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For decades, scholars have constructed various ways to measure Taiwanese public opinion on the nation's future, the independence–unification (Tondu) question. While existing surveys find that Taiwanese people become more likely to support independence, the majority still favors the "status quo" option. Existing measurements have a number of weaknesses. For instance, most do not inform citizens what the "status quo" means, nor do they specify when and how independence and unification will manifest in reality. We propose a new approach to measuring citizens' preferences of the nation's future by specifying five mutually exclusive options on the independence–unification spectrum and field a nationwide survey to illustrate the validity of the new typology. Compared with traditional measurements, our method has more substantial explanatory power for several key political issues in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conspiracy theories introduce a democratic paradox, as belief in conspiracy theories predicts support for both democratic and non‐democratic political systems. In this article, we explore whether democratic and anti‐democratic attitudes, resulting from conspiracy beliefs, can be mutually exclusive. In Study 1 (United Kingdom, N = 293), we show that belief in conspiracy theories is associated with decreased support for representative democracy, and increased support for direct democracy, anarchism, and autocracy within the same individuals. In Study 2 (United States, N = 302, pre‐registered), we experimentally show that the perceived presence of conspiracies is linked to an increased preference for direct democracy, anarchism, and autocracy and decreased support for representative democracy. Mediational analyses suggest that widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo and, less consistently, feelings of political cynicism mediate the relationships between conspiracy beliefs and (anti‐)democratic attitudes. In Study 3 (United States, N = 400, pre‐registered), we experimentally manipulate (dis)satisfaction with the status quo. Results indicate that rejecting the status quo increases support for direct democracy, anarchism, and autocracy and decreases support for representative democracy. Overall, our findings suggest that people who believe in conspiracy theories tend to favour both democratic and anti‐democratic political alternatives, largely attributed to citizens' desire to change the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the status quo of nursing practices, job burnout and social support among private hospitals in Dazhou, Sichuan Province, and perform correlational analysis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 244 nurses were surveyed via convenience sampling from 7 private hospitals, which were randomly selected from Dazhou city. A self-designed demographic sociology questionnaire was applied, and the Chinese versions of the Maslach Burnout Scale and the Social Support scale administered from September to November 2022. Results: The investigated nurses were relatively young (26.84 ± 4.90 years), had a short duration of service, a low academic background, a low professional title and a low income; however, they were highly satisfied with their working environment and had a low level of burnout, and their level of personal achievement was low. Overtime work, education level and number of children had significant impacts on the level of nurse burnout. The level of social support was high, and various dimensions were negatively correlated with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout (r=-0.438, P < 0.01; r=-0.372, P < 0.01) and positively correlated with personal achievement (r = 0.291, P < 0.01). However, the level of social support was not significantly associated with burnout (r=-0.060, p = 0.354). Conclusions: Nursing managers in private hospitals should consider ways of improving nurses' education, professional titles, working environment and increasing nurses' income to stabilize the nursing team. Efforts should be made to relieve the nurses' pressure, and notice the overtime work and professional development of nurses to enhance the personal sense of achievement. More measures should be taken to improve the level of social support, thereby promoting the continuous improvement of nursing quality. Due to the uneven level of social and economic development in different parts of China, the extensibility of the research needs to be confirmed by more studies, but it still has important reference significance for Northeast Sichuan, which represents areas with similar social and economic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central aspect of political conservatism is the notion that the system is fair. Political conservatives tend to defend the system more than do liberals. Here we test whether the link between political orientation and this system justification tendency depends on the comparisons people make across time. Across five studies, we found that the typically observed link between conservative (vs. liberal) political orientation and system justification is only observed when no temporal comparisons are made, or when the status quo is compared to a future alternative. However, this association is not observed when the status quo is compared to the past. Instead, when comparing the present to the past, the link between political orientation and system justification was blocked (Studies 1, 