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Abstract Humans coordinate biomechanical degrees of freedom to perform tasks at minimum cost. When reaching a target from a seated position, the trunk-arm-forearm coordination moves the hand to the well-defined spatial goal, while typically minimising hand jerk and trunk motion. However, due to fatigue or stroke, people visibly move the trunk more, and it is unclear what cost can account for this. Here we show that people recruit their trunk when the torque at the shoulder is too close to the maximum. We asked 26 healthy participants to reach a target while seated and we found that the trunk contribution to hand displacement increases from 11 to 27% when an additional load is handled. By flexing and rotating the trunk, participants spontaneously increase the reserve of anti-gravitational torque at the shoulder from 25 to 40% of maximal voluntary torque. Our findings provide hints on how to include the reserve of torque in the cost function of optimal control models of human coordination in healthy fatigued persons or in stroke victims.

Abstract Background After a stroke, 80% of the chronic patients have difficulties to use their paretic upper limb (UL) in activities of daily life (ADL) even after rehabilitation. Virtual reality therapy (VRT) and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are two innovative methods that have shown independently to positively impact functional recovery of the paretic UL when combined with conventional therapy. The objective of the project will be to evaluate the impact of adding anodal high-definition (HD)-tDCS during an intensive 3-week UL VRT and conventional therapy program on paretic UL function in chronic stroke. Methods The ReArm project is a quadruple-blinded, randomized, sham-controlled, bi-centre, two-arm parallel, and interventional study design. Fifty-eight chronic (> 3 months) stroke patients will be recruited from the Montpellier and Nimes University Hospitals. Patients will follow a standard 3-week in-patient rehabilitation program, which includes 13 days of VRT (Armeo Spring, 1 × 30 min session/day) and conventional therapy (3 × 30 min sessions/day). Twenty-nine patients will receive real stimulation (4x1 anodal HD-tDCS montage, 2 mA, 20 min) to the ipsilesional primary motor cortex during the VRT session and the other 29 patients will receive active sham stimulation (2 mA, 30 s). All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, at the end of rehabilitation and again 3 months later. The primary outcome measure will be the wolf motor function test. Secondary outcomes will include measures of UL function (Box and Block Test), impairment (Fugl Meyer Upper Extremity), compensation (Proximal Arm Non-Use), ADL (Actimetry, Barthel Index). Other/exploratory outcomes will include pain, fatigue, effort and performance, kinematics, and motor cortical region activation during functional motor tasks. Discussion This will be the first trial to determine the impact of adding HD-tDCS during UL VRT and conventional therapy in chronic stroke patients. We hypothesize that improvements in UL function will be greater and longer-lasting with real stimulation than in those receiving sham. Trial registration The ReArm project was approved by The French Research Ethics Committee, (Comité de Protection des Personnes-CPP SUD-EST II, N°ID-RCB: 2019-A00506-51, http://www.cppsudest2.fr/ ). The ReArm project was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04291573 , 2nd March 2020.

Emotions are a natural vector for acting together with others and are witnessed in human behaviour, perception and body functions. For this reason, studies of human-to-human interaction, such as multi-person motor synchronisation, are a perfect setting to disentangle the linkage of emotion with socio-motor interaction. And yet, the majority of joint action studies aiming at understanding the impact of emotions on multi-person performance resort to enacted emotions, the ones that are emulated based on the previous experience of such emotions, and almost exclusively focus on dyadic interaction. In addition, tasks chosen to study emotion in joint action are frequently characterised by a reduced number of physical dimensions to gain experimental control and subsequent facilitation in data analysis. Therefore, it is not clear how naturalistically induced emotions diffuse in more ecological interactions with other people and how emotions affect the process of interpersonal synchronisation. Here, we show that positive and negative emotions differently alter spontaneous human synchronous behaviour during a multi-person improvisation task. The study involved 39 participants organised in triads who self-reported liking improvisational activities (e.g., dancing). The task involved producing improvisational movements with the right hand. Participants were emotionally induced by manipulated social feedback involving a personal ranking score. Three-dimensional spatio-temporal data and cardiac activity were extracted and transformed into oscillatory signals (phases) to compute behavioural and physiological synchrony. Our results demonstrate that individuals induced with positive emotions, as opposed to negative emotions or a neutral state, maintained behavioural synchrony with other group members for a longer period of time. These findings contribute to the emerging shift of neuroscience of emotion and affective sciences towards the environment of social significance where emotions appear the most—in interaction with others. Our study showcases a method of quantification of synchrony in an improvisational and interactive task based on a well-established Kuramoto model.

