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Sociology of sport is a sub-discipline that has developed with the pioneering work of academics in Europe, America and Canada and the institutional structures they have constructed. Since the 1980s, articles in international academic sociology of sport journals have been systematically self-analysed and evaluated. The aim of this article is to evaluate the sociology of sport in Türkiye by analysing the dominant themes, research methods and theoretical approaches emerging in postgraduate theses in the field of sociology of sport and by subjecting sociology of sport research articles published in two academic journals to basic content analysis. For this purpose, 69 postgraduate theses written in sociology and sport sciences, 'in the field of sociology of sport' and 607 articles in two journals were subjected to basic content analysis and supported by word cloud. According to the results of the research, sociology of sport studies is more common in sport sciences than the main discipline of sociology and there is a richness of theme. However, sociological theories and research method techniques are far from diverse. While the sociology of sport receives less attention within the main discipline of sociology, postgraduate theses focusing on the sociology of sport are rich in sociological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractGuided by Pondy Bureaucratic Model of Organizational Conflict, this study explored the differences between coaches and student-athletes in their preferences in five categories of time demands measures, namely Countable Athletically Related Activities (CARA), Competition Time Demands, Out of Season Time Demands, Academics, and Travel. It utilised the results of the United States (U.S.) NCAA Division I time demands survey conducted in Spring 2016. Using a team-level unit of analysis, the total sample was composed of 76 sports/teams. Team position (athletes vs coaches) was found to significantly influence all five time demands measures, with coaches more supportive than the athletes. These results suggest that athletes seek more control of their own time and do not support measures that allow for less control. Findings also reflect that time expectancies are an issue that contradicts the NCAA value system and exposes an organizational conflict involving the coaches and the athletes.

The aim of the paper is to present the phenomenon of the division of sociology into subdisciplines, using the sociology of the body and the sociology of sport as examples, and to show the possibility of mutual inspirations between the achievements of the two subdisciplines. The starting point of the analyses is the critique of the major theoretical projects of Robert Merton and his postulate of building a middle-range theory. The analyses refer also to Talcott Parsons’ idea of specialisation. The analytical concepts referred to include Nicolas Mullins’ notion of four stages of the formation of new scientific disciplines (the normal stage, the network stage, the cluster stage and the stage of the formation of a new speciality/subdiscipline or discipline) and the typology of sociological subdisciplines proposed by Jakub Ryszard Stempień. The text also presents the characteristics of the two subdisciplines in question, the institutional context in which they operate, the preferred theoretical approaches, the peculiarities of the methodology used and the ethical issues involved in practising each subdiscipline. An example of this cooperation is the national scientific conference “Sociology of the Body and Sociology of Sport. The state of research and mutual inspiration”. The article presents the conclusions of this event, including the possibility of going beyond the framework of subdisciplines, as well as the advantages of adopting a non-subdisciplinary and general sociological perspective.