2, and 4) or even reversed (Study 3). Theoretically, these results connect the system justification literature to literature on temporal comparison and suggest that system justification is meaningfully influenced by comparisons processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an integration of the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) with prospect theory to investigate how the status quo and policy change are recounted in public debates. By integrating insights from prospect theory into the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), we investigate narratives in the policy domain of farm animal welfare, which is characterized by a strong polarization of actor coalitions. We compare public debates in France and Germany between 2020 and 2021. Our analysis shows that the NPF's analytical strength is enhanced by integrating the distinction between status quo and policy change in narrative elements. This distinction enables further empirical nuancing of actors' narrative communication, and in combination with insights from prospect theory, it allows for new conjectures about actors' use of narrative strategies such as the devil shift and the angel shift. In addition to the theoretical contribution, we shed light on debates surrounding farm animal welfare in Western Europe: Both animal welfare and agricultural coalitions are unsatisfied with the status quo, but they promote policy change of different kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To investigate the status quo of nursing practices, job burnout and social support among private hospitals in Dazhou, Sichuan Province, and perform correlational analysis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 244 nurses were surveyed via convenience sampling from 7 private hospitals, which were randomly selected from Dazhou city. A self-designed demographic sociology questionnaire was applied, and the Chinese versions of the Maslach Burnout Scale and the Social Support scale administered from September to November 2022. Results The investigated nurses were relatively young (26.84 ± 4.90 years), had a short duration of service, a low academic background, a low professional title and a low income; however, they were highly satisfied with their working environment and had a low level of burnout, and their level of personal achievement was low. Overtime work, education level and number of children had significant impacts on the level of nurse burnout. The level of social support was high, and various dimensions were negatively correlated with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout (r=-0.438, P

As the rate of population aging accelerates, the prevalence of stroke among the older population continues to rise. Elderly stroke patients have a high prevalence of neurological impairment, severe clinical manifestations, many associated comorbidities, unfavorable prognosis, prolonged rehabilitation duration, and need extended caregiver support. Elderly stroke patients have challenges in accessing necessary long-term care services due to several circumstances, resulting in notable issues in long-term care. This paper examines the clinical features of elderly stroke patients and presents an overview of long-term care both domestically and internationally. It discusses the current issues surrounding long-term care in our country, focusing on three different forms of care. The paper proposes countermeasures to address these problems, considering the roles of the government, society, medical professionals, institutions, families, and individuals. The aim is to offer guidance for enhancing the quality of long-term care.

Deep learning, a data-driven technology, has attracted widespread attention from various disciplines due to the rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) big data, machine learning algorithms and computational hardware in recent years. It proves to achieve comparable or even more accurate results than traditional methods in a more flexible manner in existing applications in various fields. In the field of physical oceanography, an important scientific field of oceanography, the abundance of ocean surface data and high dynamic complexity pave the way for an extensive application of deep learning. Moreover, researchers have already conducted a great deal of work to innovate traditional approaches in ocean circulation, ocean dynamics, ocean climate, ocean remote sensing and ocean geophysics, leading oceanographic studies into the "AI ocean era". In our study, we categorize numerous research topics in physical oceanography into four aspects: surface elements, subsurface elements, typical ocean phenomena, and typical weather and climate phenomena. We review the cutting-edge applications of deep learning in physical oceanography over the past three years to provide comprehensive insights into its development. From the perspective of three application scenarios, namely spatial data, temporal data and data generation, three corresponding deep learning model types are introduced, which are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), and also their principal application tasks. Furthermore, this study discusses the current bottlenecks and future innovative prospects of deep learning in oceanography. Through summarizing and analyzing the existing research, our aim is to delve into the potential and challenges of deep learning in physical oceanography, providing reference and inspiration for researchers in future oceanographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of pervasive digital revolution, the accessibility and analysis of 'big data' can provide useful insights and help various industries evolve. Despite the popularity of big data, the construction industry is lagging behind other industries in adopting big data technologies. This paper fills the knowledge gap by examining the status quo of big data adoption in companies with different sizes and roles, as well as that in projects with different types, and ascertaining the drivers for and challenges in adopting big data. This paper employed a structured questionnaire survey and statistical analyses to investigate the significance of factors influencing the drivers, challenges, and enhancement strategies of big data adoption, and validated the results with post-study interviews with construction professionals. The results show that big data adoption in the construction industry is affected by the size of companies and the work experience of their employees. Technology advancement, competitiveness, and government plan and policy initiatives are identified as the top three drivers of big data adoption in the construction sector. Moreover, a lack of appropriate supporting systems, difficulties in data collection, and the shortage of knowledge and experience are found to be the major challenges in big data adoption. Finally, the identified top three strategies for overcoming these challenges and promoting big data adoption are 'clear organization structure', 'government incentives', and 'the training of information technology (IT) personnel'. The paper suggests the necessity of creating differentiated strategies for big data adoption for companies with different scales and roles, and helps provide useful insights for policy-makers in promoting big data applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of empirical studies on process innovation in food through a systematic review of 63 articles published in English in several research journals. The main purpose is to understand the status quo of process innovation in food industry, suggest future research agenda, and propose a framework for describing food process innovations. The review is guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This study argues that reviewed literature has not adequately addressed process innovation in the food industry, especially with orientation to financing structures and financial performance. Moreover, the specific measurement scale for process innovation in the food industry is lacking. This paper enlightens scholars and practitioners in the agri-food industry on the current situation of process innovation and avenues for advancement. The major contribution of this study is the proposed framework for describing food process innovation. Several research agendas are suggested. The need for developing a specific measurement scale for food process innovations is contended.

Purpose: The present study distinguishes itself by pioneering an innovative framework that integrates key elements of prospect theory and the fundamental principles of electronic word of mouth (EWOM) to forecast Bitcoin/USD price fluctuations using Twitter sentiment analysis. Design/methodology/approach: We utilized Twitter data as our primary data source. We meticulously collected a dataset consisting of over 3 million tweets spanning a nine-year period, from 2013 to 2022, covering a total of 3,215 days with an average daily tweet count of 1,000. The tweets were identified by utilizing the "bitcoin" and/or "btc" keywords through the snscrape python library. Diverging from conventional approaches, we introduce four distinct variables, encompassing normalized positive and negative sentiment scores as well as sentiment variance. These refinements markedly enhance sentiment analysis within the sphere of financial risk management. Findings: Our findings highlight the substantial impact of negative sentiments in driving Bitcoin price declines, in contrast to the role of positive sentiments in facilitating price upswings. These results underscore the critical importance of continuous, real-time monitoring of negative sentiment shifts within the cryptocurrency market. Practical implications: Our study holds substantial significance for both risk managers and investors, providing a crucial tool for well-informed decision-making in the cryptocurrency market. The implications drawn from our study hold notable relevance for financial risk management. Originality/value: We present an innovative framework combining prospect theory and core principles of EWOM to predict Bitcoin price fluctuations through analysis of Twitter sentiment. Unlike conventional methods, we incorporate distinct positive and negative sentiment scores instead of relying solely on a single compound score. Notably, our pioneering sentiment analysis framework dissects sentiment into separate positive and negative components, advancing our comprehension of market sentiment dynamics. Furthermore, it equips financial institutions and investors with a more detailed and actionable insight into the risks associated not only with Bitcoin but also with other assets influenced by sentiment-driven market dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the one hand, default nudges are proven to strongly influence behavior. On the other hand, a number of consumer autonomy and welfare concerns have been raised that hinder public policy applications. Both nudge success and ethical