Abstract Humans interact in groups through various perception and action channels. The continuity of interaction despite a transient loss of perceptual contact often exists and contributes to goal achievement. Here, we study the dynamics of this continuity, in two experiments involving groups of participants ( $$N=7$$ N = 7 ) synchronizing their movements in space and in time. We show that behavioural unison can be maintained after perceptual contact has been lost, for about 7s. Agent similarity and spatial configuration in the group modulated synchronization performance, differently so when perceptual interaction was present or when it was memorized. Modelling these data through a network of oscillators enabled us to clarify the double origin of this memory effect, of individual and social nature. These results shed new light into why humans continue to move in unison after perceptual interruption, and are consequential for a wide variety of applications at work, in art and in sport.

Abstract We present a novel simulation of a strongly interacting dark sector also known as the Hidden Valley scenarios using angular ordered showers and the cluster hadronisation model in Herwig 7. We discuss the basics of this implementation and the scale hierarchies underpinning the simulation. With the help of a few benchmarks, we show the effect of variation of dark sector parameters on thrust and angularities within the dark sector, and study correlation functions, which can be helpful for understanding the angular structure of these events. Finally we comment on the uncertainties introduced due to lack of knowledge of hadronisation parameters within the dark sectors.

Abstract A new release of the Monte Carlo event generator Herwig (version 7.3) has been launched. This iteration encompasses several enhancements over its predecessor, version 7.2. Noteworthy upgrades include: the implementation of a process-independent electroweak angular-ordered parton shower integrated with QCD and QED radiation; a new recoil scheme for initial-state radiation improving the behaviour of the angular-ordered parton shower; the incorporation of the heavy quark effective theory to refine the hadronization and decay of excited heavy mesons and heavy baryons; a dynamic strategy to regulate the kinematic threshold of cluster splittings within the cluster hadronization model; several improvements to the structure of the cluster hadronization model allowing for refined models; the possibility to extract event-by-event hadronization corrections in a well-defined way; the possibility of using the string model, with a dedicated tune. Additionally, a new tuning of the parton shower and hadronization parameters has been executed. This article discusses the novel features introduced in version 7.3.0.

Abstract Vbfnlo is a flexible parton level Monte Carlo program for the simulation of vector boson fusion (VBF), QCD-induced single and double vector boson production plus two jets, and double and triple vector boson production (plus jet) in hadronic collisions at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the strong coupling constant, as well as Higgs boson plus two and three jet production via gluon fusion at the one-loop level. For the new version – Version 3.0 – several major enhancements have been included. An interface according to the Binoth Les Houches Accord (BLHA) has been added for all VBF and di/tri-boson processes including fully leptonic decays. For all dimension-8 operators affecting vector boson scattering (VBS) processes, a modified T-matrix unitarization procedure has been implemented. Several new production processes have been added, namely the VBS $$Z\gamma jj$$ Z γ j j and $$\gamma \gamma jj$$ γ γ j j processes at NLO, $$\gamma \gamma jj $$ γ γ j j , WWj and ZZj production at NLO including the loop-induced gluon-fusion contributions and the gluon-fusion one-loop induced $$\varPhi jjj$$ Φ j j j ( $$\varPhi $$ Φ is a CP-even or CP-odd scalar boson) process at LO, retaining the full top-mass dependence. Finally, the code has been parallelized using Openmpi.

Abstract Granuloprival degeneration is an uncommon form of cerebellar cortical degeneration (CCD). A 3‐month‐old Yorkshire Terrier and a 7‐month‐old Lagotto Romagnolo dog were presented with a history of progressive cerebellar dysfunction including wide‐based stance, cerebellar ataxia, intention tremors, and loss of menace response despite normal vision. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain identified marked diffuse decrease of the cerebellum size. Euthanasia was performed in both cases because of progression of clinical signs. Histopathological examination identified marked diffuse thinning of the granular cell layer with almost complete loss of the granular cell neurons, providing a definitive diagnosis of granuloprival CCD. Granuloprival CCD should be considered as a differential diagnosis in Yorkshire Terrier and Lagotto Romagnolo dogs with post‐natal progressive clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction.

