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Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2022-08-30T14:00:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2020 - Adamastor Pereira Barros.pdf: 5322300 bytes, checksum: 2ed6043739f4cea0e221ab78039303b6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-30T14:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2020 - Adamastor Pereira Barros.pdf: 5322300 bytes, checksum: 2ed6043739f4cea0e221ab78039303b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-09-08 CAPES - Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior Pest management in food production with no chemical residues and environmental impact is a challenge for agriculture. One of the appropriate tools to manage pests in an environmentally safe way is by offering and maximizing natural resources to natural enemies. Besides being a method that demands little energy when well implemented, conservative biological control modifies the layout of the agricultural landscape, increasing biodiversity as a whole, including that of natural enemies of pests. The greater supply of resources creates conditions for them to feed and reproduce in the refuge, with greater possibilities for controlling agricultural pests. However, there is a great lack of knowledge about which plants to use, how to use them, and in which situations or problems. The general objective was to evaluate the potential of plants for the attractiveness of natural enemies and their use in the biological control of phytophagous insects in organic crops. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in Serop?dica-RJ, in two phases. In the first phase, from May to November 2017, the objective was to evaluate the vegetative and flowering performance of four plant species (Cosmos sulphureus - Asteraceae, Canavalia ensiformis - Fabaceae, Crotalaria spectabilis - Fabaceae and Foeniculum vulgare - Apiaceae), in two forms of cultivation (single and consortium in three planting densities 10.8; 14.3 and 21.5 plants. m-2, called mix 1, mix 2 and mix 3, respectively), and also evaluate the effects of these mixes on the community of predatory arthropods associated to them. In the second phase, from June to December 2018, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the combination of these plants that attracted greater diversity of entomophagous arthropods, planted in the lateral band, in organic cultivation of cabbage and common beans on the community of these arthropods, of phytophagous insects and the productivity in these crops when planted in succession, having as a comparison the spontaneous vegetation (positive control) and the bare soil with plastic mulch (negative control). Entomophagous arthropods and phytophagous insects were evaluated in the ranges and in three different distances of these [1, 3 and 6 meters]. The experiments were installed in plots of 3 x 4 meters and 3 x 8 meters in the first and second phases, respectively, spaced in 5 meters, using DBC with four blocks. The results are presented in four chapters, addressing: a) Performance of plants with potential for conservative biological control; b) Effect of floral compositions on the community of predatory arthropods; c) Use of floral resources in attracting natural enemies in organic cabbage cultivation; d) Use of floral resources in attracting natural enemies and pest control in bean cultivation, under organic system. Thus, it is concluded that the consortium tested with 21.5 plants.m-2 present adaptability from the phytotechnical point of view, in the soil and climate conditions of Serop?dica-RJ, are attractive to predatory arthropods, can be used as a tool for insect management and diversification in agroecosystems such as cabbage and beans without reducing productivity O manejo de pragas na produ??o de alimentos com aus?ncia de res?duos qu?micos e impacto ambiental ? um desafio para a agricultura. Uma das ferramentas adequadas para manejar de forma ambientalmente segura as pragas ? atrav?s da oferta e a maximiza??o dos recursos naturais para inimigos naturais. Al?m de ser um m?todo que demanda pouca energia quando bem implementado, o controle biol?gico conservativo modifica o layout da paisagem agr?cola, aumentando a biodiversidade como um todo, incluindo a de inimigos naturais de pragas. A maior oferta de recursos cria condi??es para que estes alimentem-se e reproduzam-se no ref?gio, com maiores possibilidades de controle de pragas agr?colas. Entretanto, h? grande car?ncia de conhecimentos sobre quais plantas utilizar, como utilizar e em quais situa??es ou problemas. O objetivo geral foi avaliar o potencial de plantas para a atratividade de inimigos naturais e o seu uso no controle biol?gico de insetos fit?fagos em cultivos org?nicos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condi??es de campo em Serop?dica-RJ, em duas fases. Na primeira fase, no per?odo de maio a novembro de 2017, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho vegetativo e do florescimento de quatro esp?cies de plantas (Cosmos sulphureus - Asteraceae, Canavalia ensiformis ? Fabaceae, Crotalaria spectabilis ? Fabaceae e Foeniculum vulgare - Apiaceae), em duas formas de cultivo (solteiro e consorciado em tr?s densidades de plantio 10,8; 14,3 e 21,5 plantas.m-2, chamadas de mix 1, mix 2 e mix 3, respectivamente), e avaliar tamb?m os efeitos desses mixes sobre a comunidade de artr?podes predadores associados a elas. Na segunda fase, no per?odo de junho a dezembro de 2018, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da