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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Fehlendes Wissen über psychische Störungen und Psychotherapie sowie die Angst vor Stigmatisierung stellen zwei der meistgenannten Hemmschwellen zur Aufnahme einer Psychotherapie unter Jugendlichen dar. Ziel der Arbeit Evaluation der Aufklärungsbroschüre Normal? Was ist das schon! zu Psychotherapie und psychischen Störungen für Jugendliche und Psychotherapeut:innen. Methode Die Stichprobe bestand aus 190 Teilnehmer:innen im Alter zwischen 15 und 21 Jahren (M = 18,2 Jahre, SD ± 1,81 Jahre, 80 % weiblich). Zu 3 Messzeitpunkten (prä, post, Vier-Wochen-Follow-up) wurden Wissen, Stigma und die antizipierte Bereitschaft zur Aufnahme einer Psychotherapie sowie die Akzeptanz der Broschüre erfasst. Die Akzeptanz wurde zusätzlich von 30 Psychotherapeut:innen erhoben. Ergebnisse Jugendliche zeigten nach dem Lesen der Broschüre im Vergleich zur Prämessung einen signifikanten Wissenszuwachs bezüglich Psychotherapie und psychischen Störungen mit einem starken Effekt in der Post- (d = 1,32) und in der Follow-up-Erhebung (d = 1,13). Die Bereitschaft zur Aufnahme einer Psychotherapie im Fall von psychischen Problemen stieg zum Postzeitpunkt (d = 0,58) und blieb in der Follow-up-Erhebung stabil, wenn auch mit kleinem Effekt (d = 0,33). Stigmabewusstheit (d = 0,38) und -anwendung (d = 0,42) reduzierten sich zum Postzeitpunkt jeweils mit einem kleinen Effekt, jedoch blieb die Reduktion zum Follow-up-Zeitpunkt nicht stabil. Die Akzeptanzwerte bei Jugendlichen und Expert:innen waren überwiegend hoch. Diskussion Die Studienergebnisse zeigen die Eignung dieser Aufklärungsbroschüre, Hemmschwellen zur Aufnahme einer Psychotherapie mithilfe der Wissensvermittlung zu Psychotherapie und psychischen Störungen abzubauen. Ein nachhaltiger Abbau von stigmatisierenden Einstellungen gegenüber Psychotherapie zeigte sich nicht. Die hohe Akzeptanz spricht für ein gutes Disseminationspotenzial.

Given the large discrepancy between prevalence rates of mental disorders in adolescents and actual treatment rates, there is a need to understand what prevents this age group from seeking psychotherapy. We assessed the barriers to seeking psychotherapy in this age group, including their attitudes toward people with a mental disorder, using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Participants were 288 adolescents aged 12–21 years (M = 16.8 years, SD = 2.3; 37% identified as male, 63% as female, and 0% as nonbinary). Qualitative data were obtained with open-ended questions on barriers to initiating psychotherapy and attitudes toward people with a mental disorder. Barriers to seeking psychotherapy and information about psychotherapy were assessed with a questionnaire using a quantitative design. The qualitative assessment revealed as the main barriers fear of a negative interaction with a psychotherapist, fear of being confronted with their own emotions, self-stigma, and fear of public stigma. Further, lack of accessibility, lack of trust in the therapist, a desire for social distance from, and a negative attitude toward people with a mental disorder were associated with a decreased intention to initiate psychotherapy. Previous positive experience with a psychotherapist was a facilitator of seeking psychotherapy. We found gender differences, with higher desire for social distance and higher optimism bias scores as well as poorer mental health knowledge for participants identifying as male. Integrating results from both approaches results in further information for the improvement of prevention programs and interventions to lower barriers to seeking psychotherapy. Gender differences indicate a need for gender-role-specific interventions.