The prevalence of hemorrhagic diseases of the central nervous system of dogs and cats is low compared to other diseases such as neoplasia and inflammation. However, the clinical consequences can be devastating. Several etiological and localization-based classification systems have been reported for intracerebral and spinal cord hemorrhage or hematomyelia in humans but similar systems do not exist in veterinary medicine. The authors propose an etiologic classification system for both intraparenchymal hemorrhagic encephalopathy and myelopathy following a review of the literature detailing the presentation, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of these diseases. A summary of the investigative and therapeutic approach to these cases is also provided.

Abstract We construct a set of Wigner 6𝑗 symbols with gluon lines (adjoint representations) in closed form, expressed in terms of similar 6𝑗 symbols with quark lines (fundamental representations). Together with these Wigner 6𝑗 symbols with quark lines, this gives a set of 6𝑗 symbols sufficient for treating QCD color structure for any number of external particles, in or beyond perturbation theory. This facilitates a complete treatment of QCD color structure in terms of orthogonal multiplet bases, without the need of ever explicitly constructing the corresponding bases. We thereby open up for a completely representation theory based treatment of SU(N) color structure, with the potential of significantly speeding up the color structure treatment.

Abstract The concept of agonist-independent signalling that can be attenuated by inverse agonists is a fundamental element of the cubic ternary complex model of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation. This model shows how a GPCR can exist in two conformational states in the absence of ligands; an inactive R state and an active R* state that differ in their affinities for agonists, inverse agonists, and G-protein alpha subunits. The proportion of R* receptors that exist in the absence of agonists determines the level of constitutive receptor activity. In this study we demonstrate that mechanical stimulation can induce β2-adrenoceptor agonist-independent Gs-mediated cAMP signalling that is sensitive to inhibition by inverse agonists such as ICI-118551 and propranolol. The size of the mechano-sensitive response is dependent on the cell surface receptor expression level in HEK293G cells, is still observed in a ligand-binding deficient D113A mutant β2-adrenoceptor and can be attenuated by site-directed mutagenesis of the extracellular N-glycosylation sites on the N-terminus and second extracellular loop of the β2-adrenoceptor. Similar mechano-sensitive agonist-independent responses are observed in HEK293G cells overexpressing the A2A-adenosine receptor. These data provide new insights into how agonist-independent constitutive receptor activity can be enhanced by mechanical stimulation and regulated by inverse agonists.

Abstract Background Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCE) is a well‐documented condition in dogs although rarely reported in chondrodystrophic breeds. Genetic associations have not been defined. Objectives Define the association of the chondrodystrophy‐associated FGF4L2 retrogene with histopathologically confirmed cases of FCE. Animals Ninety‐eight dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of FCE. Methods Retrospective multicenter study. Dogs were genotyped for the FGF4L2 and FGF4L1 retrogenes using DNA extracted from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Associations between breed, FCE and retrogene status were investigated with reference to a hospital population and known breed and general population allele frequencies. Results FGF4L2 genotype was defined in 89 FCE cases. Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy was present in 22 dogs from FGF4L2‐segregating breeds with allele frequencies of ≥5%; however, all dogs were wild type. Two Labrador retrievers with FCE carried FGF4L2 alleles. Frequency of the FGF4L2 allele was significantly (P

This study introduces the S1S2-Water dataset—a global reference dataset for training, validation, and testing of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for semantic segmentation of surface water bodies in publicly available Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images. The dataset consists of 65 triplets of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images with quality-checked binary water mask. Samples are drawn globally on the basis of the Sentinel-2 tile-grid (100 km × 100 km) under consideration of predominant landcover and availability of water bodies. Each sample is complemented with metadata and digital elevation model (DEM) raster from the Copernicus DEM. On the basis of this dataset, we carry out performance evaluation of CNN architectures to segment surface water bodies from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images. We specifically evaluate the influence of image bands, elevation features (slope) and data augmentation on the segmentation performance and identify best-performing baseline-models. The model for Sentinel-1 achieves an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.845, Precision of 0.932, and Recall of 0.896 on the test data. For Sentinel-2 the best model produces an IoU of 0.965, Precision of 0.989, and Recall of 0.951, respectively. We also evaluate the performance impact when a model is trained on permanent water data and applied to independent test scenes of floods.

