmen NPP can be controlled in a safe situation. Nevertheless, if Lungmen NPP does not perform the URG under Fukushima-like conditions, the water level may drop lower than TAF after 1 100 s which means a safety issue about the fuel rods may be generated. The analysis results of FRAPTRAN also indicate the integrity of fuel rods cannot be kept under the above conditions.

Objective To compare the dosimetric difference between the two beams formed by low melting-point lead (LML) and multileaf collimator (MLC) in orbit radiotherapy, so as to select the one with a lower lens dose for treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Methods Patients with unilateral and bilateral Graves' ophthalmopathy (10 cases each) suitable for radiotherapy were selected for dosimetric comparison. The identical sketching principle of target volume was employed, and the prescribed dose of planning target volume (PTV) was 2000 cGy/10 times. The distribution of radiation field in unilateral group was 3 fields (2 X-ray fields + 1 electron field), and in bilateral group was 4 fields (2 X-ray fields + 2 electron fields), and LML and MLC were employed to form the radiation field. The conformity index (CI) and dose volume histogram (DVH) were compared between the two formation methods of radiation field; the effective penumbra area of the half radiation field formed by the two methods and its influence on the lens dose were analyzed with flushing-free film and dose analysis software. Results The average dose of the affected side lens in MLC unilateral group was 582±34cGy, and of the lens of uninjured side was 160±22cGy, the CI of target volume was 0.69; the average dose of the left and right lens in MLC bilateral group was 591±47cGy and 585±52cGy, respectively, and the CI was 0.67. The average dose of the affected side lens in LML unilateral group was 252±45cGy, and that of the uninjured side lens was 148±19cGy, and the CI was 0.71; the average dose of the left and right lens in LML bilateral group was 247±44cGy and 256±42cGy, respectively, and the CI was 0.68. When the X-ray energy was setup at 4MV and 8MV, the half radiation field was 5cm×5cm with a depth of 4cm, and the effective penumbra area of LML was 3mm smaller than that of MLC. Conclusion A small radiation area formed by LML may be more appropriate, and it may not only diminish the penumbra of radiation field, also it significantly reduce the irradiation dose imparted to patients' affected side lens.

We describe a surface plasmon resonance-based fiber sensor based on a side-polished graded-index multimode fiber, in which an Al-doped zinc oxide/gold (AZO/Au) bilayer is deposited on the side-polished surface of the fiber core to improve the detection sensitivity of the device. The AZO/Au layer is used as the active sensing member of the device with a combination of a 75-nm-thick AZO layer and a 40-nm-thick Au layer. Such a device is then applied to the concentration measurement of CH3COONa solutions, as an example showing a good response to concentration variation. The results indicate that the additional AZO layer in the active sensing member may lead to higher detection sensitivity and greater measurement stability in the measurements of solution concentration.

Silt from the Yellow River was mixed with a certain amount of SiO2 powder to fabricate eco-friendly silica bricks and different amounts of TiO2 were added to ameliorate the thermal conductivity of the bricks. Results showed that the phases of as-fabricated silica bricks are cristobalite and tridymite with cristobalite predominating. With increasing amounts of TiO2, the bulk density and thermal conductivity of the samples increase. Although the bulk density (1.65~1.76 g/cm3 ) than the ideal density 1.85 g/cm3, the thermal conductivity is significantly ameliorated. The thermal conductivity of the sample with 1.5% TiO2 addition is 2.11 W/m.°C, which is nearly three times higher than that of commercial silica bricks (0.8 W/m.°C).

Cabbage growth and health diagnosis are important parts for cabbage fine planting, spectral imaging technology with the advantages of obtaining spectrum and space information of the target at the same time, which has become a research hotspot at home and abroad. The experiment measures the reflection spectrum at different stages using liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) and monochromatic CMOS camera composed of spectral imaging system for cabbage leaves damaged by diamondback moth pests, and analyzes its feature bands and the change of spectral parameters. The study shows that the feature bands of cabbage leaves damaged by diamondback moth pests have a tendency to blue light direction, the red edge towards blue shift, and red valley raising in spectral characteristic parameters, which have a good indication in diagnosing the extent of cabbage damaged by pests. Therefore, it has a unique advantage of monitoring the cabbage leaves damaged by diamondback moth pests by combinating feature bands and spectral characteristic parameters in spectral imaging technology.