Background and aim: A lack of knowledge about mental disorders and psychotherapy as well as the fear of stigmatization are two of the most common barriers accessing psychotherapy among youths. The aim of this study is to evaluate an information booklet about psychotherapy and mental disorders “Normal? Was ist das schon?!!” (normal? what is normal?) in terms of its effectiveness and acceptance in youths and psychotherapists.Method. The sample consisted of 190 youths between the ages of 15 and 21 (M = 18.2 years, SD = 1.81). Psychotherapy knowledge, stigma, and the anticipated intention to start psychotherapy were assessed in a pre-post-follow-up design, as well as acceptance. Furthermore, 30 psychotherapists rated the acceptance of the booklet.Results: After reading the information booklet, youths showed a significant increase in psychotherapy-knowledge compared to pre, with a strong effect in the post- (d = 1.32) and in the follow-up assessment (d = 1.13). The intention to start psychotherapy due to psychological problems increased at post (d = 0.58) and remained stable to the follow-up with a small effect (d = 0.33). Stigma awareness (d = 0.38) and self-stigma (d = 0.42) decreased at post with a small effect, but the reduction did not remain stable to follow-up. The acceptance rates among adolescents and psychotherapists were good.Discussion: The results indicate the suitability of this information booklet as an intervention to lower barriers toward psychotherapy in youths. For stigma reduction no long-term effect was shown. The high acceptance rates suggest a good dissemination potential.

Self-stigma and public stigma are major barriers to seeking help for mental health problems and they are sensitive to gender. This study investigated self-stigma and public stigma toward peers with mental disorders in a youth sample and evaluated gender differences in stigma scores. The sample consists of 1,113 youths (M = 16.96 years, SD = 1.88, 56% female) that were randomly assigned to a self-evaluation or a peer-evaluation condition using a vignette describing symptoms fulfilling DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of one of five mental disorders (depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, ADHD, substance abuse, and bulimia). Stigma was assessed using a questionnaire assessing eight emotional reactions and attitudes toward the protagonist in the vignette. Stigma scores were significant higher in the self-evaluation condition (self-stigma) compared to the peer-evaluation condition (public stigma) in terms of a higher minimization of symptoms, higher blame for mental disorders, less pity and (self) compassion. Results indicated that prior or current experience of psychotherapy and familiarity with people seeking psychotherapy were predictors for less blame for mental disorders for the peer-evaluation but not for the self-evaluation. Gender-differences were found for public stigma, not for self-stigma. Interventions that aim to increase help-seeking intentions in youths might focus more on the reduction of self-stigma in addition to public stigma. Gender-sensitive approaches should be developed to achieve a decrease in self-stigma and public stigma especially in male youths.

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Betrachtet man die hohen Prävalenzahlen psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter und die damit verbundene Belastung und Beeinträchtigung der Betroffenen, so ist die Notwendigkeit von Prävention offensichtlich. Trotzdem fehlen häufig Ressourcen zur Durchführung von Präventionsmaßnahmen. Me­thode: Ziel war die Entwicklung und Implementierung so wie Evaluation eines modularisierten Präventionskonzepts zur emotionalen Kompetenz (3–5 Doppelstunden), welches im Rahmen eines Service-Learning-Konzeptes durchgeführt wurde. 1’195 Schüler im Alter von 7–16 Jahren (M = 11,5, SD = 2,42; Jungenanteil = 53%), 38 Lehrpersonen (M = 45,76 Jahre, SD = 9,49) und 188 Gruppenleiter (M = 23,38 Jahre, SD = 2,61) nahmen an der Evaluation der Präventionsmaßnahme teil. Erhoben wurden die Akzeptanz, der Wis­senszuwachs und die Effektivität anhand der Evaluation von Stressbewältigungsstrategien, Emotionsregulationsstrategien und Selbstwirksamkeit im Prä-Post-Design. Ergebnisse: In der Gesamtstichprobe zeigte sich eine hohe Akzeptanz der Präventionsmaßnahme mit Weiterempfehlungsraten zwischen 82 und 93%. Es zeigte sich ein kleiner Effekt beim Anstieg der konstruktiv-palliativen Emotionsregulation (t(97) = 2,62, p = 0,025, d = 0,29). In allen weiteren Outcome-Maßen zeigten sich keine signifikanten Veränderungen. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt zeigt sich eine erfolgreiche Implementierung des Präventionskonzepts an den Kooperationsschulen. Die modularisierte Konzeption der Präventionsmaßnahme geht zulasten der internen Validität, wo hingegen das naturalistische Studiendesign eine Stärke darstellt.