Determining the timing of landslide occurrence is crucial for establishing an accurate, comprehensive and systematic landslide inventory while assessing the potential for reducing landslide risk. Unfortunately, many existing landslide inventories lack temporal information such as the precise time of landslide events. Optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors are the most commonly used remote sensing technologies for landslide detection. Unlike optical sensors, SAR sensors are not affected by cloudy conditions and provide valuable imagery regardless of sunlight availability. Therefore, SAR-derived parameters, i.e., SAR amplitude, interferometric coherence, and polarimetric features (alpha and entropy), offer a higher temporal resolution for detecting landslide occurrence times compared to optical data. Despite the advantages, there is currently no universally accepted automatic method for determining the time of landslide events using SAR data. This is due to the lack of anomaly labels and the high time-series volatility in detecting landslide occurrence times. Despite advances in deep-learning methods for anomaly detection in time-series, only a few of them can address these challenges in our case. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised multivariate transformed-based deep-learning model to automatically and efficiently estimate landslide occurrence times using multivariate SAR-derived parameters time-series analysis. The designed gated relative position can increase robustness and temporal context information, by learning global temporal trends in the time-series. Subsequently, the time-series of the anomaly score derived from the proposed Transformer model is analyzed using an adaptive thresholding strategy to dynamically and automatically mark anomalies related to the landslide occurrence. Our research focuses on collapsed landslides characterized by dramatic changes in ground surface topography, with a particular attention for the need of a prior knowledge about landslide boundaries. We assess the performance of the proposed methodology for several collapsed landslides including the July 21, 2020 Shaziba and 23 July, 2019 Shuicheng landslides in China, March 19, 2019 Takht landslide in Iran, June 15, 2018 Jalgyz-Jangak and May 25, 2018 Kugart landslides in Kyrgyzstan, July 7, 2018 Hitardalur landslide in Iceland, and January 25, 2019 Brumadinho landslide in Brazil. In comparison to commonly used neural networks like the LSTM algorithm, our proposed framework leads to a more accurate estimate for the time of landslide failure using time-series of SAR-derived parameters. Furthermore, our results suggest the great potential of SAR data to narrow the time period detected from optical data when used in conjunction with them.

Abstract We give a complete account of how soft gluon, massless quark, evolution equations in colour space originate, from a factorization into a hard cross section density operator and a soft function encoding measurements and the projection on definite colours. We detail this formalism up to the two loop level and we demonstrate how the evolution kernels relate to infrared subtractions, and how the resolution of infrared singular regions conspires with the structure of observables the algorithm should be able to predict. The latter allows us to address evolution in different kinematic variables, including energy ordering and angular cutoffs in non-global observables. The soft factor and its evolution resembles a hadronization model including effects such as colour reconnection, and could give insight into the structure of power corrections in observables which require soft gluon evolution.

Colour evolution and parton branching at the amplitude level have become important theoretical frameworks to improve parton showers, and are algorithms in their own right: They complement shower development by resummation algorithms capable of including interference effects and subleading colour contributions at an unprecedented level. I summarize recent development in the field, focusing on soft gluon evolution, hadronization, and the CVolver framework.

Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: When considering ankle fractures requiring fixation, it has been shown that stability is the key determinant. Lauge-Hansen supination external rotation (SER) 2 injuries are by definition stable and has been shown to be successfully managed non-operatively. SER 3 and SER 4 ankle fractures are unstable with complete syndesmosis disruption and the majority are managed operatively. We hypothesise that a percentage of radiologically stable injuries involve more structures than previously thought. The primary aim is to determine the prevalence of SER3 and SER4 ankle injuries amongst radiographically SER 2 injuries. Methods: This cross-sectional study uses baseline data from a longitudinal study at Gold Coast University Hospital and Health Service (GCHHS). Patients attending the GCHHS fracture clinic were invited to participate provided they had a radiographically stable SER 2 fracture. Those meeting the eligibility criteria were referred for ankle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the integrity of the syndesmotic and ankle ligaments. Results: To date, this study has recruited 33 participants. Following MRI, 23 were determined to have true SER 2 injuries. Nine participants were however reclassified as SER 3 and one participant was reclassified as having an SER 4 injury. Of the SER 3 injuries six included a non-displaced posterior malleolus fracture, while the remaining three were purely ligamentous. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a portion of radiographically stable ankle injuries involve more structures than previously thought. When radiographic SER 2 injuries were further evaluated with MRI, nearly half were reclassified as SER 3 and 4 injuries. This may suggest that some SER 3 and 4 injuries are functionally stable and can be managed successfully non-operatively.