Three novel 24,30-dinortriterpenoids named paeonenoides A-C (1-3) and the four related acetonide derivatives 4-7, most likely artifacts of isolation, together with a known triterpenoid, akebonic acid (8), were isolated from the root cortex of Paeonia veitchii. Their structures were established by spectroscopic means. The 24,30-dinor skeleton of triterpenoids occurs rarely in nature.

Objective To investigate the range of inter-fraction and intra-fraction motion of crystalline lens in radiotherapy. Methods The CT and MRI images of 17 patients were registered, and the profile of crystalline lens was delineated to determine the respective center coordinates, thus simulating and analyzing inter-fraction and intra-fraction motion of lens in radiotherapy. Results Both left and right lens moved in different degree during both inter-or intra-fraction phase. The range of lens movement was larger in inter-fraction than in intra-fraction phase in all directions. Conclusion When radiotherapy is given in the free state, considering the distance of lens movement alone in inter-and intra-fraction and without considering the setup error, the lens planning organs at risk should increase 1.5mm outside the lens boundary.

In this paper, Al(NO3)3•9H2O was used as raw material and the nanoparticles of Al-doped TiO2 were prepared by hydrothermal method. The nanoparticles and films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The flat band potential (Efb) of nanostructured TiO2 and Al-doped TiO2 in acetone have been determined with spectroelectrochemistry measurement. The results show that Al doping decreases the energy gap and improves the absorption ability in visible region. On the other hand, Al doping TiO2 can effectively embarrass the crystal growth of TiO2. Specifically, the Efb of TiO2 and Al-doped TiO2 can be determined to be -0.6 V and -0.3V.

Photoelectrochemical electrodes have been prepared by sequential deposition of quantum sized PbS, CdS and ZnS particles on TiO2 nanocrystalline films. Their photoelectrochemical properties have been studied in a two-electrode system which conforms more closely to practical conditions. The results show that the ternary sulfide PbS/CdS/ZnS co-sensitized TiO2 electrode generates incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) as high as nearly 100% under irradiation with 400 nm light; moreover its photostability is strongly improved, and this is the first report of this so far. The highest photoelectrical conversion efficiency is obtained for the TiO2/PbS/CdS/ZnS electrode, and is about twice as much as that of TiO2/PbS.

Objective To compare the dosimetric characteristics of intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT),three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3D-CRT) and super gamma knife arc conformal radiotherapy(SGS-CRT) for patients with recurrence of cervical cancer.Methods Treatment planning of IMRT,3D-CRT and SGS-CRT for 15 patients with recurrence of cervical cancer was designed,and the prescription dose(50Gy,2.0Gy×25) covered 95% of the planning target volume(PTV).The dosimetric characteristics of the 3 irradiation technologies in target region and organs at risk were compared by analyzing dose-volume histogram(DVH).Results The target volume of 95% prescription dose was significantly higher in 3D-CRT(99.9%±0.2%) than in IMRT(99.5%±0.5%) and SGS-CRT(99.3%±0.8%,P < 0.05);the dose gradient of target region was significantly higher in SGS-CRT(85%±20%) than in IMRT(10%±7%) and 3D-CRT(8%±5%,P < 0.05);the conformal index of target region was higher in IMRT(0.9±0.3) than in SGS-CRT(0.8±0.2,P < 0.05),and the latter was higher than that in 3D-CRT(0.7±0.5,P < 0.05).The DVH showed that the radiation volumes of bladder was lower in SGS-CRT(27.8%) than in IMRT(40.1%) and 3D-CRT(57.4%,P < 0.05) when the dosage ranged from 10 to 30 Gy,and the radiation volumes of rectum was lower in SGS-CRT(25.4%) than in IMRT(48.9%) and 3D-CRT(73.2%,P < 0.05) when the dosage ranged from 5 to 45 Gy,while there was no significant difference among the 3 irradiation technologies of the radiation volumes of small bowel.Conclusion SGS-CRT shows some dosimetric advantages in treating patients with recurrence of cervical cancer.