Emotion recognition and emotional mimicry are both highly important for social interactions. The authors investigated in a subclinical sample if High Socially Anxious (HSA) individuals show an altered pattern of emotional mimicry, and exhibit difficulties in emotion recognition compared to Low Socially Anxious (LSA) individuals. Twenty-one HSA and 20 LSA participants were exposed to 60 dynamic facial expressions that gradually changed from neutral to full-intensity expressions of happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, or fear. Emotional mimicry was assessed using facial electromyography. Emotion recognition was measured after every picture and emotion regulation was measured by self-report. Compared to when participants saw neutral facial expressions, participants demonstrated significantly higher musculus (m.) corrugator supercilii activity of anger expressions, m. frontalis medialis activity of fear and sad expressions, m. levator labii activity of disgust, and m. zygomaticus major activity of happy expressions. HSA participants had a significantly higher m. levator labii activity of disgust expressions than LSA participants. Moreover, HSA participants showed a tendency toward impaired emotion recognition of negative facial expressions (p = 0.07). Results confirm emotion-specific emotional mimicry patterns for all five emotions. No differences for emotional mimicry between the two groups were found, except for subtle alterations in disgust in HSA individuals. published

Silvicultural practices lead to changes in forest composition and structure and may impact species diversity from the overall regional species pool to stand-level species occurrence. We explored to what extent fine-scale occupancy patterns in differently managed forest stands are driven by environment and ecological traits in three regions in Germany using a multi-species hierarchical model. We tested for the possible impact of environmental variables and ecological traits on occupancy dynamics in a joint modelling exercise while taking possible variation in coefficient estimates over years and plots into account. Bird species richness differed across regions and years, and trends in species richness across years were different in the three regions. On the species level, forest management affected occupancy of species in all regions, but only 3–5% of the total assemblage-level variation in occurrence probability was explained by either forest type and successional stage and

Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in the Antarctic, particularly on King George Island where wildlife areas, research stations, or their vicinity are frequently visited. A comprehensive assessment of the environment and human activities in the Fildes Peninsula region was conducted, and spatiotemporal patterns were analyzed. Additionally, opinions on tourism of station members were surveyed. Visitor activity is increasing and diversifying. There is thus some conflict with conservation, research, and logistics, although it is currently local and temporary. Increasing human activity and its possible cumulative effects should be monitored and appropriately managed. On the basis of our findings, site-specific guidelines and visitor zones (e.g., within an "Antarctic Specially Managed Area") are recommended.

Increasing tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region concerns scientists, policy-makers, and tourist companies with its potential negative effects on wildlife. Site-specific ecological studies have been initiated to examine differences in population dynamics and distribution of animals as well as their behavioural and physiological reactions to humans. Penguin Island (southeast of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) is frequently visited by tourists due to its high species diversity and aesthetic value. In two seasons, the authors conducted a bird census and studied behaviour and heart-rate changes of southern giant petrels and skuas relating to tourist visits on Penguin Island. Management recommendations are given, based on the study results. The protection of southern giant petrels should be increased by having a minimum distance of 50 m for all visitors. The eastern, southern, and western parts of the island should not be visited and should serve as refuge areas. The wildlife experience for tourists can still be enjoyed by concentrating visits to the northern and central part of Penguin Island. Use of a specific path to localise impacts in a prescribed area is recommended.