combina??o dessas plantas que atraiu maior diversidade de artr?podes entom?fagos, plantadas em faixa lateral, em cultivo org?nico de repolho e feij?o comum sobre a comunidade desses artr?podes, dos insetos fit?fagos e a produtividade nesses cultivos quando plantados em sucess?o, tendo como compara??o a vegeta??o espont?nea (controle positivo) e o solo desnudo com mulch pl?stico (controle negativo). Os artr?podes entom?fagos e insetos fit?fagos foram avaliados nas faixas e em tr?s diferentes dist?ncias destas [1, 3 e 6 metros]. Os experimentos foram instalados em parcelas de 3 x 4 metros e 3 x 8 metros na primeira e segunda fase, respectivamente, espa?adas em 5 metros, usando DBC com quatro blocos. Os resultados s?o apresentados em quatro cap?tulos, abordando: a) Desempenho de plantas com potencial para o controle biol?gico conservativo; b) Efeito de composi??es florais sobre a comunidade de artr?podes predadores; c) Uso de recursos florais na atra??o de inimigos naturais no cultivo org?nico de repolho; d) Uso de recursos florais na atra??o de inimigos naturais e controle de pragas no cultivo de feij?o, sob sistema org?nico. Assim, conclui-se que o cons?rcio das plantas testadas com 21,5 plantas.m-2 apresentam adaptabilidade do ponto de vista fitot?cnico, nas condi??es edafoclim?ticas de Serop?dica-RJ, s?o atrativas para artr?podes predadores, podem ser usadas como ferramenta para o manejo de insetos e a diversifica??o de em agroecossistemas como o de repolho e feij?o sem redu??o de produtividade

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2022-08-30T19:00:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Michele Guimar?es Donatti Ricalde.pdf: 5056414 bytes, checksum: cfe03632bcd174d77fb5ca5bb20fd622 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-30T19:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Michele Guimar?es Donatti Ricalde.pdf: 5056414 bytes, checksum: cfe03632bcd174d77fb5ca5bb20fd622 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-08-27 CAPES - Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior The control of pest insects in organic agriculture is a major problem due to the small amount of inputs available for this purpose. Diversifying vegetation is a practice that provides important ecological services, including the attraction of natural enemies to production systems. This pest control tactic is called Conservative Biological Control, which aims at attracting natural enemies and maintaining them in production systems. The attraction and maintenance of these insects considered natural enemies is a cheap and effective option for reducing pests in organic systems. In this context, we can use plants that attract and make resources available to these natural enemies by providing food (pollen, prey nectar / alternate hosts), shelter, breeding ground and oviposition, keeping these useful insect breeding grounds close to cultivated areas. Thus, the objective of this work is to know the arthropodofauna of two species of plants of the genus Tithonia to act in conservative biological control in areas of mono and polyculture of vegetables under organic management. The experiments were carried out in three different locations: Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Serop?dica-RJ, Pesagro Experimental Station in Paty do Alferes-RJ and Embrapa Experimental Station in Serop?dica-RJ in June 2015 to June 2018. Two species of plants of the family Asteraceae (Tithonia rotundifolia and Tithonia diversifolia) were chosen. These are species adapted to the conditions of southeastern Brazil, relatively known by many organic producers and easily multiplied. The first step consisted of evaluating these plants in two different places, with emphasis on the period and duration of flowering and their potential attractiveness to arthropodofauna. In stands of each species in single cultivation, and in two places, one at sea level and one at 500 m altitude, biweekly collections were made using manual collections and using suction equipment, where these collected arthropods were stored and taken to the Embrapa Agrobiology Biological Control Laboratory for further identification. In the second stage these plants were used in consortium with vegetables (tomato, broccoli and okra) aiming at increasing natural enemies and reducing pests in these crops, where the intercropping and crop distances with attractive plants were evaluated. 37 arthropod families were found in T. diversifolia and 36 in T. rotundifolia; Of these, 21 and 18 families were from natural enemies, respectively. The most frequent families for the two plants studied were Coccinellidae, Dolichopodidae and Carabidae. Among the phytophages, the presence of Cicadellidae was highlighted for both plants. These crops have attractive potential and can be used to diversify agroecosystems. In the consortia between T. rotundifolia with broccoli and tomato, both presented an increase in the presence of natural enemies in relation to the control. In the okra consortium T. rotundifolia influenced the presence of a larger number of Coccinelidae mainly of the genus Scymnus sp. in okra culture mainly at a distance of 1m. O controle de insetos-praga em agricultura org?nica ? um grande problema devido ? pouca quantidade de insumos dispon?veis para tal fim. Diversificar a vegeta??o ? uma pr?tica que presta importantes servi?os ecol?gicos, entre os quais a atra??o de inimigos naturais para os sistemas produtivos. Essa t?tica de controle de pragas ? denominada de Controle Biol?gico Conservativo que visa ? atra??o dos inimigos naturais e tamb?m ? manuten??o dos mesmos nos sistemas produtivos. A atra??o e manuten??o desses insetos considerados inimigos naturais configura numa op??o barata e eficaz para a redu??o de pragas em sistemas org?nicos. Nesse contexto, podemos utilizar plantas que atraem e disponibilizam recursos para esses inimigos naturais oferecendo alimento (p?len, n?ctar presa/hospedeiros alternativos), abrigo, local para acasalamento e oviposi??o, mantendo esses criat?rios de insetos ?teis pr?ximos ?s ?reas de cultivo. Com isso, o trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer a artropodofauna de duas esp?cies de plantas do g?nero Tithonia para atuar no controle biol?gico conservativo em ?reas de mono e policultivo de hortali?as, sob manejo org?nico. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em tr?s locais diferentes sendo esses: Esta??o Experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro em Serop?dica-RJ, Esta??o Experimental da Pesagro em Paty do Alferes-RJ e Esta??o Experimental Embrapa/ Agrobiologia em Serop?dica-RJ no per?odo de junho de 2015 a junho de 2018. Foram escolhidas duas esp?cies de plantas da fam?lia Asteraceae (Tithonia rotundifolia e Tithonia diversifolia). Essas s?o esp?cies adaptadas ?s condi??es da regi?o Sudeste do Brasil, relativamente conhecidas por muitos produtores org?nicos e de f?cil multiplica??o. A primeira etapa consistiu em avaliar essas plantas em dois locais diferentes, com ?nfase no per?odo e dura??o da flora??o e no seu potencial atrativo a artropodofauna. Em talh?es de cada esp?cie em cultivo solteiro, e em dois locais, sendo um ao n?vel do mar e um a 500 m de altitude, foram feitas coletas quinzenais utilizando coletas manuais e com uso de equipamentos sugador, onde esses artr?podes coletados foram armazenados e levados para o Laborat?rio de Controle Biol?gico da Embrapa Agrobiologia para posterior identifica??o. Na segunda etapa essas plantas foram utilizadas em cons?rcio com hortali?as (tomate, br?colis e quiabo) visando o aumento de inimigos naturais e a diminui??o de pragas nestas culturas, onde foram avaliados o cons?rcio e as dist?ncias das culturas com as plantas atrativas. Foram encontradas 37 fam?lias de artr?podes em T. diversifolia e 36 em T. rotundifolia; destas, 21 e 18 fam?lias eram de inimigos naturais, respectivamente. As fam?lias com maior frequ?ncia para as duas plantas estudas foram Coccinellidae, Dolichopodidae e Carabidae. Entre os fit?fagos, destacou-se a presen?a de Cicadellidae para as duas plantas. Essas culturas t?m potencial atrativo, podendo ser utilizada na diversifica??o de agroecossistemas. Nos cons?rcios entre T. rotundifolia com br?colis e tomate, ambos apresentarm um incremento na presen?a de inimigos naturais em rela??o a testemunha. No cons?rcio com quiabo T. rotundifolia influenciou a presen?a de um n?mero maior de Coccinelideos principalmente do g?nero Scymnus sp. na cultura do quiabo principalmente na dist?ncia de 1m.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2021-04-13T22:38:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Halina Schultz.pdf: 464528 bytes, checksum: e5a0d2b98600122d92fcbebbad640f85 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-13T22:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Halina Schultz.pdf: 464528 bytes, checksum: e5a0d2b98600122d92fcbebbad640f85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-28 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES, Brasil) The biological aumentative control consists in the rearing and multiplication of biological control agents in the laboratory for releases them in cultivation areas to control the target pest. However, one of the obstacles to the rearing of these agents is the development of methodologies that allow the use of natural or alternative food that does not compromise the performance of them. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the use of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae as an alternative prey for larvae and adults of the lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in order to improve the methodologies for the rearing of entomophages under laboratory conditions. For this, experiments were carried out comparing larvae of D. melanogaster with the aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemipera: Aphididae), as natural prey of C. maculata, and thus were generated two chapters with specific objectives. The objective of chapter I was to evaluate the suitability of the alternative prey (D. melanogaster) offered to C. maculata in comparison with L. erysimi, observing the biological and reproductive parameters of this lady beetle. The experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions (temperature 25 ? 1 ?C, humidity 60 ? 10%, photophase 12 hours) at the Integrated Center for Pest Management (CIMP), DEnF - UFRRJ, RJ and was composed of two treatments and 10 replicates, in a completely randomized design, with each replicate consisting of six individuals. The objective of chapter II was to evaluate the larval and adult food intake of C. maculata using larvae of D. melanogaster and L. erysimi aphids, in equivalent amounts, and their influence in the duration of the post-embryonic phases, and also to determine the nitrogen and carbon contents to assess the quality of the prey offered. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment under the same conditions as before. The design was completely randomized, with ten treatments (5 different densities of each prey) and five replications, totaling 50 individuals. The prey was weighed and offered daily, as well as the leftovers from the diet offered the previous day were quantified as well. The nutritional values of the prey with determination of nitrogen and carbon were taken in the "John Day Laboratory" of Embrapa Agrobiology. It can be concluded that live larvae of D. melanogaster are suitable for the development of C. maculata. O controle biol?gico aumentativo consiste na cria??o e multiplica??o de agentes de controle biol?gico em laborat?rio para libera??es dos mesmos em ?reas de cultivo para o controle da praga alvo. Entretanto, um dos entraves para a cria??o desses agentes ? o desenvolvimento de metodologias que permitam o uso de alimento natural ou alternativo que n?o comprometa o desempenho do mesmo. Em busca de resultados que visem incrementar as metodologias de cria??o de entom?fagos, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a utiliza??o de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) como presa alternativa para cria??o de larvas e adultos da joaninha Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) em condi??es de laborat?rio. Para tal, experimentos foram conduzidos comparando larvas de D. melanogaster com o pulg?o Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemipera: Aphididae), como presa natural de C. maculata, e assim foram gerados dois cap?tulos com objetivos espec?ficos. O objetivo do cap?tulo I foi avaliar a adequabilidade da presa alternativa (D. melanogaster) oferecida a C. maculata em compara??o com L. erysimi, observando os par?metros biol?gicos e reprodutivos dessa joaninha. O experimento foi conduzido em condi??es ambientais controladas (temperatura 25 ? 1 ?C, umidade 60 ? 10%, fotofase 12 horas), no Centro Integrado de Manejo de Pragas (CIMP), DEnF - UFRRJ, RJ e foi constitu?do de dois tratamentos e 10 repeti??es, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo cada repeti??o constitu?da de seis indiv?duos O objetivo do cap?tulo II foi avaliar o consumo alimentar de larva e adulto de C. maculata usando larvas de D. melanogaster e pulg?es L. erysimi, em quantidades equivalentes, e sua influ?ncia na dura??o das fases p?s-embrion?rias, e ainda determinar os teores de nitrog?nio e carbono para aferir a qualidade das presas ofertadas. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado, nas mesmas condi??es anteriores. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos (5 densidades diferentes de cada presa) e cinco repeti??es, totalizando 50 indiv?duos. As presas foram pesadas e ofertadas diariamente, assim como as sobras da dieta ofertada no dia anterior foram quantificadas tamb?m. Os valores nutricionais aferidos das presas com determina??o de nitrog?nio e carbono foram realizadas no ?Laborat?rio John Day? da Embrapa Agrobiologia. Pode-se concluir que larvas vivas de D. melanogaster s?o adequadas para o desenvolvimento de C. maculata.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2021-04-19T18:27:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Hagabo Honorato de Paulo.pdf: 745198 bytes, checksum: 75966f6e5dca31c6caeb6ec3c56b10eb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-19T18:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Hagabo Honorato de Paulo.pdf: 745198 bytes, checksum: 75966f6e5dca31c6caeb6ec3c56b10eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-12 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES, Brasil) In the quest for sustainable agriculture, concern about its impact on the environment and the contamination of the food chain with pesticides, based on practices that promote agrobiodiversity, and the insertion of natural biological processes into the system, it is important to use effective phytosanitary products against, the pests and preferably selective to the populations of natural enemies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the insecticidal potential and toxicity, through topical application of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and tobacco leaf (Nicotine tabacum) produced from the alcoholic concentration of its bioactive principles in rotavapor and diluted in water, (CL50 and CL90) on eggs, larvae, and adults of their predator Coleomegilla maculata De-Geer, when fed with treated aphids (Myzus persicae), and determine the possible lethal and / or sublethal effects of these aqueous extracts (CL50 and CL90) with aqueous extracts under laboratory conditions. The creations of M. persicae and C. maculata, as well as the experiments, were performed in climatic chambers (25 ? 2?C, 60 ? 10% RH and 12h). The extracts of the plants were prepared in the laboratory of extracts of plants in the State Center of Research in Organic Agriculture CEPAO / PESAGRO-RIO. Sprays were sprayed with a calibrated manual sprayer with 1.5 ? 