This article analyses the subcultural politics of Irish surf films, focusing on Dark Side of the Lens and Beyond the Noise. Irish surf films emerged in the early 2000s and have since become a successful genre. The article first discusses the concept of cultural politics and its importance in understanding the political economy of Irish surf films, highlighting the tensions between the professional world of surfing as a sport, and those who regard surfing as a cultural practice. It then examines both films in order to show how Ireland is understood as an 'alternative' surf destination in the transnational world of surfing, and how the island is imagined as a place of 'escape'. The article shows how, whilst appearing to oppose commercialisation, surf films unintentionally contribute to the commodification of the West of Ireland and align with Tourism Ireland's marketing campaigns for the 'Wild Atlantic Way'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sport & Tourism Central European Journal / Sport i Turystyka Srodkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe is the property of Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the career development and underrepresentation of Indigenous Australians in leadership and management positions within the Australian Football League (AFL); it explains the continued underrepresentation as a case of 'avoiding discrimination'. Using institutional theory, this research fills a gap in existing scholarship by contributing to understanding the mechanisms by which organisations avoid addressing underrepresentation and enforce discriminatory practices in three significant ways. First, organisations may claim equality and assume that the organisation is characterised by a climate of inclusion as a way of ignoring issues of underrepresentation. Second, organisations utilise diversity management to improve the image of the organisation and engage in legitimising practices that contribute towards improving the brand. Third, organisations also engage in silencing practices by exercising internal control over employees, in this case players, and prohibiting them from participating in public debates about racial abuse. This study concludes that avoiding underrepresentation contributes to the continued exclusion of Indigenous Australians in leadership positions within the AFL, conceptualised here as a case of ' discrimination by avoidance '. JEL Classification: M540 Personnel Economics: Labor Management [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this article are: to discuss the problem of retirement among professional athletes and to develop recommendations for a pension system dedicated to athletes. The issue of retirement in sport is complex because of the specific nature of professional sports persons’ occupation and its multi-layer ramifications for life after the sports career. The retirement process differs for athletes versus other members of society because they have to finish careers when their bodies do not allow them to perform at the expected level, at a relatively young age in comparison to other occupations. As a result, they face multiple challenges, such as embarking on a new career path. The article includes a description of the athletic career, touching upon issues such as the necessity for early and narrow specialization. Subsequently, challenges connected with athletes’ retirement are presented in the light of both the sociological and psychological perspective. Institutional solutions designed to make a post-career transition are also discussed. This article is based on the existing literature from the field and review of programmes established to facilitate athletes’ retirement process. The paper may be considered a contribution to a discussion oneffective ways to facilitate athletes’ retirement process.

Fitness sport is aimed at good health, physical and spiritual condition. In this sense, fitness activities are a good opportunity as prevention against immobility and overweight, which is a social and medical problem, a pandemic of the metabolic syndrome, which affects all social strata of modern Bulgarian society. The aim of the empirical sociological-marketing research is to establish the possibilities for improving a target-oriented program combining balanced nutrition and fitness activities for a special target group - overweight people. To solve the main tasks, achieve the goal and prove the hypothesis, a complex methodology was applied: from the study of literary, statistical and normative sources, discussion, observation, survey method, expert evaluation and content analysis. Based on an in-depth analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in several metropolitan fitness clubs, the respondents' attitudes towards the service "fitness for overweight people" and the motives influencing attendance of the fitness centre by overweight people are investigated. The obtained results serve as the basis of a strategy for optimizing the "fitness for overweight people" service and generating profit. Conclusion: a complex and interdisciplinary approach is needed to solve the specific social problems and the coordinated efforts of the whole society.

The author finds the reason for writing the paper in the current holding of the World Football Championship in Qatar, as one of the biggest sporting events bigger and more significant than the Olympic Games themselves. Often this great global event is seen as the last place where the small can defeat the big, thereby losing the illusion that the rich and the big always win, and that “David can beat Goliath”. Taking the facts into account, football is still primarily a game of the poor, in which the largest number of footballers came from the margins which, according to the author, reflects its greatest social strength. In his work, the author intends to describe and explain the world in which we live through the prism of not only previous championships. It is through the metaphor of football that the author deals with the issue of global order, with the fact that the main issues of this work are more cultural than economic. As the work is of a theoretical nature, the author's intention is to devote special attention to the consideration of physical culture and sport as a factor of socialization within this theoretical analysis, with a special emphasis on the sociology of football.