A 1.5-year-old female entire French bulldog was referred for neurological evaluation, further diagnostic tests, and treatment 24 h after a road traffic accident. Initial emergency treatment, diagnostic tests, and stabilization had been performed by the referring veterinarian. Neurological examination revealed severe spastic non-ambulatory tetraparesis and was consistent with a C1-5 myelopathy. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study revealed an irregular to elongated ovoid intramedullary lesion centered over the body of C2. The lesion showed marked signal heterogeneity with a central T2W and T2* hyperintense region, surrounded by a hypointense rim on both sequences. The lesion appeared heterogeneously T1W hypointense. The lesion was asymmetric (right-sided), affecting both white and gray matter. The C2-3 intervertebral disk appeared moderately degenerate with a Pfirrmann grade of 3. No evidence of vertebral fracture or luxation was found on radiographs or MRI of the vertebral column. Additional soft tissue abnormalities in the area of the right brachial plexus were suggestive of brachial plexus and muscle injury. A diagnosis of traumatic hemorrhagic myelopathy at the level of C2 and concurrent brachial plexus injury was formed. Conservative treatment was elected and consisted of physiotherapy, bladder care with an indwelling urinary catheter, repeated IV methadone based on pain scoring (0.2 mg/kg), oral meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg q24h, and oral gabapentin 10 mg/kg q8h. The dog was discharged after 4 days, with an indwelling urinary catheter and oral medication as described. The catheter was replaced two times by the referring veterinarian and finally removed after 10 days. Thereafter, voluntary urination was seen. During the 2 months after the road traffic accident, slow recovery of motor function was seen. The right thoracic limb recovery progressed more slowly than the left limb, also showing some lower motor neuron signs during follow-up. This was judged to be consistent with a right-sided brachial plexus injury. The dog was reported ambulatory with mild residual ataxia and residual monoparesis of the right thoracic limb at the last follow-up 3 months post-injury. This case report highlights the MRI-based diagnosis of traumatic hemorrhagic myelopathy in a dog. A fair short-term outcome was achieved with conservative treatment in this case.

Abstract Determining outline, volume and effusion rate during an effusive volcanic eruption is crucial as it is a major controlling factor of the lava flow lengths, the prospective duration and hence the associated hazards. We present for the first time a multi-sensor thermal-and-topographic satellite data analysis for estimating lava effusion rates and volume. At the 2021 lava field of Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, we combine VIIRS + MODIS thermal data-based effusion rate estimates with DSMs analysis derived from optical tri-stereo Pléiades and TanDEM-X bi-static SAR-data. This multi-sensor-approach allows to overcome limitations of single-methodology-studies and to achieve both, high-frequent observation of the relative short-term effusion rate trends and precise total volume estimates. We find a final subaerial-lava volume of $$212\times {10}^{6}\pm 13\times {10}^{6}\; \text{m}^{3}$$ 212 × 10 6 ± 13 × 10 6 m 3 with a MOR of 28.8 ± 1.4 m3/s. We identify an initially sharp eruption-rate-peak, followed by a gradually decreasing trend, interrupted by two short-lived-peaks in mid/end November. High eruption rate accompanied by weak seismicity was observed during the early stages of the eruption, while during later stage the lava effusion trend coincides with seismicity. This article demonstrates the geophysical monitoring of eruption rate fluctuations, that allows to speculate about changes of an underlying pathway during the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption.

A 3.5-year-old male intact Staffordshire terrier crossbreed dog was presented with a one-week history of progressive paraparesis with fecal and urinary incontinence. Neurological examination was consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy. A magnetic resonance imaging study revealed the presence of a well-circumscribed hemorrhagic space-occupying lesion at the level of T12, suspected to be a vascular malformation, such as cavernoma or arteriovenous fistula, primary hematoma or hamartoma; less likely considerations included hemorrhagic inflammation or hemorrhagic primary or secondary neoplasia. A dorsal laminectomy, durotomy, and midline dorsal myelotomy were performed with a surgical microscope, and the vascular lesion was identified and removed. Histological examination of surgical samples yielded fibrin, hemorrhage, hematoidin pigment, and some neural tissue. Although a lining wall was visualized during surgery consistent with a vascular malformation, there was no histological confirmation of such a structure, hampering definitive classification of the lesion. There was no gross or histopathological evidence that would support a diagnosis of a hamartoma or benign neoplasia. The dog was paraplegic with intact nociception the day following surgery. Ambulation was recovered within 2 weeks. Progressive and complete recovery of neurological function was seen over the next 12 weeks. No recurrence of neurological dysfunction was seen over a 12-month follow-up period. Surgical treatment should be considered in dogs with spinal intramedullary vascular lesions which can have a successful long-term outcome.