concerns depend heavily on the design of defaults. We identify six taxonomic characteristics that matter to the ethical and the nudge success dimension. We review the default nudge literature (N = 61) and review ethical studies to assess both dimensions concerning the taxonomy. When designing a default, a choice architect inevitably makes a decision concerning the characteristics. Among others, the results show three main findings. (1) The initial choice architecture regularly imposes welfare losses and impedes consumer autonomy. Forced active choosing can mitigate both issues. (2) Empirical evidence suggests that transparent defaults are similarly effective as the non-transparent counterparts. (3) The framing of the choice in combination with a choice structuring default leads to greater nudge success and tends to involve the reflective decision-making patterns. Choice architects can trade-off nudge success for legitimacy but a design change may also benefit one without harming the other. We discuss further options of choice architects to legitimize a default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the research progress and trends on mineral elements and depression. Methods: After querying the MeSH database and referring to the search rules, the search terms were selected and optimized to obtain the target literature collection. We analyzed the general characteristics of the literature, conducted network clustering and co-occurrence analysis, and carried out a narrative review of crucial literature. Results: Bipolar disorder was a dominant topic in the retrieved literature, which saw a significant increase in 2010 and 2019–2020. Most studies focused on mineral elements, including lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper. The majority of journals and disciplines were in the fields of psychiatry, neuropsychology, neuropharmacology, nutrition, medical informatics, chemistry, and public health. The United States had the highest proportion in terms of paper sources, most-cited articles, high-frequency citations, frontier citations, and high centrality citation. Regarding the influence of academic institutions, the top five were King's College London, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Barcelona, INSERM, and Heidelberg University. Frontier keywords included bipolar disorder, drinking water, (neuro)inflammation, gut microbiota, and systematic analysis. Research on lithium response, magnesium supplementation, and treatment-resistant unipolar depression increased significantly after 2013. Conclusion: Global adverse events may have indirectly driven the progress in related research. Although the literature from the United States represents an absolute majority, its influence on academic institutions is relatively weaker. Multiple pieces of evidence support the efficacy of lithium in treating bipolar disorder (BD). A series of key discoveries have led to a paradigm shift in research, leading to increasingly detailed studies on the role of magnesium, calcium, zinc, and copper in the treatment of depression. Most studies on mineral elements remain diverse and inconclusive. The potential toxicity and side effects of some elements warrant careful attention.

Este texto trata sobre la relación que se establece entre los escritores, la revolución y la cultura para configurar la identidad latinoamericana y analizar las relaciones de poder entre los grupos dominantes y lo sujetos dominados. Los escritores son considerados un grupo minoritario que produce mensajes y signos sociales. Esas producciones son elementos culturales que llevan a una revolución social trasformadora de todos sus ámbitos.

Throughout modernity, incremental progress has been a common pattern of social change. We propose a novel social prospect theory of intergroup relations that can explain the prevalence of this pattern by distinguishing between two types of social change: progressive and regressive. Progressive social change is defined as that which results in a new social system or regime, whereas regressive social change is that which results in a return to an earlier social system or regime. According to our proposed theory, which is an extension of prospect theory, (a) progressive social change represents possible gains for members of disadvantaged groups and potential losses for members of advantaged groups, whereas regressive social change represents possible gains for members of advantaged groups and potential losses for members of disadvantaged groups; (b) loss avoidance is a stronger motivator than gain-seeking; and (c) the likely outcomes of reverting to a previous state of affairs can be predicted with more certainty than outcomes of establishing a new and untested social system. When these three principles are applied to the context of group decision-making by members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups, a motivational tendency toward incremental progressive social change results. This is because members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups alike will be strongly motivated to avoid losing ground, but members of disadvantaged groups will be more strongly motivated than members of advantaged groups, because there is more certainty associated with the outcomes of regressive vs. progressive social change. Thus, social prospect theory provides a motivational explanation for the occurrence of gradual, incremental progressive changes despite the many sociopolitical disadvantages faced by beneficiaries.