Analytics, the application of advanced statistics to sport, has become increasingly prominent. This paper will focus on their application in basketball. I will argue that the introduction of analytics is an attempt to expand the logic of modernity into sport, an area which, for Elias, its demands had historically been temporarily suspended. Instead we can see some of the key tenets of analytics – which I will explore via reference to The Mid-Range Theory, a recent book promoting their use in basketball – as reproducing the modernist demand for control, order, prediction and efficiency. In turn, I will also explore how the critique of analytics reflects the critique of modernity, most notably in its attempt to disenchant the social world and create a new iron cage of efficiency. Therefore, the case of analytics in basketball shows us that what Wagner called modernity as interpretation still has significant social purchase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence among spectators in sports is a global phenomenon posing hazards for players, match officials, and other participants. Despite its widespread prevalence, scant criminological research has investigated the matter. To fill this void, this study examines the predictive efficacy of key theoretical constructs derived from Situational Action Theory on aggressive behaviour among a sample of 384 soccer spectators in Iran. Results reveal that crime propensity, criminogenic exposure, action alternatives, and choice have direct effects on spectator engagement in violent behaviour. Furthermore, results demonstrate that crime propensity and criminogenic exposure (propensity*exposure) and action alternatives and choice (action alternatives*choice) interact to increase violence among sport spectators in a manner consistent with the theory. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitness sport is aimed at good health, physical and spiritual condition. In this sense, fitness activities are a good opportunity as prevention against immobility and overweight, which is a social and medical problem, a pandemic of the metabolic syndrome, which affects all social strata of modern Bulgarian society. The aim of the empirical sociological-marketing research is to establish the possibilities for improving a target-oriented program combining balanced nutrition and fitness activities for a special target group - overweight people. To solve the main tasks, achieve the goal and prove the hypothesis, a complex methodology was applied: from the study of literary, statistical and normative sources, discussion, observation, survey method, expert evaluation and content analysis. Based on an in-depth analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in several metropolitan fitness clubs, the respondents' attitudes towards the service "fitness for overweight people" and the motives influencing attendance of the fitness centre by overweight people are investigated. The obtained results serve as the basis of a strategy for optimizing the "fitness for overweight people" service and generating profit. Conclusion: a complex and interdisciplinary approach is needed to solve the specific social problems and the coordinated efforts of the whole society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metrics, and increasingly altmetrics, are a pervasive aspect of academic life. A proliferation of digital tools available have seen greater emphasis on the quantification of the 'performance' of individual journals. Although metrics and altmetrics are justified in terms of increased accountability and transparency, there are significant inequities in the ways they are deployed. Key among these is the unsuitability of many popular metrics for assessing publications in the humanities and social sciences, as the data, algorithms and systems which support them cater to authorship and citation practices of the various science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. These issues are amplified for journals in the sociology of sport, which publish research by humanities and social science scholars whose work is quantified according to the standards of the health science departments in which they frequently work. In this discussion, we critically examine how common forms of metrics and altmetrics, including those produced by Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Altmetric.com, are applied to available sociology of sport journals. We analyse and critique how different metric algorithms produce variable measures of performance for each of the journals in the field and reveal how other information available on these databases can augment our understanding of the sociology of sport publishing ecology. Far from advocating the value of metrics and altmetrics, our analysis is intended to arm scholars and journals with the information required to critically navigate the entanglement of metrics and altmetrics with neoliberalism, audit culture and digital technologies in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, sport has gained a significant profile in a number of European strategies and programs. The aim of this study is to open up potential opportunities for increasing employment in the regions through sport and its accompanying sporting activities. Compared to most industries, in times of economic turmoil, sports are proving to be resistant to recession. Methodology a theoretical and regulatory review was made, measuring employment in sport using the central statistical definition of the 'Vilnius definition' for sport, covering the main sport activities coded by class 93.1 - Sporting activities. The results analysed a number of regulatory documents, including recommendations and reports of various committees related to employment in sport in a broad and narrow aspect, identified stakeholders and described leading sports successfully supporting local employment. The conclusion provides guidelines for work related to additional information and intelligence programs on employment for non-profit organizations, municipalities and others. Discussion through state regulations in the field of sport should ensure that non-profit organizations and municipalities are more involved in the development of sport.

Risk can be defined as any threat that may adversely affect the achievement of the organization's goals. Risk is measured by its effect and likelihood of its occurrence. In sports we can see various aspects related to security and risk management. The purpose of the study is to track regulations related to risk management in sports. The methodology provides a theoretical and regulatory overview, including case law, in relation to the issues discussed at the level of Bulgaria and the European Union. The results analysed a number of regulatory documents, including recommendations and reports from various committees dealing with sport risk in a broad and narrow context, identified stakeholders and an indicative classification of the types of risks involved in sport. The conclusion provides guidance for the work on additional information and awareness programs on the risk of non-profit organizations from abusing them and providing them with awareness materials. Discussion through state regulations in the field of sport should ensure that non-profit organizations are more closely involved in national risk assessments.