An ultrasensitive polyclonal antiserum against ciprofloxacin (CPFX) was developed by introducing cationized bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the carrier. Conjugates used as immunogens were synthesized using CPFX coupled to BSA cationized with ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine, namely CPFX-eBSA and CPFX-hBSA. The results showed that the antisera immunized with CPFX-hBSA exhibit an improved sensitivity and specificity compared with those immunized with CPFX-eBSA. Under the conditions of optimal heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the optimal antiserum yielded an IC50 of 0.097 ng mL−1, which proves it to be more sensitive than any CPFX antibody. Cross-reactivities with norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ofloxacin were < 3.0 %. No cross-reactivities with penicillin and gentamicin were found. The limit of detection was 0.01 ng mL−1, which is far below the maximum residue level established by the EU regulation, suggesting the great potential of the presented antiserum for quantitative assays of CPFX in samples.

Photoelectrochemical electrodes have been prepared by chemical deposit of quantum sized PbS particles (Q-PbS) on TiO 2 nanocrystalline films and followed by the modification of such electrodes with thiols. The photoelectrochemical properties have been studied. The results show that Q-PbS modified TiO 2 electrodes generate photocurrent as high as 542.5 μA/cm 2 under irradiation of a 400 nm light, but it undergoes photodegradation. The modification with thiols leads to an improvement in terms of increased photostability, although the photocurrent decreases due to the resistance brought about by the carbon chains of thiols.

Self-assembled films (SA films) of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid (PTA) (Film P) and II B group metal-ion-bridged PTA (Film PMP, M=Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , or Hg 2+ ) were fabricated on nanocrystalline TiO 2 electrodes and characterized with UV–VIS and IR spectra and XPS. Compared with Film P sensitized solar cell, Gratzel cells based on individual PMP electrodes are more efficient regarding photocurrent generation. Synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) study reveals that those HOMO energy levels of PMP films are greater than that of Film P. The higher HOMO energy levels will lead to higher excited state energy levels that benefit electron injection, and hence, increase efficiencies for photocurrent generation. In view of the invariable valence of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Hg 2+ ions, electron injection should be attributed to ligand, but not to the central metal ions, like the case of Ru(II)–bipyridyl complex.

Aglaianine (1), a new cinnamic acid-derived bisamide, together with 10 known compounds was isolated from the 95% ethanol extraction of the leaves of Aglaia abbreviata. The structure of 1 was elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of visualized programming on the learners' problem-solving abilities and logical reasoning skills. The subjects are six graders in Taipei city and they accept a Scratch programming course in a semester. The research result shows that the effect of problem-solving abilities is significant, especially at the reason of prediction. Nevertheless, there is no significant effect on logical reasoning skills. In short, integrating the visualized programming learning and problem-solving strategies can enhance the learners problem-solving skills.