It is clear that discards from commercial fisheries are a key food resource for many seabird species around the world(1-8). But predicting the response of seabird communities to changes in discard rates is problematic and requires historical data to elucidate the confounding effects of other, more 'natural' ecological processes. In the North Sea, declining stocks, changes in technical measures, changes in population structure(9) and the establishment of a recovery programme for cod (Gadus morhua(10)) will alter the amount of fish discarded. This region also supports internationally important populations of seabirds(11), some of which feed extensively, but facultatively, on discards, in particular on undersized haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus)(1-3). Here we use long-term data sets from the northern North Sea to show that there is a direct link between discard availability and discard use by a generalist predator and scavenger-the great skua (Stercorarius skua). Reduced rates of discarding, particularly when coupled with reduced availability of small shoaling pelagic fish such as sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), result in an increase in predation by great skuas on other birds. This switching of prey by a facultative scavenger presents a potentially serious threat to some seabird communities.

Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation.

Since the inception of the Antarctic Treaty, numerous regulations for environmental protection were adopted by the Treaty parties to minimise negative environmental impacts of human activity. Nevertheless, the concentration of a variety of human activities in some Antarctic regions leads to a conflict of interest. The Fildes Peninsula on King George Island, in the Antarctic Peninsula, represents a unique example of increasing human pressure due to multiple human uses. Scientific research, station operations, transport logistics, tourism, nature conservation and protection of geological and historical values regularly overlap in space and time. A standardised assessment of fauna, flora and impact of human activities on the terrestrial ecosystem was conducted between 2003–2006 and 2008–2011 to provide a comprehensive dataset that documents the environmental state of the Fildes Peninsula. Management measures are suggested to mitigate these impacts, such as the designation of an Antarctic Specially Managed Area. The political debate amongst the Treaty parties about regulatory measures is on-going, but we strongly recommend immediate action.

There is a wealth of smaller-scale studies on the effects of forest management on plant diversity. However, studies comparing plant species diversity in forests with different management types and intensity, extending over different regions and forest stages, and including detailed information on site conditions are missing. We studied vascular plants on 1500 20 m × 20 m forest plots in three regions of Germany (Schwabische Alb, Hainich-Dun, Schorfheide-Chorin). In all regions, our study plots comprised different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests, which resulted from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, site conditions, and levels of management-related disturbances. We analyzed how overall richness and richness of different plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, herbs, herbaceous species typically growing in forests and herbaceous light-demanding species) responded to the different management types. On average, plant species richness was 13% higher in age-class than in unmanaged forests, and did not differ between deciduous age-class and selection forests. In age-class forests of the Schwabische Alb and Hainich-Dun, coniferous stands had higher species richness than deciduous stands. Among age-class forests, older stands with large quantities of standing biomass were slightly poorer in shrub and light-demanding herb species than younger stands. Among deciduous forests, the richness of herbaceous forest species was generally lower in unmanaged than in managed forests, and it was even 20% lower in unmanaged than in selection forests in Hainich-Dun. Overall, these findings show that disturbances by management generally increase plant species richness. This suggests that total plant species richness is not suited as an indicator for the conservation status of forests, but rather indicates disturbances.

In soil, Acidobacteria constitute on average 20% of all bacteria, are highly diverse, and are physiologically active in situ . However, their individual functions and interactions with higher taxa in soil are still unknown. Here, potential effects of land use, soil properties, plant diversity, and soil nanofauna on acidobacterial community composition were studied by cultivation-independent methods in grassland and forest soils from three different regions in Germany. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries representing all studied soils revealed that grassland soils were dominated by subgroup Gp6 and forest soils by subgroup Gp1 Acidobacteria . The analysis of a large number of sites ( n = 57) by 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting methods (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism [T-RFLP] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) showed that Acidobacteria diversities differed between grassland and forest soils but also among the three different regions. Edaphic properties, such as pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil respiration, had an impact on community composition as assessed by fingerprinting. However, interrelations with environmental parameters among subgroup terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) differed significantly, e.g., different Gp1 T-RFs correlated positively or negatively with nitrogen content. Novel significant correlations of Acidobacteria subpopulations (i.e., individual populations within subgroups) with soil nanofauna and vascular plant diversity were revealed only by analysis of clone sequences. Thus, for detecting novel interrelations of environmental parameters with Acidobacteria , individual populations within subgroups have to be considered.