0.5 mg of cm? in accordance with the methodology established by IOBC. The experimental design was completely randomized, with factorial arrangement 2 x 8 (smoke and neem) with 8 concentrations, plus the control, with 10 replicates. Evaluations were performed 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of the products. The variables were analyzed in the statistical program R, using the ExpDes.pt package and the nls function for the analysis of variance and non-linear regression, besides the use of the ecotoxicology package for Probit analysis. The extracts showed insecticidal effect on M. persicae at the doses tested, causing mortality and reduction in the number of nymphs, as the concentration increased. A matrix creation of C. maculata was fed ad libitum with M. persicae for two generations, before starting the bioassays. Three bioassays were performed: I) effects of plant extracts on C. maculata eggs; II) effects of plant extracts on third instar larvae of C. maculata fed with treated aphids; III) effects of plant extracts on adult males and females of C. maculata fed with treated aphids. In addition to mortality, the effects of the extracts on the biological parameters of insect development were evaluated. Extracts at doses equivalent to CL50 and CL90 reduced the viability of the eggs of the ladybugs, and the survival of the larvae from these eggs, influencing at each stage of development, thus reducing the emergence of adults. There was no mortality of the adults of C. maculata fed with treated aphids, however the percentage of hatching of the larvae from the postures after feeding was reduced. Na busca por uma agricultura sustent?vel, preocupada com o seu impacto no ambiente e a contamina??o da cadeia alimentar com agrot?xicos, apoiada em pr?ticas que promovam a agrobiodiversidade, e a inser??o dos processos biol?gicos naturais no sistema, ? importante o uso de produtos fitossanit?rios efetivos contra as pragas e preferencialmente seletivos ?s popula??es de inimigos naturais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o potencial inseticida e a toxicidade, via aplica??o t?pica de extratos de folhas de nim (Azadirachta indica) e fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) produzidos a partir da concentra??o alco?lica de seus princ?pios bioativos em rotavapor e dilu?dos em ?gua, em oito concentra??es, sobre o pulg?o Myzus persicae (Sulzer), e determinar os poss?veis efeitos letais e/ou subletais desses extratos aquosos (Cl50 e Cl90) sobre ovos, larvas e adultos de seu predador Coleomegilla maculata De-Geer, quando alimentado com pulg?es tratados com os extratos aquosos em condi??es de laborat?rio. As cria??es de M. persicae e C. maculata, bem como os experimentos, foram realizadas em condi??es controladas (25 ? 2?C, 60 ? 10% UR; e 12h de fotoper?odo). Os extratos foram preparados no laborat?rio de extratos de plantas no Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Agricultura Org?nica (CEPAO)/PESAGRO-RIO. As pulveriza??es foram efetuadas com pulverizador manual calibrado, com a aplica??o de 1,5 ? 0,5 mg de calda cm-?, de acordo com a metodologia estabelecida pela IOBC. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 8 (extrato de fumo e nim, com 8 concentra??es, mais a testemunha) com 10 repeti??es. Foram realizadas avalia??es 24, 48 e 72 horas ap?s a aplica??o dos produtos. As vari?veis foram analisadas no programa estat?stico R, utilizando o pacote ExpDes.pt e a fun??o nls e o pacote ecotoxicology para a an?lise de Probit. Os extratos t?m efeito inseticida sobre M. persicae nas doses testadas, causando mortalidade e redu??o do n?mero de ninfas, ? medida que aumentou a concentra??o. Uma cria??o matriz de C. maculata foi alimentada ad libitum com M. persicae por duas gera??es, antes de iniciar os bioensaios. Foram realizados tr?s bioensaios: I) efeitos dos extratos de plantas sobre ovos de C. maculata, II) efeitos dos extratos de plantas sobre larvas de terceiro instar de C. maculata alimentadas com pulg?es tratados, e III) efeitos dos extratos de plantas sobre adultos machos e f?meas de C. maculata alimentadas com pulg?es tratados. Al?m da mortalidade, foram avaliados os efeitos dos extratos sobre os par?metros biol?gicos de desenvolvimento dos insetos. Os extratos nas doses equivalentes a CL50 e CL90 reduziram a viabilidade dos ovos das joaninhas, e da sobreviv?ncia das larvas provenientes destes ovos, influenciando em cada fase de desenvolvimento, reduzindo assim a emerg?ncia dos adultos. Os pulg?es tratados fornecidos ?s larvas de terceiro instar afetaram o tempo de desenvolvimento e a sobreviv?ncia em cada fase, reduzindo a popula??o de adultos. N?o houve mortalidade dos adultos de C. maculata alimentados com pulg?es tratados, entretanto a porcentagem de eclos?o das larvas provenientes das posturas ap?s a alimenta??o foi reduzida.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2021-05-13T12:08:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Rafael Nogueira Scoriza.pdf: 2048531 bytes, checksum: b04ecb63afe7fae7451ac805ac15714f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-13T12:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Rafael Nogueira Scoriza.pdf: 2048531 bytes, checksum: b04ecb63afe7fae7451ac805ac15714f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq Contamination, which is generally promoted by anthropic activities, is associated with a number of harmful effects on human health. The effects on biodiversity are targeted and currently of equal importance, especially when they affect key organisms, ecological functions and beneficial ecosystem services to man. In Brazil many soil contamination cases aren?t known to the population and the scientific community, occurring predominantly in particular areas. With this, the proposal to evaluate areas with a history of contamination in a conservation unit allows and facilitates the implementation of knowledge and methods few explored in the country, mainly ecological risk assessment. In addition, the call for conservation of biodiversity in the conservation unit drives and directs the study for environmental purposes. In the first chapter we evaluate an area with a history of soil contamination by ascarel oil leakage, which was contained in electric transformers of a railway substation. However, the presence of the possible historical contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metallic mercury) were not confirmed by chemical analyzes of the soil. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of other possible contaminants on the soil biota. For this, attributes of the environment and of the community of invertebrates of the soil were confronted by analysis of redundancy, where it was verified that 100% of the variability of the biotic data were explained by the abiotic ones. This allows to conclude that there are no effects of contaminants and infer about their absence in the soil. The second chapter deals with an old limestone mining pit that has been used for the training and improvement of environmental, police and military agents, mainly for shooting training. However, it is known that this activity has great potential for soil contamination by heavy metals, especially lead. The evaluation of the site was based on the triad risk assessment carried out in ten points (one used as reference) arranged in transects, where chemical, ecological and ecotoxicological evidence are considered together. The chemical evidence line showed a risk above that accepted for natural areas (0.25), caused by the presence of potentially toxic barium and lead to soil organisms. In the ecological evidence, the community of soil mesofauna increased the risk values, where all points investigated presented values above 0.25. In the ecotoxicology there was variation between the points, caused mainly by the difference of sensitivity of the test organisms used (Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus). Thus, eight of the nine points investigated presented a higher risk than that accepted for natural areas, which indicates the need for a better understanding of the effects caused by the anthropic uses of the area within a protected area. A contamina??o, que geralmente ? promovida por atividades antr?picas, est? associada a diversos efeitos nocivos ? sa?de humana. Os efeitos sobre a biodiversidade s?o visados e atualmente de igual import?ncia, principalmente quando afetam organismos chave, fun??es ecol?gicas e servi?os ecossist?micos ben?ficos ao homem. No Brasil muitos casos de contamina??o do solo n?o s?o de conhecimento da popula??o e da comunidade cient?fica, ocorrendo predominantemente em ?reas particulares. Com isso, a proposta de avaliar ?reas com hist?rico de contamina??o em uma unidade de conserva??o permite e facilita a implanta??o de conhecimentos e m?todos poucos explorados no Pa?s, principalmente a avalia??o de risco ecol?gico. Al?m disso, o apelo pela conserva??o da biodiversidade na unidade de conserva??o impulsiona e dirige o estudo para fins ben?ficos ao meio ambiente. No primeiro cap?tulo avalia-se uma ?rea com hist?rico de contamina??o do solo pelo vazamento de ?leo ascarel, que estava contido em transformadores el?tricos de uma subesta??o f?rrea. Entretanto a presen?a dos poss?veis contaminantes levantados pelo hist?rico (bifenilas policloradas, hidrocarbonetos polic?clicos arom?ticos e merc?rio met?lico) n?o foram confirmados por an?lises qu?micas do solo. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de outros poss?veis contaminantes sobre a biota do solo. Para isso atributos do ambiente e principalmente da comunidade de invertebrados do solo foram confrontados por an?lise de redund?ncia, onde se verificou que 100% da variabilidade dos dados bi?ticos foram explicados pelos abi?ticos. Isto permite concluir que n?o h? efeitos de contaminantes e inferir sobre a aus?ncia destes no solo. O segundo cap?tulo aborda uma antiga cava de minera??o de calc?rio que vem sendo usada para a forma??o e aperfei?oamento de agentes ambientais, policiais e militares, principalmente para o treinamento de tiro. Entretanto sabe-se que esta atividade possui grande potencial de contamina??o do solo por metais pesados, principalmente o chumbo. A avalia??o do local foi baseada na avalia??o de risco em tr?ade realizada em dez pontos (sendo um utilizado como refer?ncia) dispostos em transectos, onde se consideram evid?ncias qu?micas, ecol?gicas e ecotoxicol?gicas em conjunto. A linha de evid?ncia qu?mica evidenciou risco acima do aceito para ?reas naturais (0,25), ocasionado pela presen?a de b?rio e chumbo potencialmente t?xicos aos organismos do solo. Na evid?ncia ecol?gica a comunidade da mesofauna do solo elevou os valores de risco, onde todos os pontos investigados apresentaram valores acima de 0,25. Na ecotoxicologica houve varia??o entre os pontos, ocasionado principalmente pela diferen?a de sensibilidade dos organismos testes utilizados (Folsomia candida e Enchytraeus crypticus). Com isso, oito dos nove pontos investigados apresentaram risco superior ao aceito para ?reas naturais, o que indica a necessidade de uma melhor compreens?o dos efeitos causados pelos usos antr?picos da ?rea dentro de uma unidade de conserva??o