The People's Republic of China's (PRC) policy toward the Korean Peninsula can be largely characterized as the maintenance of a "stable status quo." This has been a constant feature since the founding of the PRC in 1949. Even when China was extremely radicalized and encouraged revolutions in the Third World in the 1960s, it prevented North Korea from attacking South Korea. However, the reasons behind China's policy choices have varied over time. This paper attempts to highlight the different reasons that led the PRC to maintain the same policy toward the Korean Peninsula during the Cold War. This article takes a historiographical perspective, juxtaposing the Sino-North Korean, Sino-Soviet, and Sino-US relationships, to reveal useful clues for understanding China's policy toward the Korean Peninsula and to elucidate the international political context China's policy exists within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mountainous terrain of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is steep, with abundant natural forage grass. Farmers lack the awareness of planting forage grass and raising livestock, and the shortage of winter forage grass affects the economic benefits of herbivorous animals. This promotion work involved the cultivation and processing of the three types of forage grass: alfalfa, ryeforage grass and feed corn. It was concluded that in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, alfalfa could be harvested three times a year, resulting in a yield of 45 525 kg·hm-2. Annual ryeforage grass could be harvested 5-6 times per growth cycle, resulting in a yield of over 105 000 kg·hm-2. The highest yield of feed corn could reached 67 770 kg·hm-2; the main processing method for forage grass in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was silage, planting forage grass and raising livestock could improved the economic benefits of herbivorous animal farming, in order to promote the orderly development of forage grass planting and animal husbandry work in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to discuss the legal limbo of Taiwan, whose political situation lies in a grey area of international law. Its legal status is ambiguous: while meeting the characteristics of a State, it is not recognized by other States so long as China claims it as a Chinese territory. The methodology developed in this study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to the different principles of international law, in addition to quantitative methods, which involved gathering data on cases, courts, and resolutions of international organizations, followed by thorough analysis. This research provided an in-depth investigation to critically assess Taiwan's fragile status quo, threatened by a potential Chinese military intervention. The study found that the idea that Taiwan is deprived of legal status points out the shortcomings of international law. This study concluded that to overcome this tricky situation, Taiwan should take bold moves, such as making constitutional reforms to facilitate its independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What strategies do state institutions use to maintain their existing unpopular policies? To what extent are citizens content with these strategies? This article presents a model classifying the various methods state institutions use to manage unpopular policies while keeping these core policies intact. The model demonstrates that state institutions manage unpopular policies by using three strategies, adjusted accordingly to counteract societal discontent: (1) disregard, (2) accommodation of under-the-legislative-threshold alternatives, and (3) partial institutional modification. To test this model, I compare three religion-based policies in Israel: marriage, public transportation on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath), and kosher food inspection in public institutions. Each policy is an example of the different measures taken by state institutions to mitigate societal discontent without changing the core of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of leukemia and related diseases is rapidly growing in Asia. Currently, there is a paucity of regional collaborative groups/initiatives that focus exclusively on the management of leukemia in the Asia‐Pacific (APAC) region. The Asia‐Pacific Leukemia Consortium (APLC) was established on the 8 September 2021 to understand the status quo, unmet needs, and ways to improve the management of leukemia and related diseases in the APAC region. The APLC working group set up a group of experts from various countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, and Australia) to discuss on the status of: (i) clinical trials; (ii) disease registry database; (iii) genetic and tissue repository; (iv) patient advocacy and care; and (v) disease prevention and education in the APAC region. Low levels of awareness about leukemia amongst the public, lack of financial support, and limited access to newly approved therapies were identified as barriers to the implementation of effective leukemia management in low‐ or mid‐income Asian countries. Patients often enroll in clinical trials to gain access to novel/approved therapies. The APLC group aims to address the growing threat of leukemia through a collaborative approach to advance disease prevention, research, clinical trials, and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Wildland Fire Science is the property of Journal of Wildland Fire Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The professional identity of teachers has been a recurring subject of research in recent years with most of the studies being theoretical or qualitative. However, there is still a lack in the number of quantitative studies done on the professional identity of teachers using a measured scale or inventory. Aiming to find out the status quo of the professional identity of college EFL teachers in the context of college English teaching reform, this study attempts to establish and validate a measure of the professional identity of teachers' questionnaire. With good validity and reliability, the questionnaire consists of five constructs: occupational behavior tendency, value identity, English teaching reform, self-efficacy and job satisfaction. The findings of this study indicate that college EFL teachers have a relatively high level of professional identity with the constituting constructs of the professional identity of college teachers having scored from high to low as follows: English teaching reform, professional behavior tendency, job satisfaction, self-efficacy and value identity. Moreover, there is no significant difference in the professional identity level of college EFL teachers concerning gender. Finally, the implications of exploring the professional identity of teachers are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to discuss the legal limbo of Taiwan, whose political situation lies in a grey area of international law. Its legal status is ambiguous: while meeting the characteristics of a State, it is not recognized by other States so long as China claims it as a Chinese territory. The methodology developed in this study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to the different principles of international law, in addition to quantitative methods, which involved gathering data on cases, courts, and resolutions of international organizations, followed by thorough analysis. This research provided an in-depth investigation to critically assess Taiwan’s fragile status quo, threatened by a potential Chinese military intervention. The study found that the idea that Taiwan is deprived of legal status points out the shortcomings of international law. This study concluded that to overcome this tricky situation, Taiwan should take bold moves, such as making constitutional reforms to facilitate its independence.