Wissenschaft, die den Anspruch hat selbstreflexiv zu sein, sollte ihre unbewussten Anteile nicht ausblenden – das wird in den Beiträgen des von Christina von Braun, Dorothea Dornhof und Eva Johach herausgegebenen Sammelbandes auf überzeugende Weise gezeigt. Dabei geht es nicht primär um das Unbewusste als Objekt der Wissenschaften, sondern vielmehr um die Rolle des Unbewussten als Subjekt der Wissensordnung und Wissensproduktion, als „Krisis und Kapital“ der Wissenschaften, gleichermaßen als Sand und Öl imWissensgetriebe. Anstelle eines systematischen Überblicks liefert der interdisziplinär angelegte Band eine Vielzahl kluger, manchmal überraschender und durchgehend lesenswerter Perspektiven auf das visuelle und politische Unbewusste, seine Wissensgeschichte und seinen Ort in der Wissensordnung.Science, which purports to be self-reflexive, should not ignore its unconscious element – this is convincingly proven in the collected volume edited by Christina von Braun, Dorothea Dornhof, and Eva Johach. The focus is not merely on the unconscious as an object of the sciences, but on the role of the unconscious as a subject of knowledge organization and knowledge production, as “crisis and capital” of the sciences, indeed simultaneously functioning as sand and oil in the transmission of knowledge. In place of a systematic overview, the interdisciplinary volume offers a number of clever, sometimes surprising, and always well-worth reading perspectives on the visual and political unconscious, its history of knowledge, and its place in the order of knowledge.

Functional biodiversity research explores drivers and functional consequences of biodiversity changes. Land use change is a major driver of changes of biodiversity and of biogeochemical and biological ecosystem processes and services. However, land use effects on genetic and species diversity are well documented only for a few taxa and trophic networks. We hardly know how different components of biodiversity and their responses to land use change are interrelated and very little about the simultaneous, and interacting, effects of land use on multiple ecosystem processes and services. Moreover, we do not know to what extent land use effects on ecosystem processes and services are mediated by biodiversity change. Thus, overall goals are on the one hand to understand the effects of land use on biodiversity, and on the other to understand the modifying role of biodiversity change for land-use effects on ecosystem processes, including biogeochemical cycles. To comprehensively address these important questions, we recently established a new large-scale and long-term project for functional biodiversity, the Biodiversity Exploratories ( www.biodiversity-exploratories.de ). They comprise a hierarchical set of standardized field plots in three different regions of Germany covering manifold management types and intensities in grasslands and forests. They serve as a joint research platform for currently 40 projects involving over 300 people studying various aspects of the relationships between land use, biodiversity and ecosystem processes through monitoring, comparative observation and experiments. We introduce guiding questions, concept and design of the Biodiversity Exploratories – including main aspects of selection and implementation of field plots and project structure – and we discuss the significance of this approach for further functional biodiversity research. This includes the crucial relevance of a common study design encompassing variation in both drivers and outcomes of biodiversity change and ecosystem processes, the interdisciplinary integration of biodiversity and ecosystem researchers, the training of a new generation of integrative biodiversity researchers, and the stimulation of functional biodiversity research in real landscape contexts, in Germany and elsewhere.