Objective: What follows is an overview of the views and ideas of Marcel Mouss, the conqueror of the new land of sports sociology.A land where man is called the product of his body and it is thought that all techniques of the body are the result of the cultural context and the process of socialization, and physical activitys are closely related to culture and social system."Mars Mouss" is the conqueror of a land that heralds the entry of social science into the field of physical activity as well as games and sporting events, thus laying the foundation for the sociology of sport.Methodology: The research method of this study is based on the nature of the subject of documents, and accordingly, the library technique was used to collect information.Results: In this article, first a brief look at the life and works of this French sociologist and then his theoretical application in the field of games and sports is explained and the foundations of his thoughts in the field of emerging science of sports sociology are examined and then the foundation is explained. His ideas about total social realities, including games and sports, are theoretically emphasized by focusing on the article "Techniques crops" and focus on human nature and the nature of physical techniques, as well as human emotions, all of which have a cultural flavor and a common sociological element. He follows the name "habitus", and finally analyzes the games using the" Potlatch" Customs which "Marcel Mouss" borrowed from the natives of the East Coast, and claims that according to this Customs, the primitive tribes have human motivation and purpose.Conclusion: The game is not just about financial gain, but also non-economic goals, including strengthening relationships and promoting social status.

This paper examines the rise of modern social sciences that deal with sports phenomena. It begins with the first formula that paved the way for sports science to become an independent scientific field. This is found in European intellectual discourse in the first half of the twentieth century, which linked sport to what was then known as the "crisis of European values." It then deals with the endeavours of the social sciences to make sport a research and knowledge topic, which was devoted to and institutionalised in the 1960s. It investigates the first theoretical paradigms in the field, the first designed by Norbert Elias, and deals with the position of sport in the development of modern European societies. The other, designed by Pierre Bourdieu, is based on viewing sport as an independent social field. Finally, the paper looks at the interest in cultural studies in sports in the late seventies of the twentieth century, which saw it as a field revealing the distinctions on which Western societies are built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses an existential, if varied, threat to sport. Equally, sporting activity is having a substantial impact on the natural environment, an impact to which sporting bodies have been slow to quantify and mitigate. Despite this bidirectional threat, social science research on the relationship between sport and climate change is underdeveloped. Much of the existing research is generated by scholars within sport management and the nascent sub-discipline of sport ecology, both of which tend to focus on organisations’ and managerial responses to climate change. By contrast, climate change and the natural environment have been understudied within the sociology of sport. In this paper, I argue that the limited contribution of sociological perspectives to the debate has restricted the ability to critically examine the social context within which sport and climate change intersect. In response, I advocate for the value of a sociological approach and propose a research agenda for examining climate change within the sociology of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article adopts methodology from digital qualitative studies in order to discuss issues specific to e-sport research in the sociology of sport. The applied concepts are built on a critical discussion of the existing theories and cases from the author’s fieldwork on e-sports among hackers. The employed theories and methods are taken from virtual ethnography, netnography, and digital ethnography. These approaches are discussed critically, especially regarding their relations with Science and Technology Studies and Communication and Media Studies. The paper advocates acknowledging the cognitive approach from virtual ethnography, while dropping the approach to virtuality in favor of other theories of spatiality, with the theory of infrastructure as the backbone. It discusses the usability of Kozinets’ netnographical genres and their potential differences, but proposes a more practical solution to autonetnography. Finally, it shows how different frameworks in digital ethnography can be used in the context of e-sport research. The last part of the article is devoted to some practical advice based on discussions and practice.

