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This article presents a detailed study of the stately palace of the Villa Giusti-Puttini, a building that, over the centuries, has undergone repeated transformations since its construction in the first half of the 15th century. For the study of this palace, owned between the 15th and 17th centuries by one of the most important families in the city of Verona (Italy), the authors have followed a methodology covering indirect sources (documentary and bibliographical) as well as direct ones (the building and constructive techniques, architectural and decorative elements, murals, etc.). This study expands the information available on the building as well as expanding knowledge on the history of architecture of the Veneto villa as a defining architectural phenomenon in 16th- and 17th-century architecture whose extensive influence was still felt in the 19th century. The history compiled through this research also contributes to a renewed interpretation of the phenomenon, which is viewed as a process for the transformation and adaptation of a pre-existing building to fit the needs of any given period. This methodology, which could potentially facilitate the interpretation of similar buildings, and its combination of documentary, material, constructive, decorative, and cultural elements could constitute an example for the historical and architectural reading of buildings and are not merely limited to Renaissance buildings.

Background\ud This review provides an estimate of the global prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among doctors, based on analysis of evidence from the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.\ud \ud Methods\ud A systematic review was conducted to identify suitable studies. Final searches were conducted on 3rd March 2021. Papers were initially screened by title and abstract, based on pre-agreed inclusion criteria, followed by full-text review of eligible studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Checklist for Prevalence Studies. Data from studies rated as low or medium risk of bias were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity.\ud \ud Results\ud Fifty-five studies were included after full-text review. Of these, thirty studies were assessed as low or medium risk of bias and were included in primary analyses. These comprised twenty-six studies of depression (31,447 participants) and thirty studies of anxiety (33,281 participants). Pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety was 20.5% (95% CI 16.0%-25.3%) and 25.8% (95% CI 20.4%-31.5%) respectively.\ud \ud Interpretation\ud Evidence from the first year of the pandemic suggests that a significant proportion of doctors are experiencing high levels of symptoms of depression and anxiety, although not conclusively more so than pre-pandemic levels. Differences in study methodology and variation in job demands may account for some of the observed heterogeneity.\ud \ud Limitations\ud Findings must be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity and moderate risk of bias evident in the majority of included studies.

The project entails the installation of new pressure vessels in a petrochemical industry in Mangaluru to meet the process requirements of the fluid that runs in the unit. This article focuses on the process that led to the effective development of piping between the newly installed pressure vessel and the unit, as per ASME B31.3. The document briefly discusses the stages needed in designing a piping system for newly installed pressure vessels, prominently the reinforcement calculations, which were performed in accordance to ASME section VIII division1.

As England attempts to close educational attainment gaps faced by socioeconomically disadvantaged children using Pupil Premium funding, no attention is given to how different types of academies do so, nor to policy transfer’s role in informing policies for disadvantaged pupils. Employing a qualitative comparative case study methodology with semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, this research compares five primary standalone academies with five system leader multi-academy trust academies. It finds all academies support disadvantaged children with academic, pastoral and extracurricular provision. This is justified by voluntary and coercive policy transfer extending across space and time, in addition to evidence-based policies and school-specific needs prioritised to varying degrees across academy types. Overall, system leader multi-academy trust academies’ structure and composition facilitate policy transfer through horizontal and vertical spread of successful practices compared to standalone academies.

PurposeThis study explores the development trajectory of private tutoring in Bangladesh. Specifically, it illustrates how private tutoring has emerged and expanded in the country's education system and examines how governments have responded on this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted a case study methodology for this study. Data were gathered from different secondary sources such as books, official documents, scholarly articles, and newspaper reports. The data analysis process consists of three-phases of activities: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.FindingsPrivate tutoring historically existed in Bangladesh. It is rapidly expanded in the country's education system – from primary to higher secondary level. Currently, it has reached an industrialization stage, where commercial coaching has become a major type of tutoring. The expansion of private tutoring is the inevitable result of the continued privatization and marketization of education. To bring the private tutoring under a framework, the government has taken some regulatory measures that can be characterized as “laissez-faire.” The existing measures are largely ineffective, as the policy makers followed an “top-down” approach when framing the policies.Originality/valueThis study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first to target the historical aspects of private tutoring in Bangladesh. It has potential to fill out the literature gap on private tutoring by analyzing its policy aspect.