Mauna Loa, one of the most actives volcanoes on Earth, is a shield volcano, located on the Island of Hawaii (USA). On 27 November 2022, after about 38 years of quiescence, a new eruptive activity took place at the Moku‘āweoweo caldera, continuing in the following days (i.e. until 10 December) from the fissure vents opening on the Northeast Rift Zone. In this work, we investigate the Mauna Loa November − December 2022 eruption from space, integrating the information from different satellite sensors. The analysis of short-wave infrared (SWIR) data, at 10 min temporal resolution, from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), aboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites − R series (GOES-R), performed through the Normalised Hotspot Indices (NHI), indicates that the Mauna Loa eruption started on 27 November in between 23:10–23:20 LT (28 November at 09:10–09:20 UTC). The same analysis shows the increase of thermal activity and its progressive reduction from the early morning of 28 November, in agreement with the eruption migration from the summit caldera to the Northeast Rift Zone. By analysing the second phase of eruption through SWIR data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and Operational Land Imager (OLI), respectively aboard Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8/9 satellites, we estimated a maximum lava flow length of 17 km. Moreover, we retrieved values of the volcanic radiative power (VRP) up to 65 GW, and a time-averaged discharge rate (TADR) of ∼1000 (±500) m3/s. These results show that SWIR observations, at different spatial and temporal resolution, may give an important contribution to the monitoring, mapping and characterisation of intense lava effusions.

Summary: E-selectin is expressed on endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines and mediates leukocyte rolling and extravasation. However, studies have been hampered by lack of experimental approaches to monitor expression in real time in living cells. Here, NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT) in conjunction with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing was used to tag endogenous E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with the 11 amino acid nanoluciferase fragment HiBiT. Addition of the membrane-impermeable complementary fragment LgBiT allowed detection of cell surface expression. This allowed the effect of inflammatory mediators on E-selectin expression to be monitored in real time in living endothelial cells. NanoBiT combined with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing allows sensitive monitoring of real-time changes in cell surface expression of E-selectin and offers a powerful tool for future drug discovery efforts aimed at this important inflammatory protein.

On 19th September 2021, a protracted eruption of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano on the Canary Island of La Palma commenced and continued for a duration of 12 weeks. Lava flows starting from the rift zone at the mid-western flank of Cumbre Vieja advanced toward the western coast of the island. The eruption was monitored by different remote sensing satellites, including the Copernicus Sentinel missions and DESIS. The Sentinel-2 Copernicus satellites acquired multispectral data from 15th September onward. On September 30th, and with a difference of ∼2 h with respect to Sentinel-2 A, the DESIS hyperspectral sensor also acquired data from the volcano and then again on 15th October 2021. Typically, mid-infrared (around 3.8 μm) data are used for the thermal analysis of active lava flows. However, neither Sentinel-2 nor DESIS possesses mid-infrared bands and the Sentinel-2 high-wavelengths bands (∼2 μm) have some limitations. Nevertheless, the hyperspectral character of DESIS enables the analysis of active erupting volcanoes in near-infrared wavelengths. The results of this analysis find fluid lava temperatures of about 1100–1200 K but there are problems associated with the high-temperature lava spectral emissivity.

Abstract We consider the impact of multi-parton interactions and colour reconnection on the modeling of vector boson fusion and vector boson scattering (VBS) final states at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We investigate how the variation of the model parameters, compatible with a reasonable spread of predictions around typical tuning observables, extrapolates into the VBS phase space. We study the implications of this variation on the total uncertainty budget attached to realistic simulations of the final states in current event generator predictions. We find that the variations have a non-trivial phase space dependence and become comparable in size to the perturbative uncertainties once next-to-leading order predictions are combined with parton shower evolution.