Under the influence of pervasive digital revolution, the accessibility and analysis of ‘big data’ can provide useful insights and help various industries evolve. Despite the popularity of big data, the construction industry is lagging behind other industries in adopting big data technologies. This paper fills the knowledge gap by examining the status quo of big data adoption in companies with different sizes and roles, as well as that in projects with different types, and ascertaining the drivers for and challenges in adopting big data. This paper employed a structured questionnaire survey and statistical analyses to investigate the significance of factors influencing the drivers, challenges, and enhancement strategies of big data adoption, and validated the results with post-study interviews with construction professionals. The results show that big data adoption in the construction industry is affected by the size of companies and the work experience of their employees. Technology advancement, competitiveness, and government plan and policy initiatives are identified as the top three drivers of big data adoption in the construction sector. Moreover, a lack of appropriate supporting systems, difficulties in data collection, and the shortage of knowledge and experience are found to be the major challenges in big data adoption. Finally, the identified top three strategies for overcoming these challenges and promoting big data adoption are ‘clear organization structure’, ‘government incentives’, and ‘the training of information technology (IT) personnel’. The paper suggests the necessity of creating differentiated strategies for big data adoption for companies with different scales and roles, and helps provide useful insights for policy-makers in promoting big data applications.

En la política china, Taiwán representa una asignatura pendiente y tanto puede convertirse en la llave definitiva y finalmente exitosa de esa modernización anhelada que pondría fin a dos siglos de decadencia como también ser la espoleta de una gran crisis regional con potencial suficiente para sacudir los cimientos de la estabilidad global en un contexto de grave incremento de las tensiones sino-estadounidenses. Las autoridades chinas deben cristalizar una nueva política que establezca los fundamentos para una solución no traumática de un episodio que hunde sus raíces no solo en una guerra civil en suspenso pero inacabada sino en el drama histórico que el país debió enfrentar en el curso del siglo XIX. Tres siglos con Taiwán a cuestas que en la nueva era de Xi Jinping encara uno de sus momentos más complejos y delicados. La elección entre independencia y unificación podría acabar siendo una elección entre guerra y paz.