For a significant part of the twentieth century, Hong Kong was seen on the forefront of football development in Asia, and it was just in recent decades that the so-called "beautiful game" has been relegated to a less prominent spot in the cultural fabric of citizens' everyday life. However, amidst the current socio-political conjuncture of the Special Administrative Region, which has been slowly unfolding over the last decade, football has again become a meaningful platform to imagine, articulate, and perform a local(ist) identity. Social scientists, cultural studies scholars and anthropologists have long examined the multi-faceted dimensions of football fan cultures around the world. The subject of study, however, has often been limited to European or American perspectives, with incomplete accounts of Asian experiences in this domain, calling for more interventions in the form of culturally informed research. First, this article aims to offer a qualitative overview of Hong Kong's football fan culture, using a thick description of a supporters' group that rearticulated and materialized subcultural practices of the popular local forum LIHKG – an online community that has later emerged as a central catalyst of recent protest movements. Second, the research attempts to provide an alternative understanding of the politicization of football fandom, by emphasizing the multiple fan identities being negotiated between consumerism, activism, and localism. By critically investigating common fan categorizations that have been put forward in the context of football's hyper-commodification, the research questions the suitability of Eurocentric models on residual or emerging sporting cultures in non-European contexts. The paper further argues that the re-appropriation of football as a site of imagination and performance of identities reaffirms the idea of sport as a resource for cultural citizenship, as well as a decoding device for the ever-changing politicization of everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice and teaching of sport, which are expressed in different environments such as school, leisure and high performance environments, derive from sociocultural components related to the pedagogical context in which these processes take place, as well as the involved social agents' cultural background. Understanding school as a space for social protection and socialization, the care related to pedagogical actions is important, as possible social inequalities in the offering of learning opportunities can be reflected in other dimensions of students' lives. At school, futsal teaching happens both in Physical Education classes and extracurricular activities, being the later called in this study as extracurricular sports practices (ESP). The aim of this study was to investigate and analyse the reasons and meanings of teaching futsal as an extracurricular sport practice, for teachers/coaches in a country city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Through semi-structured interviews with futsal teachers/coaches, and data analysis based on Grounded Theory, the main results are expressed in three thematic axes: 1) goals of teaching sport at school: moral education as a relevant contribution; 2) dispositions of teachers/coaches for the overvaluation of the sport competitions' results; 3) sport participation as a privilege for the few students with better competitive performance. We concluded that even knowing more appropriate pedagogical actions for ESP, teachers/coaches address their pedagogical acting to the achievement of optimal competitive results, causing social exclusion and unequal offer of learning opportunities to students in ESP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educacao e Pesquisa is the property of Faculdade de Educacao da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Various areas of social and economic life and their changes during the political transformation after 1989 have been studied and analyzed by Polish sociologists. It seems that one of the areas that has been left out and which constitutes a terra incognita is the world of sport. As in other areas, individual and collective social actors who organized, managed or participated in the world of sport had to come to terms with the new social, economic and political order. That is why the transformation seen through their eyes and what they did, their motivations and ways of coping with changes are interesting and broaden our knowledge about the transformation period. In the article, I present a fragment of my own research on the course and effects of political transformation, based on the example of a multi-sectional Workers’ Sports Club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk (currently GKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk). I was interested in the struggles of people who organized sport, which they had to face in the period of transformation. I was interested in how they experienced the clash with the emerging new social order. What strategies they adopted in their organizational activities and their practices during the transformation. The case study is treated as a field study and a conceptual pilot study which is a starting point for further exploration. I used two methods: desk research (among others, press articles, club information, official data, statistical data were collected) and in-depth interviews (IDI) with social actors operating in the sports club. The analytical framework for the study consists of three dimensions of transformation, namely the economic, political and legal, and social ones. The theoretical foundations, on the other hand, are the perspectives of new institutionalism, especially the theory of fields by Fligstein and McAdam and the concept of deinstitutionalization by Christine Oliver.