The zonal characteristics and cultivated types difference of functional components in brown rice of 907 accessions for primary core collection for rice landrace from 16 prefectures of five rice regions in Yunnan Province were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of DU640 type from BECKMAN. The analytical results showed that the contents mg x (100 g)(-1) of total flavone in brown rice is 306.98 +/- 192.75, the content of upland (341.74 +/- 185.11) is the most significantly higher than that of lowland (290.41 +/- 193.72), that of the glutinous (315.54 +/- 197.64) is significantly higher than non-glutinous (171.68 +/- 11.76), that of early-mid (318.25 +/- 197.93) is the most significantly higher than late (282.12 +/- 178.11), that of red rice (379.22 +/- 197.70) and purple rice (365.61 +/- 195.44) are the most significantly higher than white rice (216.96 +/- 142.11), and that of nuda (332.68 +/- 196.22) is significantly higher than non-nuda (300. 48 +/- 191.14). Among five rice regions, in turn III (327.13)LL (324.23)IV (273.11)V (270.16)I (258.26), namely it is the most significantly highest (p0.01) for contents of total flavone from South Yunnan (II, III) than that of middle Yunnan; It is the most significantly highest from Simao prefecture than that of 8 prefectures, but it is the most significantly low from Baoshan prefecture than that of 7 prefectures. The contents mg x (100 g)(-1) of g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice is 7.43 +/- 2.53, the content of lowland (7.59 +/- 2. 56) is the most significantly higher than that of upland (7.09 +/- 2.45), that of non-glutinous (8.55 +/- 2.88) is the most significantly higher than glutinous (7.10 +/- 2.32), that of late (7.88 +/- 2.64) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (7.23 +/- 2.45), that of white rice (8.38 +/- 2.66) is the most significantly higher than red rice (6.63 +/- 2.14) and purple rice (7.34 +/- 2.18); Among five rice regions in turn II (7.69)I (7.40)IV (7.39)III (7.33)V (6.64), viz. the content of GABA from South Yunnan single/double cropping rice region is clearly higher than that of Northwest Yunnan cold highland japonica rice region; It is significant difference of GABA content in brown rice for that Simao prefecture South Yunnan and Yuxi as well as Baoshan prefecture, at least than that of 5 prefectures. The contents (%) of resistant starch in brown rice is 0.75 +/- 0.29, the contents of indica (0.78 +/- 0.35) is significantly higher than japonica (0.74 +/- 0.24), that of glutinous (0.78 +/- 0.31) is the most significantly higher than non-glutinous (0. 67 +/- 0.22), that of late (0.77 +/- 0. 35) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (0.75 +/- 0.26), that of red rice (0.81 +/- 0.30) and purple rice (0.70 +/- 0.30) is the most significantly higher than white rice (0.69 +/- 0.27); Among five rice regions in turn I (0.83)II (0.79)III (0.76)V (0. 55)IV (0.50), namely it is the highest (p0.01) for contents of resistant starch from the middle and South Yunnan province (I, II, III) than that of northern rice regions (V, IV), and the lowest for contents of resistant starch of Lijiang prefecture of northwestern and Zaotong of northeastern in this province compared to that of 13 prefectures except Diqing prefectures. These results not only reveal the most significant difference between lowland versus upland, glutinous versus nonglutinous, early/mid rice and red/purple versus white rice based on the contents of total flavone and resistant starch as well as g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice (p0.01), and no significant difference between indica and japonica, awn and no-awn, and common rice and aromatic/soft rice, but also elucidate obvious zonal characteristics of three functional components in brown rice of Yunnan rice. The above results provided theory bases for the genetic breeding and production of functional rice and solve the problems of chronic for human being.

To prepare specific antibodies against ciprofloxacin (CIP) and characterize the antibodies properities with ELISA, then lay the foundation for development of CIP rapid detection kit.New Zealand white rabbits and BALB/c mice were immunized with CIP-cBSA conjugate, CIP-nOVA and CIP-cOVA serving as coating antigen were used to screen antisera, indirect (competitive) ELISA was developed to determine the titer and specificity of the antisera.Seven antisera against CIP were obtained, two of them were high specific to CIP with IC(50); 1 μg/L, the titer of which was 4 000 and 2 000, respectively.The antisera had some degree cross-reactivity with ENR, NOR and OFL, but had hardly cross-reactivity with PEN, KAN and QEN.The antibodies with high specificity developed in this study can be used to develop CIP detecting kit.

A new cinnamic acid-derived bisamide 1 and a new oplopanone-type sesquiterpenoid diglycoside 2, together with 11 known compounds, were isolated from the 95% ethanolic extract of the leaves of Aglaia perviridis. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