This essay investigates the rise of authoritarianism in Morocco and its resurgence despite several reforms implemented by the Moroccan regime. The author provides a new perspective on democracy and democratic transformation whilst also considering the political regime's particularities, such as the constitutional imprints, the political configuration, and cultural history. The research questions are addressed with a focus on the 2011 constitutional reform. We will offer an original perspective on democracy and democratisation in Morocco, considering the fact that the latter is employed as a vast political framework for demonstrating international conformity and, legitimising authority and institutions. This essay investigates the resurgence of authoritarianism in Morocco despite the several reforms implemented by the Moroccan regime since the independence of the country in 1956. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms have been proactively holding data science competitions via online contest platforms to look for innovative solutions from the crowd. When firms are designing such competitions, a key question is "What should be a better contest design to motivate contestants to exert more effort?" We model two commonly observed contest structures (one stage and two stage) and two widely adopted prize structures (high spread and low spread). We employ economic experiments to examine how contest design affects contestants' effort level. The results reject the base model with rationality assumption. We find that contestants exert significantly more effort in both the first stage and the second stage of the two‐stage contest. Moreover, it is better to assign most prizes to the winner in the two‐stage contest while it does not matter in one stage. To explain the empirical regularities, we develop a behavioral economics model that captures contestants' psychological aversion to falling behind and continuous exertion of effort. Our findings demonstrate that it is important for contest organizers to account for the nonpecuniary factors that can influence contestants' behavior in designing a competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the status quo of daily work of community clinical pharmacists in the outer suburbs of Shanghai and put forward suggestions on the existing problems, so as to provide reference for improving the pharmaceutical service ability of community clinical pharmacists in the outer suburbs. Methods The clinical pharmacists in the suburban communities of Shanghai from 2016 to 2021 were selected as the main subjects by using the Wenjuanxing electronic questionnaire. A total of 23 items (including personal basic information collection, items related to pharmaceutical care of clinical pharmacists and items for personal evaluation of clinical pharmacists) were designed in the questionnaire. The online questionnaire lasted for 30 days, and a total of 128 valid questionnaires were received, accounting for 57.82% of all clinical pharmacists in the suburban communities. Results Among the 128 community clinical pharmacists who participated in the questionnaire. 42 subjects (32.81%) participated in clinical rounds and related work more than or equal to four times per month: 20 subjects (15.63%) did not participate at all. A total of 70 subjects(54. 69%) had not participated in the discussion or consultation of clinical cases. A total of 18 subjects (14.06%) and 36 subjects (28.13%) provided medication education and medication consultation to hospitalized patients in the ward and medication consultation to medical staff more than four times per month. There were 114 subjects (89.06%), 108 subjects (84, 38%) and 80 subjects (62.50%) believed that chronic disease management, medication consultation and home pharmaceutical care should be added to the training of community clinical pharmacists. respectively. The recognition rates of hospital managers, doctors and nurses to the occupation of clinical pharma- cists as "knowing, dispensable" were 68 subjects (53.13%) and 83 subjects(64.84%), respectively. Conclusion The participation of community clinical pharmacists in clinical work in the outer suburbs of Shanghai is generally low, and the development of clinical pharmaceutical care is seriously insufficient. They are mostly engaged in outpatient dispensing and other traditional pharmaceutical care. Unit managers do not pay enough attention to clinical pharmacy work, and clinical doctors and nurses generally have low recognition for clinical pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo examine the status quo of and group disparity in professional identity among Chinese medical graduates for providing evidence to develop relevant intervention programs. MethodsUsing stratified cluster sampling and China Medical Students Survey (CMSS) designed by National Center for Health Professionals Education Development， an onsite self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 11 596 medical graduates in 33 universities in 19 provincial-level administrative divisions across China during July 2019. ResultsFor the 10 062 (86.77% of all graduates) valid respondents, the overall average score for professional identity was 3.61 ± 0.63 and the average scores of dimensional professional identity were 3.17 ± 0.60 for cognition, 3.60 ± 0.71 for emotion, 3.68 ± 1.01 for commitment，4.08 ± 0.75 for behavior，3.70 ± 0.9 for expectation, and 3.45 ± 0.74 for values, respectively. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the respondents with following characteristics were more likely to have a higher professional identity: studying at universities in eastern China (β = 0.034，P = 0.013) and in central China (β = 0.092，P < 0.001), being male (β = 0.025，P = 0.019), from rural regions before entering university (β = 0.023，P = 0.045), with medium family income (β = 0.025，P = 0.028), studying at a university being first choice for admission (β = 0.031，P = 0.002), studying at universities not belonging to double first-class university (β = 0.085，P < 0.001), with the career ideal of to be a doctor while being a senior high school student (β = 0.249，P < 0.001), being a five-year-system medical student (β = – 0.065，P < 0.001), being an integrated long school system (5 + 3 years) student (β = – 0.098，P < 0.001), and with a higher academic performance shortly by the graduation (β = 0.136，P < 0.001 and β = 0.082，P < 0.001 for those with the academic score of highest quartile and second/third quartile in ranking). ConclusionThe professional identity is at a medium level and affected by multiple individual and academic environment factors among Chinese medical graduates.