En este artículo de investigación se presentan los resultados del análisis de los momentos de planeación y acción de una clase dictada por un docente de inglés, alrededor del concepto de «be going to», impartida a estudiantes de grado noveno de una institución educativa oficial del municipio de Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia, con base en el modelo hexagonal del Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido (CDC), que busca comprender el conocimiento construido por el docente durante el proceso de enseñanza. Esta investigación de corte cualitativo, abordada desde la metodología del estudio de caso, se adelantó utilizando técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información como la revisión de la planeación de la clase elaborada por el docente, la aplicación de un cuestionario de Representación del Contenido (ReCo) y la grabación de la clase con su respectiva transcripción. Los resultados muestran cómo el CDC del docente se configura mediante el vínculo de cuatro componentes que presentan un amplio registro de unidades, los cuales son: 1) las estrategias para la enseñanza, 2) la comprensión de los estudiantes, 3) el conocimiento de las orientaciones para la enseñanza, y 4) la eficacia docente; conocimiento que merece ser compartido en el contexto científico y pedagógico, considerando que los logros de aprendizaje de los estudiantes están fuertemente ligados al conocimiento que el docente tenga sobre estos aspectos.

Purpose This study aims to investigate how sustainability has been incorporated – or mainstreamed - in a school at one university through techniques of responsibilization and accountabilization. Design/methodology/approach Inspired by the extended case study methodology, the authors participated, observed and analyzed two audit-inspired processes, whose aims included ensuring that sustainability was integrated into the educational process. Findings By following two audit-inspired processes, the authors show how teachers were asked to respond to open-ended survey questions and by doing so emerged as responsibilized subjects. Although the teachers were given lots of space to interpret the concept of sustainability and show how it was translated into the programs and courses offered, the teachers were made accountable as established organizational hierarchies were reproduced when responsibilization was formalized through techniques of accountabilization. Research limitations/implications The analysis moves beyond the instrumental epistemologies characterizing much of the positivist-oriented research in higher education. As with all studies, the authors study also has methodological limitations, such as involving a single higher education institution. There is a general need for more empirical research in this area in order to build theory and to understand whether the concepts of responsibilization and accountabilization can also be applied in other higher education contexts. Practical implications The study shows that higher education administrators engage in processes of responsibilization and accountabilization through formalized processes of interpellation, as documents and self-assessment exercises tie teachers to organizational contexts. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that introduces the concepts of responsibilization and accountabilization as social relationships in higher education governance.

The objective of this research is to analyze the implementation of eco-innovation as a tool to improve the quality of products, in order to comprehend the benefits deriving from its application. In particular, this research is aimed at exploring the way eco-innovation can be implemented in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In other words, the aim of this paper is to study environmental innovation as a paradigm for modern companies that are aware of the necessity to better amalgamate social responsibility with economic performance. The case study methodology has been applied. Specifically, an Italian enterprise, Ecobabydesign, has been studied, because its activity is totally inspired by green principles, from materials to recyclability. Information has been provided directly by the founder. The analysis highlights that the case of Ecobabydesign embodies the total application of ecological innovation. It is an example of innovation which is generated firstly in its mission and then in its high-quality products, whose characteristics derive from its green choice.

El artículo presenta los resultados preliminares de la investigación llevada a cabo a través del proyecto La Ópera un Vehículo de Aprendizaje (LÓVA) en un grupo de cuarto de Primaria en la Ciudad de México durante el ciclo escolar 2017-2018. El trabajo se encuadra epistemológicamente dentro del paradigma interpretativo y a nivel metodológico en el estudio de caso. El objetivo fue analizar y comprender los procesos de conformación de la ciudadanía con la mediación de la educación musical; en este sentido, el proceso de creación, desarrollo y estreno de una ópera original por parte del alumnado contribuyó al conocimiento de sus derechos y responsabilidades, compromiso y participación social, y reconocimiento de la diversidad.

The ocular myasthenia gravis has a variable clinical presentation and imitates many diseases with ocular region damaged. The diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis is complicated due to low sensitivity of the diagnostic approaches. The article introduces the features of the examination of patients with the ocular myasthenia gravis. The article describes the study methodology and interpretation of Simpson, Gorelick, Cogan`s lid twitch sign, rest and sleep tests, ice test. The article considered features of the treatment of the disease in order to achieve remission and prevent the generalization of the process. Timely diagnosis and optimal choice of treatment strategy can significantly change the quality of patients life and influence the subsequent prognosis of the disease.