Current changes in biodiversity and their functional consequences for ecosystem processes matter for both fundamental and applied reasons. In most places the most important anthropogenic determinant of biodiversity is land use. The effects of type and intensity of land use are modulated by climate and atmospheric change, nutrient deposition and pollution and by feedback effects of changed biological processes. However, it is not known whether the genetic and species diversity of different taxa responds to land-use change in similar ways. Moreover, consequences of changing diversity for ecosystem processes have almost exclusively been studied in model experiments of limited scope. Clearly, there is an urgent scientific and societal demand to investigate the relationships between land use, biodiversity and ecosystem processes in many replicate study sites in the context of actual landscapes. Furthermore, these studies need to be set up in long-term frameworks. Moreover, because monitoring and comparative observation cannot unravel causal mechanisms they need to be complemented by manipulative experiments. In the ‘Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research’ (see http://www.biodiversity-exploratories.de), we provide a platform for such successful long-term biodiversity research. The biodiversity exploratories aim at contributing to a better understanding of causal relationships affecting diversity patterns and their change, developing applied measures in order to mitigate loss of diversity and functionality, integrating a strong research community to its full potential, training a new generation of biodiversity explorers, extending the integrated view of functional biodiversity research to society and stimulating long-term ecological research in Germany and globally. Our experience has several implications for long-term ecological research and the LTER network including the necessity of formulating common research questions, establishing a joint database, applying modern tools for meta-analysis or quantitative review and developing standardised experimental and measurement protocols for facilitating future data synthesis.

In ihrer Studie beschäftigt sich Imke Schmincke mit der Marginalisierung von Körpern im öffentlichen Raum am Beispiel des Hansaplatzes im Stadtteil St. Georg in Hamburg. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung steht die Frage, wie sich Prozesse von Marginalisierung und Normalisierung in menschlichen Körpern materialisieren. Mit Hilfe der Analysekategorien Sicherheit und Kontrolle untersucht Schmincke, wie sich Marginalisierung im öffentlichen Raum festschreibt. Besonderen Wert legt sie auf das Wechselverhältnis von Körper und Raum. Dabei geht sie auch den Fragen nach, warum manche Körper und Räume als gefährlich wahrgenommen werden und wie Marginalisierung durch ein normalisierendes Wahrnehmen von bestimmten Körpern und Räumen entsteht.In her study Imke Schmincke approaches the marginalization of bodies in public space using the example of the Hansa Square in Hamburg’s St. Georg quarter. The question as to the materialization of processes of marginalization and normalization of the human body stands at the forefront of the examination. With the help of analytical categories such as safety and control, Schmincke examines how marginalization is affixed to public space. In so doing, she pursues the question as to why some bodies and spaces are experienced as dangerous and interrogates how marginalization emerges from a normalizing perception of specific bodies and spaces.

In ihrer Studie beschäftigt sich Imke Schmincke mit der Marginalisierung von Körpern im öffentlichen Raum am Beispiel des Hansaplatzes im Stadtteil St. Georg in Hamburg. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung steht die Frage, wie sich Prozesse von Marginalisierung und Normalisierung in menschlichen Körpern materialisieren. Mit Hilfe der Analysekategorien Sicherheit und Kontrolle untersucht Schmincke, wie sich Marginalisierung im öffentlichen Raum festschreibt. Besonderen Wert legt sie auf das Wechselverhältnis von Körper und Raum. Dabei geht sie auch den Fragen nach, warum manche Körper und Räume als gefährlich wahrgenommen werden und wie Marginalisierung durch ein normalisierendes Wahrnehmen von bestimmten Körpern und Räumen entsteht., querelles-net, Jg. 10, Nr. 3 (2009): Raum

The Antarctic terrestrial environment is under increasing pressure from human activities. The Fildes Region is characterized by high biodiversity, but is also a major logistic centre for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Different interests, from scientific research, nature conservation, protection of geological and historical values, station operations, transport logistics and tourism, regularly overlap in space and time. This has led to increasing conflict among the multiple uses of the region and breaches of the legal requirements for environmental protection that apply in the area. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of human activities in the Fildes Region by monitoring the distribution of bird and seal breeding sites and recording human activities and their associated environmental impacts. Data from an initial monitoring period 200306 were compared with data from 200810. We observed similar or increased levels of air, land and ship traffic, but fewer violations of overflight limits near Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 150 Ardley Island. Open waste dumping and oil contamination are still major environmental impacts. Scientific and outdoor leisure activities undertaken by station personnel are more frequent than tourist activities and are likely to have a commensurate level of environmental impact. Despite the initial success of some existing management measures, it is essential that scientific and environmental values continue to be safeguarded, otherwise environmental impacts will increase and the habitat will be further degraded. We argue that the Fildes Region should be considered for designation as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area, a measure that has proven effective for environmental management of vulnerable areas of the Antarctic. Keywords: human impact; Antarctic; Fildes Region; environmental management; Antarctic Specially Managed Area; protected area (Published: 18 May 2012) Citation: Polar Research 2012, 31 , 18206, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18206