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2019-10-25T18:30:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Julie Giovanna Chacon Orozco.pdf: 2723206 bytes, checksum: 2efe980cc641ea5974dce7c56db1e9a3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-25T18:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Julie Giovanna Chacon Orozco.pdf: 2723206 bytes, checksum: 2efe980cc641ea5974dce7c56db1e9a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 CAPES CNPq FAPESP Entomopathogenic nematodes (NEPs) comprise an important group of agents used in biological control worldwide. They are found in the soil where they live as infective juvenile (IJ) and search for a host, usually insects that have one or more stages of development on the ground. The IJs carry in their gut an associated bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus for NEPs of the genus Steinernema, and Photorhabdus to Heterorhabditis. The IJs penetrate the host until the haemocoel, and release the bacterium that recognize L-proline and produce toxins to inhibit the immune system of insects. The bacterium, then, multiplies and the insect dies of septicemia. In this study, 35 strains of Symbiotic bacteria were isolated from native entomopathogenic nematodes indigenous from Brazil, and identified by morphological and biochemical (Tests and API20E API20NE) tests, as well as by molecular test sequencing the 16S rDNA gene. Was also evaluated the toxicity of the bacteria on larvae of Galleria mellonella in three experiments to test cells with Secondary Metabolites (MS), the cell suspension without MS and MS without cells. The bacteria were identified as: X. nematophila (isolates IBCB n2 and IBCB n48), X. doucetiae (IBCB n6, IBSC15, AM47 and AM163), X. magdalenensis (IBCB n28 and AM75), Xenorhabdus sp. (IBCB n34, IBCB n47, IBCB n49, CER17, CER33, CER105, CER107, CER108, CER120, CER144 and CER199), X. szentirmaii (PAM10, PAM11, PAM13, PAM25, PAM31, PAM42, PAM44), X. Romanii (CER09, CER16, CER21, CER129 and CER140), P. luminescens (CB10 and AM71) and P. luminescens subsp akurtsii (IBCB n5). All isolates were pathogenic to G. mellonella in all experiments. Among all promising isolates, only three, P. luminescens subsp akurtsii IBCB n5, X. Romanii CER21 and Xenorhabdus sp. CER106, did not differ significantly from the best isolates in the three experiments (with Cell + MS, MS and cells), which stand out them as the best isolates for use in these ways for the development of products for pest control. Nematoides entomopatog?nicos (NEPs) comp?em um importante grupo de agentes usados mundialmente no controle biol?gico. S?o encontrados no solo onde vivem sob a forma Juvenil Infetante (JI) a procura de um hospedeiro, normalmente insetos que tem um ou mais est?gios de desenvolvimento no solo. Os NEPs g?nero Steinernema e Heterorhabditis carregam no seu intestino as bact?rias associadas do g?nero Xenorhabdus e Photorhabdus respectivamente. Os JIs penetram no hospedeiro e as bact?rias sao liberadas dentro do hemoceloma onde reconhecem a L-proline e produzem toxinas que inibem o sistema imune do inseto. A bact?ria, ent?o, se multiplica e o inseto morre por septicemia. Neste trabalho foi feito o isolamento das bact?rias simbiontes de 35 cepas de nematoides entomopatog?nicos nativos de Brasil, seguido da caracteriza??o morfol?gica, bioqu?mica (Testes API20E e API20NE) e da identifica??o molecular por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. Tamb?m foi avaliada a toxicidade das bact?rias sobre lagartas de Galleria mellonella, em tr?s experimentos para testar c?lulas com metabolitos secund?rios (MS), suspens?o de c?lulas sem MS, e MS sem c?lulas. As bact?rias foram identificadas como: X. nematophila (isolados IBCB n2 e IBCB n48), X. doucetiae (IBCB n6, IBSC15, AM47 e AM163), X. magdalenensis (IBCB n28 e AM75), Xenorhabdus sp. (IBCB n34, IBCB n47, IBCB n49, CER17, CER33, CER105, CER107, CER108, CER120, CER144 e CER199), X. szentirmaii (PAM10, PAM11, PAM13, PAM25, PAM31, PAM42, PAM44), X. romanii (CER09, CER16, CER21, CER129 e CER140), P. luminescens (CB10 e AM71) e P. luminescens subsp akurtsii (IBCB n5). Todos os isolados foram patog?nicos para G. mellonella em todos os experimentos. Dentre todos os isolados promissores, apenas tr?s, P. luminescens subsp akurtsii IBCB n5, X. romanii CER21 e Xenorhabdus sp. CER106, n?o diferiram significativamente dos melhores isolados nos tr?s experimentos (com c?lula+MS, MS e c?lulas), o que os destacam como os melhores isolados para serem usados nessas formas visando o desenvolvimento de produtos para controle de pragas.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-20T20:36:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Vinicius de Abreu D'?vila.pdf: 623654 bytes, checksum: 2c91585552193e53bcefc6b559fe2a2f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T20:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Vinicius de Abreu D'?vila.pdf: 623654 bytes, checksum: 2c91585552193e53bcefc6b559fe2a2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 CAPES The biological control is as important method to regulate the pest populations in a system of sustainable agricultural production, because it is a promising alternative to the use of the organic synthetic pesticides that cause great ecotoxicological impacts. The predator ladybeetles are part of the biological control agents of agricultural pests, could be management by the three biocontrol strategies: classical, conservative and augmentative. In the present work, it was tried to generate knowledge for using the aphidophagous predator ladybeetle Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under the perspective of the last two strategies. The conservative biological control involving predator insects bases on the fact that in the absence or scarceness of their preferential prey or in the presence of the other preys with inferior nutritional quality, they may use alternative foods, such as pollen, to guarantee their survivorship and, sometimes, their reproduction, and because of that botanical species that provide this floral