System justification theory contends that people are motivated to consider the social arrangements as just, legitimate and necessary. The adequate assessment of individual differences regarding this motivation is a critical issue in this field, especially in a cultural context of profound social inequalities like Brazil. We addressed this issue by proposing an adapted and modified version of the General System Justification Scale (GSJS). In Study 1, we explored the content validity of the GSJS through expert analysis. In Study 2 (n = 305), we conducted exploratory factor analysis and found a single-factor structure. In Study 3 (n = 307), we confirmed this factorial structure. In Study 4 (n = 227), we estimated the convergent-discriminating and incremental validity of the SJS by comparing it with correlated constructs. Finally, in Study 5 (n = 100), we experimentally manipulated a news story about a high (vs. low) threat to the Brazilian system, and observed the predictive validity of the GSJS. In general, the results showed that the new version of the GSJS is a valid and reliable measure. Furthermore, they suggest the new version of the GSJS is a useful tool to measure individual differences in justification of social inequalities in a context of deep social disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the current situation and influencing factors of breastfeeding in the four districts of Kunming, and explore the room for improvement of the current breastfeeding rate in Kunming, so as to provide a realistic basis for breastfeeding knowledge publicity and training mode. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 5 tertiary hospitals and community health service centers in 4 districts of Panlong, Xishan, Wuhua District and Guandu of Kunming City. The mothers of infants and young children in the pediatric clinic and the child health and vaccination clinic were given questionnaires to conduct the breastfeeding questionnaire survey. Results 44.7% of the infants were fed exclusively from 0 to 6 months, 36.6% were fed mixed from 0 to 6 months, and 18.7% were fed artificially from 0 to 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding was 10 months and the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 4 months. Logistic regression analysis showed that social support, working during lactation, knowledge of breastfeeding, sleep status of mothers, self-efficacy, number of children’s diseases in the past year, and husband’s support for breastfeeding had statistical significance on the occurrence of breastfeeding (P < 0.05). Conclusion Breastfeeding in urban areas of Kunming is at a low level, affected by many factors, and has not yet reached the goals of the global strategy of infant and young child feeding, and it is necessary to develop a reasonable nursing plan to improve the breastfeeding rate and breastfeeding duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essentially, philosophies of education in education and the education per se have a pragmatic significance in socio-political life of it subject. Philosophies of education are not solely appointed to provide theories or to set principles in education but also destined to advance practices following the realities and needs of life particularly in society – the common denominator of Philosophy of education is to train good citizen and human beings. It is to say that one of the essential features of philosophy of education is to keep education in track in the rapid pace of flux of time by being flexible, responsive, and sensitive to the various concern and issue of a particular status quo. Philosophy of education is understood as a critical view that goes as deep as its roots about everything that happens. 21st century is being characterized as the ‘disinformation’ or ‘fake’ news era due to the negative consequence of the social media and the environment where the learner’s dwells, on the same manner ecological issue become a serious issue. Thus, 21st century education should attend to the progress and demand [concern] of the time. Pondering on a two prominent Philosophy of education viz. Perennialism and Progressivism, this article aims to find out and divulge an effective methodology and principle on education that cater a response to the demand of the status quo by breeding the above-mentioned philosophy of education. The breed of Philosophy of education will be called Perennial-Progressivism with acronym P2. These philosophies of education would not that be effective if it will be used in isolated instances – use a particular philosophy of education on a certain context due to contextual gap of the notions and the context. Likewise, there are shortcomings that a particular philosophy of education possesses which on the other hand is in the demand of the context. However, a combination or a mix breed of at least two philosophies of education that has been scrutinized and made it relevant to the needs and demand of the context would be an effective one given such considerations.