Die Darstellung der empirischen Ergebnisse folgt der Struktur der Untersuchungskonzeption.1 Zunachst wird ein Uberblick uber das in der Untersuchung beobachtete Adoptionsverhalten in Gros- und Einzelhandel, also die abhangigen Variablen, gegeben. Die anschliesende Analyse gilt den Zusammenhangen zwischen den verschiedenen Variablengruppen und dem Adoptionsverhalten (Punkt 2 und 3). Den Abschlus der Datenanalyse bildet die Mehrebenenbetrachtung. Hierzu werden die Ergebnisse der vorangegangenen Untersuchungen auf den einzelnen Verhaltensebenen gegenubergestellt sowie der Erklarungsbeitrag und die Prognoserelevanz aller einbezogenen Bestimmungsfaktoren fur das Adoptionsverhalten in Gros- und Einzelhandel ermittelt.

Analysen von Diffusionsablaufen dienen letztendlich dem Zweck, neue Erkenntnisse uber die zielgerichtete Steuerung dieser Prozesse im Rahmen der Einfuhrung neuer Produkte zu gewinnen. Im Hinblick auf die allgemein ubliche Zielsetzung, in moglichst kurzer Zeit eine moglichst hohe Diffusionsrate im Handel zu erreichen, geht es im Rahmen des Informationsaspektes des Marketing darum, Handelsbetriebe nach ihrer Adoptionsdauer und -bereitschaft auf der Basis relevanter Bestimmungsfaktoren zu segmentieren.

Zunehmend gesattigte Markte, eine standig wachsende Wettbewerbsintensitat, der rasche technische Fortschritt und die damit verbundene Verkurzung der Produktlebenszyklen zwingen heute alle Unternehmen zu einem bewust marktorientierten Innovationsverhalten.1 Die Notwendigkeit einer kontinuierlichen Neuproduktpolitik stellt sich fur Herstellerunternehmen insbesondere aus zwei Grunden: 1. Neue Produkte sind erforderlich, um auch langfristig eine ausgewogene Altersstruktur des Produktprogramms als Voraussetzung fur eine dauerhafte Uberlebenschance am Markt zu gewahrleisten. 2. In stagnierenden oder sogar rucklaufigen Markten sind die zur Kostenkompensation erforderlichen Mehrumsatze langfristig nur durch Innovation und die mit ihnen verbundenen Wettbewerbsvorteile zu erreichen.

Bedingt durch die sehr unterschiedlichen Forschungstraditionen der Diffusionsforschung, die von der Anthropologie uber die Soziologie, Medizin, Erziehungswissenschaften bis hin zu den Wirtschaftswissenschaften reichen, und durch die Tatsache, das die bisherige Forschung stets aus der isolierten Sicht einzelner Disziplinen erfolgte, konnte bislang kein allgemeingultiges Diffusionsmodell entworfen werden, das Forschungsvorhaben in unterschiedlichen Bereichen als Programm dienen konnte.1 Auch der Ansatz von Rogers2, der retrospektiv die Ergebnisse bisheriger Studien in einem generalisierenden Modell zusammenfuhrte, kann diese Lucke nicht fullen, da er nicht ohne Anpassung auf neue, mit anderen Problemen behaftete Anwendungsbereiche ubertragen werden kann.3