The last two decades have seen a growing literature worldwide on do-it-yourself (DiY) laboratories driving informal innovation. However, there is a limited account of the state-of-the-art DiY literature to the emergence of DiY laboratories or of the challenges, strategies for its diffusion and success. This study, therefore, aims to understand the state-of-the-art of DiY laboratories. Using the systematic literature review approach, 29 articles are analysed. The results revealed that the main purpose of publications on DiY laboratories was geared towards showcasing informal innovation. Most of the studies used the case study methodology and most were underpinned by theories from innovation literature. The success factors identified for DiY laboratories include personal motivation and the desire to create a business, whilst their emergence was driven by the need for extra income, experimenting with new ideas and the pursuit of hobbies outside formal work settings. Key challenges faced by DiY laboratories include economic and marketing factors, especially access to finance to scale up their innovations. The strategies used by DiY laboratories to diffuse their innovations are social networking, partnerships with bigger tech firms and selling off their innovations to investors. The study outlines the implications for practitioners, entrepreneurs, and government, and makes recommendations.

The discovery of natural gas resources across the African continent has inspired debate on how such resources should be developed and best utilized. In several African countries, the discovery of commercial quantities of natural gas reserves has led governments to explore a number of strategies, investments, and policy directions. Two contrasting cases are that of Nigeria, which has pursued policies promoting domestic natural gas consumption and export, and Ghana, which has focused on encouraging sectoral-level domestic consumption. These divergent approaches have had immensely different impacts on the sector. This paper uses a case study methodology to identify and assess existing national approaches toward governance and market development. We consider the complex landscape for natural gas in Nigeria, Egypt, and Ghana and offer insights for other similar emerging economies. The results provide a comparative framework to aid understanding of natural gas development in emerging economies. We conclude by highlighting areas of further work.

A partir de 2018, la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera ha decretado en México el bloqueo de cuentas bancarias bajo la sospecha de la existencia de un delito en detrimento a derechos humanos. Ante este problema, la investigación tiene como objetivo explicar la jurisprudencia 2a./J. 87/2019 dentro del contexto de cooperación tributaria internacional y a la luz de los derechos humanos en México. Se empleó la metodología de estudio de caso a través de los métodos sistemático y deductivo con la técnica de investigación documental. Los resultados explican que la cooperación tributaria no se limita al intercambio de información entre las administraciones hacendarias; sino también a la ejecución de resoluciones como el bloqueo de cuentas en el caso de existencia de un ilícito que involucre al sistema financiero.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability of the complexity-based temporary innovation system (TIS) framework to social innovation and examine the extent to which “nature-based solution” (NBS) projects may be understood through a TIS lens. It is proposed that TIS provides a framework to facilitate multi-actor engagement in social innovation responses to the complexity of wicked problems? The goal is to explore if TIS provides a useful framework for understanding the evolution of social innovation projects and enabling more consciously designed and facilitated social innovation with the potential for large-scale, long-term impact. Design/methodology/approach The research uses a case study methodology in which 10 NBS projects in 3 European cities are examined and compared to the expected features of a TIS as proposed by anonymised for the review process (2018; 2019) Findings Of the 10 NBS projects, only 3 were “TIS-like”, each of which was targeting wicked problems in the city/community. As only one of the remaining 7 projects was aimed at a wicked problem, the authors concluded that the TIS framework may be best suited to those social innovations that address one or more wicked problems and that NBS projects may not display this feature. Research limitations/implications The authors conclude with a reflection on theoretical insights arising from applying the TIS framework to NBS in particular, and social innovation generally – and proposes the next steps in developing the TIS framework in relation to social innovation. Originality/value This paper applies a new complexity framework to empirical data that have not been examined previously. This analysis contributes to the development of a new framework for designing and analysing complex social innovation initiatives and challenges existing theories presenting NBSs as addressing complex “wicked” problems.

This is a comparative study of the indigenization of teacher education art and design curricular in Botswana and Zimbabwe. The study methodology involved a critical review of various policies, art ...