resource might integrate the agricultural landscape, inside and/or around the agricultural property; meanwhile the augmentative control requests the multiplication of the predator in the laboratory, using natural or artificial preys. Even though some authors proved the visitation of the flowers of some species of Apiaceae by C. maculata, there are no records in the literature of the ingestion of pollen grains of this botanical family by this ladybeetle. In this context, this work was carried out with the aim to select the plant species whose flowers are source of pollen as alternative or complementary food to C. maculata in the perspective to compose the vegetation of the agroecosystems to contribute in the conservation of this ladybeetle, and /or to aid in its mass rearing in the laboratory conditions. The objective of the chapter I was to prove the ingestion of pollen of three species of the family Apiaceae [coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)] from the provision of their flowers to the larvae of the 4th instar and adults of C. maculata. It was observed the presence of pollen grains in the five replicates of all treatments, proving the ingestion of the pollen of these three species of Apiaceae from their flowers by C. maculata. At 24 hours of exposition, adults fed on average more pollen of dill than pollens of coriander and fennel, while the larvae consumed more pollen of fennel. The objective of the chapter II was to determine the suitability of nine diets to C. maculata, including provision of pollen of the two species of Apiaceae (coriander and dill), under controlled conditions of the laboratory. Even though the diets with only flowers of these two Apiaceae did not provided the full development of C. maculata, they used as complementary food with eggs of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resulted in reduction of larval period, increased the egg number by cluster, and increased the body weight. The diet with alive larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was proved to be an essential food as well as resulted in adults with higher body weight, and the number of eggs per cluster increased in comparison with the feeding with only eggs of A. kuehniella. O controle biol?gico ? um importante m?todo para regular as populac?es de pragas em um sistema de produ??o agr?cola sustent?vel, pois ? uma alternativa promissora ao uso de agrot?xicos org?nicos sint?ticos que causam grandes impactos ecotoxicol?gicos. As joaninhas predadoras fazem parte dos agentes de controle biol?gico de pragas agr?colas, podendo ser manejadas pelas tr?s estrat?gias de controle biol?gico: cl?ssico, conservativo e aumentativo. No presente trabalho, buscou-se gerar conhecimento para uso da joaninha predadora afid?faga Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) sob a perspectiva das duas ?ltimas estrat?gias. O controle biol?gico conservativo envolvendo insetos predadores baseia-se no fato de que, na aus?ncia ou escassez da presa preferencial ou na presen?a de outras presas de qualidade inferior, podem usar alimentos alternativos, tais como p?len, para garantir sua sobreviv?ncia e, por vezes, sua reprodu??o e, por isso, esp?cies bot?nicas provedoras desse recurso floral devem integrar a paisagem agr?cola, dentro e/ou no entorno da propriedade agr?cola; enquanto o controle aumentativo requer a multiplica??o do predador no laborat?rio, podendo se valer de presas naturais ou artificiais. Apesar de alguns autores comprovarem a visita??o das flores de algumas esp?cies de Apiaceae por C. maculata, n?o h? relatos na literatura da ingest?o de gr?os de p?len dessa fam?lia bot?nica por essa joaninha. Nesse contexto, este trabalho foi conduzido a fim de selecionar esp?cies de plantas cujas flores sejam fonte de p?len como alimento alternativo ou complementar para C. maculata na perspectiva de compor a vegeta??o dos agroecossistemas para contribuir na conserva??o dessa joaninha, e/ou auxiliar na cria??o massal da mesma em condi??es de laborat?rio. O objetivo do cap?tulo I foi comprovar a ingest?o de p?len de tr?s esp?cies da fam?lia Apiaceae [coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.), endro (Anethum graveolens L.) e erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)] a partir da oferta de suas flores para larvas de 4? instar e adultos de C. maculata. Constatou-se a presen?a de gr?os de p?len nas cinco repeti??es de todos os tratamentos, comprovando a ingest?o de p?len dessas tr?s Apiaceae a partir de suas flores por C. maculata. Em 24 horas de exposi??o, os adultos consumiram em m?dia mais p?len de endro em compara??o aos polens de coentro e erva-doce, enquanto que as larvas consumiram mais p?len de erva-doce. O objetivo do capitulo II foi determinar a adequabilidade de nove dietas para C. maculata, incluindo oferta de p?len de duas esp?cies de Apiaceae (coentro e endro), em condi??es controladas de laborat?rio. Apesar das dietas apenas com flores dessas duas Apiaceae n?o proporcionarem o desenvolvimento completo de C. maculata, elas usadas com complementa??o da alimenta??o com ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) possibilitam a redu??o do per?odo larval, aumento no n?mero de ovos por postura e aumento do peso corp?reo. A dieta com larvas vivas de Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) n?o foi s? comprovada como alimento essencial como tamb?m resultou em adultos de maior peso corp?reo e um aumento no n?mero de ovos por postura em compara??o ? alimenta??o apenas com ovos de A. kuehniella.