Abstract We present results of the simulation of electroweak Higgs boson production at the Large Hadron Collider using both the NLO multijet merging and NLO matching frameworks provided by the general purpose event generator Herwig 7. For the simulation of the hard scattering processes, we use the HJets library for the full calculation and VBFNLO for the approximate calculation to compute the $$2\rightarrow h+n$$ 2 → h + n amplitudes at tree-level with $$n=2,3,4$$ n = 2 , 3 , 4 and at one-loop with $$n=2,3$$ n = 2 , 3 .

Abstract Guided by the colour-diagonal structure of collinear singularities, we identify a set of kinematic basis functions that are well suited to the simplification of soft gluon emission amplitudes. In particular, these basis functions, which emerge naturally in the colour flow basis, isolate the subleading colour contributions and improve the statistical convergence of the CVolver amplitude-evolution code. They also allow us to extend current angular-ordered parton showers beyond the azimuthally-averaged, two-jet limit.

A seismic swarm in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica between August 2020 and February 2021 was likely caused by the intrusion and possible eruption of magma at the previously inactive Orca Seamount, according to seismological and geodetic observations

In this study, the effectiveness of several convolutional neural network architectures (AlbuNet-34/FCN/DeepLabV3+/U-Net/U-Net++) for water and flood mapping using Sentinel-1 amplitude data is compared to an operational rule-based processor (S-1FS). This comparison is made using a globally distributed dataset of Sentinel-1 scenes and the corresponding ground truth water masks derived from Sentinel-2 data to evaluate the performance of the classifiers on a global scale in various environmental conditions. The impact of using single versus dual-polarized input data on the segmentation capabilities of AlbuNet-34 is evaluated. The weighted cross entropy loss is combined with the Lovász loss and various data augmentation methods are investigated. Furthermore, the concept of atrous spatial pyramid pooling used in DeepLabV3+ and the multiscale feature fusion inherent in U-Net++ are assessed. Finally, the generalization capacity of AlbuNet-34 is tested in a realistic flood mapping scenario by using additional data from two flood events and the Sen1Floods11 dataset. The model trained using dual polarized data outperforms the S-1FS significantly and increases the intersection over union (IoU) score by 5%. Using a weighted combination of the cross entropy and the Lovász loss increases the IoU score by another 2%. Geometric data augmentation degrades the performance while radiometric data augmentation leads to better testing results. FCN/DeepLabV3+/U-Net/U-Net++ perform not significantly different to AlbuNet-34. Models trained on data showing no distinct inundation perform very well in mapping the water extent during two flood events, reaching IoU scores of 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, and perform comparatively well on the Sen1Floods11 dataset.

Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) have 97 active volcanoes with high concentration of human life in the very close proximity to them. In case of a volcanic eruption, provision of detailed information on affected regions is very crucial to support rescue and humanitarian relief organizations. In this paper, we present a semi-automated unsupervised knowledge-based region growing procedure that utilizes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, from Sentinel-1, and optical data, from Sentinel-2, for mapping land surface changes after volcanic eruptions. With initial seed points, being placed on active volcano vents and areas affected by thermal anomalies (derived from Sentinel-2), the region growing procedure considers interferometric coherence data in unvegetated sites, and radar brightness and polarimetric decomposition features at vegetated sites. We selected five eruptive events that occurred between 2018 and 2021 at the Indonesian volcanoes of Karangetang, Semeru, Sinabung and at Ulawun Volcano on PNG. The eruption patterns varied with respect to duration, spatial extent and ejected volcanic materials. The results indicated that usage of radar brightness features with interferometric coherence already gives good change delineation. However, in the Ulawun test case, where heavy ash and scoria fall occurred, the addition of polarimetric decomposition features substantially improved the output accuracy due to the improved detection of ash deposits. The presented change detection method is straight forward to implement, and will strongly improve rapid mapping activities during as well as after major volcano eruptions.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable obstacle to the effective delivery of systemically administered pharmacological agents to the brain, with ~5% of candidate drugs capable of effectively penetrating the BBB. A variety of biomaterials and therapeutic delivery devices have recently been developed that facilitate drug delivery to the brain. These technologies have addressed many of the limitations imposed by the BBB by: (1) designing or modifying the physiochemical properties of therapeutic compounds to allow for transport across the BBB; (2) bypassing the BBB by administration of drugs via alternative routes; and (3) transiently disrupting the BBB (BBBD) using biophysical therapies. Here we specifically review colloidal drug carrier delivery systems, intranasal, intrathecal, and direct interstitial drug delivery methods, focused ultrasound BBBD, and pulsed electrical field induced BBBD, as well as the key features of BBB structure and function that are the mechanistic targets of these approaches. Each of these drug delivery technologies are illustrated in the context of their potential clinical applications and limitations in companion animals with naturally occurring intracranial diseases.