Electronic sports is a new phenomenon in scientific research. Many issues within it have not been systematically analyzed. The use of artificial substances to improve human physical abilities is most often addressed in the context of deviation in sports. E-sports partially reflects sporting functionality, but in the area of doping and anti-doping control in video game competitions, it is difficult to delineate the boundary between what is allowed and what is forbidden. The aim of this work is to reconstruct the social assessment of doping in e-sports based on the attitudes and experience of fans and players. Most players accept the use of stimulants, such as energy drinks. Some of them also observe the use of prohibited substances during games. E-sports enthusiasts usually support anti-doping controls modeled on traditional sports and emphasize the importance of structural determinants of the issue, such as allowing the use of prohibited means.

The article deals with the sociological paradox of chess. On the one hand, this game gives people who belong to its social world a kind of desirable distinction, but on the other hand this distinction is not connected with the class position. In Pierre Bourdieu’s terms, if we treat chess as part of the sports field, then class distinction should be interconnected with it. Why is chess extremely popular and widespread, and therefore egalitarian, although it seems to be an excellent instrument for increasing class advantage? What makes so many people play chess, and how does chess confer the transclass distinction upon them? In answering these questions I will focus on the accessibility and openness of chess, its social nature, the totality of chess experience and the impossibility of defining it within one field: sport, science or art, and – last but not least – on the possibility of manipulating chess’s illusio.

The article addresses the issue of the unique position of football among sports, which supports Bromberger’s thesis on the footballisation of society. As an overview of publications shows, football has occupied a special place in the international sociology of sport over the last 30 years; studies of football have been among the twenty most popular topics within the sub-discipline. However, it would be unjustified to speak of the footballisation of the international sociology of sport, understood as the overrepresentation of football in this sub-discipline. The situation is different when it comes to the Polish sociology of sport, where up to 50% of publications in the first fifteen years of the 21st century tackled various football-related issues. In conclusion, theses concerning possible consequences of the footballisation of the Polish sociology of sport are presented, including the type I and type II errors.

The purpose of the present study is to show how the impact of professional sport as a supporter of the ubiquitous political functions available to social forces affects the different levels of today's political life. In other words, what areas of world politics today are most affected by sports and athletes. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library and internet resources. The hypothesis under study is that with the modernization of sport, this new phenomenon has influential political capabilities including identity politics, nationalism, reducing or increasing conflicts and gaps in society, controlling political and social affairs, propaganda tools, political participation, electoral incentives, Promote ideology and so on, And it plays many roles in some of the most important areas of community politics. The results of the article showed that sport is considered as a new and influential political-social tool on the political scene of societies and social forces have been able to gain considerable political empowerment with this phenomenon in the past.

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Risk can be defined as any threat that may adversely affect the achievement of the organization's goals. Risk is measured by its effect and likelihood of its occurrence. In sports we can see various aspects related to security and risk management. The purpose of the study is to track regulations related to risk management in sports. The methodology provides a theoretical and regulatory overview, including case law, in relation to the issues discussed at the level of Bulgaria and the European Union. The results analysed a number of regulatory documents, including recommendations and reports from various committees dealing with sport risk in a broad and narrow context, identified stakeholders and an indicative classification of the types of risks involved in sport. The conclusion provides guidance for the work on additional information and awareness programs on the risk of non-profit organizations from abusing them and providing them with awareness materials. Discussion through state regulations in the field of sport should ensure that non-profit organizations are more closely involved in national risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sport has gained a significant profile in a number of European strategies and programs. The aim of this study is to open up potential opportunities for increasing employment in the regions through sport and its accompanying sporting activities. Compared to most industries, in times of economic turmoil, sports are proving to be resistant to recession. Methodology a theoretical and regulatory review was made, measuring employment in sport using the central statistical definition of the 'Vilnius definition' for sport, covering the main sport activities coded by class 93.1 - Sporting activities. The results analysed a number of regulatory documents, including recommendations and reports of various committees related to employment in sport in a broad and narrow aspect, identified stakeholders and described leading sports successfully supporting local employment. The conclusion provides guidelines for work related to additional information and intelligence programs on employment for non-profit organizations, municipalities and others. Discussion through state regulations in the field of sport should ensure that non-profit organizations and municipalities are more involved in the development of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]