In the present paper, the contents of 8 elements in brown rice of 789 accessions core collection for rice landrace from 16 prefectures of five rice regions in Yunnan province were determined by ICP-AES technique. The method proves to be simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate, and can be used to determine many elements at the same time. Its recovery ratio obtained by standard addition method ranged from 97.1% to 110.2%, and its RSD was from 0.7% to 4.4%. The analytical results showed that the elemental concentrations (mg x kg(-1) ) in brown rice are in turn of P(3 834.83 +/- 486.49)K(2 567.72 +/- 336.74)Mg (2 567.72 +/- 336.74)Ca (153.67 +/- 55.90)Zn( 33.35 +/- 13.65)Fe(32.08 +/- 25.51)Cu (14.22 +/- 11.85)Mn(13.58 +/- 3.22). The highest P content is in brown rice from the northwest Yunnan with the rich nonferrous metals and most abundance of biodiversity in the world, the highest Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn concentrations are in brown rice from the middle Yunnan with early cambrian fauna and phosphorite enrichment, and the highest Cu and Mn contents are in brown rice from the southwest Yunnan with the prominent crop diversity. The distributing zones with the highest P and K, middle Ca, Mg and Mn and lowest Fe and Zn in Yunnan are the enrichment zone of minal resources and largest biodiversity. As far as we know, this is the first report that the zonal characterstics of mineral elemental concentractions in brown rice are associated with a lot of factors, such as biodiversity center, enrichment zone of minal resources, origin of life, mountain ranges and rivers and so on, and further it was deduced that the asymmetry of distribution for mineral elements and its reciprocity of mountain ranges and rivers are the key of origin of life. The above results provided reliable data and theory bases for the malnourished Fe and Zn and Ca for 4 billion people in the world, origin of life, the genetic breeding and production of functional rice.

In the present paper, the contents of 18 mineral elements in milled and brown rice of 55 accessions elite cultivars as well as corresponding soils were determined by ICP-AES technique. The method proves to be simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate, and can be used to determine many elements at the same time, its recovery ratio obtained by standard addition method ranged between 93.1% and 110.2%, and its RSD was from 0.8% to 5.1%. The analytical results showed that 18 mineral elements (S, Mo, Ba, Ni, Fe, Cr, Na, Al, Cu, P, Sn, Zn, B, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr and K) are the important active compositions of functional rice, and their mean contents in milled rice are in the order of PKSMgCaZnNaAlMnFeCuBMoNiSnCrBaSr, in brown rice in the order of PKMgSCaZnMnAlNaFeCuBMoSnNiCrBaSr, but in soil in the order of FeAlCaKMgPSMnBNaBaZnCrCuNiSnMoSr; 16 mineral elements in milled and brown rice (except for S and P) are clearly lower than that in soils. The correlation of 8 microelements (Mo, Ni, Cr, Sr, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na) in milled and brown rice is closer than that of 6 macroelements (P, K, Mg, Ca, S and Al). There are rich Fe, Al and Ca in Yunnan soils, but 4 elements (P, K, Mg and S) are in high priority in milled and brown rice; The milled rice used for the staple is easier to place a premium on chronics than brown rice. The above results provided reliable data and theory bases for genetic breeding and production of functional rice, and for further solving the chronics and the malnourished problems with insufficient Fe, Zn and Ca for 4 billion people in the world.

In the present paper, the contents of 17 mineral elements (S, Mo, Ni, Fe, Cr, Na, Al, Cu, P, Sn, Zn, B, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr and K) in brown rice of 264 plant lines in near-isogenic lines (NILs) population and parents for Japonica rice were determined by ICP-AES technique. The method proved to be simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate, and can be used to determine many elements at the same time. Its recovery ratio obtained by standard addition method ranged between 92.3% and 110.27%, and its RSD was lower than 6%. The analytical results showed that NILs for various mineral elements based on the BC5F5 population consisting of 261 lines were developed from a cross between NIL (BC4F5) and Towada. To our knowledge, this is the first report on that near-isogenic lines NIL(BC4F5) with the important value for high mineral elements associated with cold tolerance at booting stage have been bred. The results of the determination show that the brown rice is rich in eleven elements such as P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Zn, Mn, Na, Fe, Cu and Al necessary to human health. There is smaller variation of 5 macroelements (11.15%-16.45%) but larger variation of 12 microelements (16.57%-94.96%) in brown rice from populations. There is significant correlation among 95 from 136 pairs in 17 elements, moreover, especially the correlation (0.531**-0.921**) among 15 pairs of six micro-elements (Mo, Ni, Al, Sn, Cr and Sr) associated with the active components of functional rice is relatively higher than that of 10 pairs (0.175**-0.867**) of 5 macroelements (P, K, Ca, Mg and S), revealing the importance of microelements to catalysing and synthesizing the active components of functional rice. The above results provided reliable data and theory bases for gene location and cloning of controlling elements contents in brown rice, and further revealed the molecular and physiological mechanism of the relation between mineral elements in brown rice and cold tolerance at booting stage in japonica rice from Yunnan Province of China.