Changing ecosystem conditions and diverse socio-economical events have contributed to an ingrained presence of non-native tree species (NNTs) in the natural and cultural European landscapes. Recent research endeavors have focused on different aspects of NNTs such as legislation, benefits, and risks for forestry, emphasizing that large knowledge gaps remain. As an attempt to fulfill part of these gaps, within the PEN-CAFoRR COST Action (CA19128) network, we established an open-access questionnaire that allows both academic experts and practitioners to provide information regarding NNTs from 20 European countries. Then, we integrated the data originating from the questionnaire, related to the country-based assessment of both peer-reviewed and grey literature, with information from available datasets (EUFORGEN and EU-Forest), which gave the main structure to the study and led to a mixed approach review. Finally, our study provided important insights into the current state of knowledge regarding NNTs. In particular, we highlighted NNTs that have shown to be less commonly addressed in research, raising caution about those characterized by an invasive behavior and used for specific purposes (e.g., wood production, soil recultivation, afforestation, and reforestation). NNTs were especially explored in the context of resilient and adaptive forest management. Moreover, we emphasized the assisted and natural northward migration of NNTs as another underscored pressing issue, which needs to be addressed by joint efforts, especially in the context of the hybridization potential. This study represents an additional effort toward the knowledge enhancement of the NNTs situation in Europe, aiming for a continuously active common source deriving from interprofessional collaboration.

Abstract We calculate the two-loop and one-loop/one-emission contributions required for soft gluon evolution at the next-to-leading order. The colour structures are expressed in the colour flow basis, and the kinematic dependence and loop integrals are expressed in terms of multiple cuts and phase-space-like integrals. This directly allows to use them in the resummation of non-global observables and improved parton shower algorithms beyond the leading order and beyond the leading colour limit. Within the colour flow basis it becomes apparent that correlations beyond a dipole picture emerge even in colour-diagonal elements of the virtual corrections.

Background: Hippocampal atrophy is a key pathologic and MRI feature of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hippocampal atrophy has not been documented via MRI in canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), which is considered the dog model of human AD. Aim: The purpose of this retrospective comparative volumetric MRI study was to compare total hippocampal volumes between successfully aging (control) dogs and dogs diagnosed with CCD. Methods: Mimics® software was used to derive total hippocampal volumes and total brain volumes from the MRI studies of 42 aging dogs (> 9 years): 16 dogs diagnosed with CCD and 26 successfully aging controls. Hippocampal volumes were normalized to total brain volume and these values were compared between groups using Mann Whitney U Tests. Results: Total hippocampal volume normalized to total brain volume was significantly less for CCD patients compared with control dogs (p=0.04). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that-similar to human AD-hippocampal atrophy is a pathological feature of CCD. This finding has potential importance for both investigating disease mechanisms related to dementia as well as future hippocampal-targeted therapies.

Abstract Satellite-based Earth observation plays a key role for monitoring volcanoes, especially those which are located in remote areas and which very often are not observed by a terrestrial monitoring network. In our study we jointly analyzed data from thermal (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MODIS and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite VIIRS), optical (Operational Land Imager and Multispectral Instrument) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X) satellite sensors to investigate the mid-October 2019 surtseyan eruption at Late’iki Volcano, located on the Tonga Volcanic Arc. During the eruption, the remains of an older volcanic island formed in 1995 collapsed and a new volcanic island, called New Late’iki was formed. After the 12 days long lasting eruption, we observed a rapid change of the island’s shape and size, and an erosion of this newly formed volcanic island, which was reclaimed by the ocean two months after the eruption ceased. This fast erosion of New Late’iki Island is in strong contrast to the over 25 years long survival of the volcanic island formed in 1995.

Abstract We demonstrate that the method of interleaved resampling in the context of parton showers can tremendously improve the statistical convergence of weighted parton shower evolution algorithms. We illustrate this by several examples showing significant statistical improvement.