A novel, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-hydride generation online coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-HG-AFS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and roxarsone in feed. 20% Methanol aqueous was used as extraction reagent, after preprocessing samples by ultrasonic oscillation, then injected into the chromatography Waters symmetry shield™ RP18 analytical column (150mm × 4.6mm, 5 μm), finally detected by an atomic fluorescence spectrometer. The calibration curves of analyses were linear over a range of concentrations (0.2–4mg L − 1) and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9990. The limits of detection were 0.2 mg L − 1. The method has been validated by linearity, precision and recovery. p-ASA and roxarsone in feed can be successfully and simultaneously determined using the developed method without a tedious pretreatment procedure.

A RETRAN02/MOD5 model was developed for Lungmen ABWR and applied for ATWS transient analysis. Three ATWS events including Main Steam Isolation Valve Closure (MSIVC), Loss of Offsite Power (LOOP), and Inadvertent Opening of all Turbine Bypass Valves (IOTBV) are analyzed in this study. During the first two transients, the vessel pressure is increased as a result of steam flow reduction due to the closure of main steam isolation valves (MSIVs) and Turbine Control Valves (TCVs) respectively. In the third transient, the vessel pressure is reduced because of the open of Turbine Bypass Valves (TBVs) and turns to be increased because of the closure of MSIVs. All of the above transients suffer high neutron flux as a result of void reduction. There are several equipments and procedures to mitigate ATWS transient such as feedwater trip, Reactor Internal Pumps (RIPs) runback and trip, and the depressurization of relief valves. After the ATWS high pressure signal is initiated and permissive for 180 seconds, Standby Liquid Control system is initiated to inject boron liquid into upper plenum to shutdown the reactor. The results conclude that equipments and procedures mitigate the event effectively and the core is brought to shutdown state.

Five parents and their near-isogenic lines (NILs) were grown in field experiments in Kunming (elevation 1916 m, two kinds of water temperatures at booting stage were 19.5 +/- 0.7 degrees C and 17.8 +/- 1.1 degrees C) and Aziying (elevation 2150 m, water temperature at booting stage was 18.2 +/- 0.22 degrees C), Yunnan, China, in 2004. Seventeen agronomic traits and SSR molecular markers were clustered by Statistica. The results showed that: (1) The morphological traits of NILs of cold tolerance and recurrent parents (Towada) at booting stage were similar, but the traits related cold tolerance, such as spike neck length, full grains, seed setting rate, anther length, anther volume, were different obviously; (2) using 7 markers had polymorphism between Towada and NILs were chosen from 78 SSR markers, the cold tolerance of NILs proved to be different to Towada. This demonstrates that these NILs were promising population for fine mapping and cloning genes for cold tolerance.

Two pairs of primers were designed based on the known sequence in GenBank for amplification of MTNR1A gene in a Large White and a Landrace herd. Using PCR-SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism), we found a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) within the product amplified from the first pair of primers. PCR products from randomly selected different genotypes were sequenced after were recovered and purified. Results revealed a synonymous single base mutation(G--A) at +159bp(sequence numbering based on Genbank accession number U73326) for the BB genotype. When analyzed for association with litter size traits, this MTNR1A SNP was found to have no significant effect on litter size traits.

Three novel 24,30-dinortriterpenoids named paeonenoides A-C (1-3) and the four related acetonide derivatives 4-7, most likely artifacts of isolation, together with a known triterpenoid, akebonic acid (8), were isolated from the root cortex of Paeonia veitchii. Their structures were established by spectroscopic means. The 24,30-dinor skeleton of triterpenoids occurs rarely in nature.