Purpose This study aims to understand to what extent family firms engage in and understand the importance of cooperation whilst analysing the underlying barriers that may restrain cooperative engagement. Design/methodology/approach Considering the purpose of this study, a qualitative exploratory approach is adopted, using a multiple case study methodology, consisting of four cases. Thus, interviews were chosen as the source of data collection, as this allows proximity and involvement with those with power to engage in cooperation. Findings The results highlight that family business particularities seem to have an aggravating effect on the general barriers to cooperative engagement. Managerial characteristics such as risk aversion, concern about independence and emotional attachment to the business, along with a lack of qualified knowledge, seem to be the most salient obstacles. Practical implications Interfirm cooperation has become more vital for organizational success. However, empirical contributions regarding the barriers to engaging in cooperation, especially within a family business context, are limited. This study seeks to present theoretical barriers to engaging in interfirm cooperation and effectively link them within a family business context. Originality/value Being structured around the underlying challenges for interfirm cooperation, this paper contributes to advancing this specific research stream and presents practical contributions for managers for more effective implementation.

Business-to-business marketing academics study complex phenomena, aiming to describe these phenomena through theoretical frameworks, explaining the relationships among the framework's constructs, and provide guidance and insight to decision-makers. Not surprisingly, often business-to-business researchers undertake qualitative case studies. In this editorial, we discuss what we believe could be reported in the write-up of a case-study methodology section. In particular, we consider the issues of selecting cases; crafting instruments and protocols, entering the field; and analyzing the data. How to assess the validity and reliability of qualitative case studies is also discussed. We finish the editorial by examining three exemplar case studies that have been published in Industrial Marketing Management.

The increasing threat of emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance requires more efficient, high-quality research. Perpetual Observational Studies (POS) nested within a clinical research network can improve planning, quality and efficiency of interventional and observational studies, although real-life benefits and challenges need to be assessed. Ecraid (European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases) has initiated POS and will monitor the impact for five specific infectious syndromes., 16 pages, 2 tables

La situación ocasionada por la COVID-19 ha propiciado el desarrollo tecnológico, así como la transformación, adaptación e innovación en los procesos organizacionales a distancia, permitiendo que las y los trabajadores realicen sus labores vía remota. El presente proyecto analiza prácticas de Cultura Organizacional a distancia desde una perspectiva de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). Se utilizó la metodología estudio de caso mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario a 21 estudiantes de la carrera Técnico Superior Universitario, Área Capital Humano, de la Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro (UTEQ), México. Los resultados previos muestran un listado de rasgos y prácticas para mantener y propiciar una Cultura Organizacional a distancia en la que se practique la RSE.

PurposeThe airline industry has been severely impacted by COVID-19 due to widespread travel restrictions. Its current response is crucial to ensure continued operations after the global pandemic is resolved. One resource the airlines are leveraging is loyalty programs. This study aims to examine the viability of leveraging loyalty programs in times of crisis.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a case study methodology to examine how one company, American Airlines, has used its loyalty program to survive a pandemic and alleviate the financial costs associated with limited and restricted travel.FindingsAmerican Airlines' AAdvantage loyalty program structure may be used as a benchmark to understand how airlines can anchor their loyalty base to reinvigorate travel interest and use these programs as safeguards in critical instances that may arise in the future.Research limitations/implicationsThe case was bound by the fact that the pandemic was still a threat during the time of analysis. The findings of this case study go beyond the airline industry and may inform other hospitality and tourism organizations on the benefits of loyalty programs in times of financial distress.Originality/valueThis is the first known case study examining the strengths and opportunities of the structure of the American Airlines' AAdvantage program as a means for surviving in a time of crisis. Moreover, understanding how to mitigate the long-term effects of crises may help to inform future short-term strategies of airlines and other hospitality and tourism organizations for navigating unexpected shocks to their ecosystem.

الملخص: وجدت الأزمات منذ نشأت البشريه دون أن تسمي بهذا الاسم ولم يکن لها مقومات کما نعرفها اليوم وقد فرضت تحديات ثوره المعلومات و التقدم التکنولوجي في القرن الحادي و العشرين علي جميع مؤسسات الدولة ان تضع خططا علميه منظمه للتخفيف من الأزمات و مواجهتها ، و تواجه بعض الأسر أنواعا متعدده من الأزمات التي تختلف في أسبابها مما يسبب تهديدا و اضطرابا في الکيان الاسري الأمر الذي يشير ان الازمه تعد ظاهره حتميه لا يمکن تجنبها و الاضطرابات يمکن أن تتحول الي ازمه اذا افتقد الفرد أساليب مواجهتها أو السيطرة عليها ، و التخطيط يعد بمثابة محور لإدارة الأزمات و بدونه لا يمکن أن توجد إدارة واعية تقوم بدورها في التخفيف من الأزمات فهو يسهم بشکل کبير في منع حدوث الازمه أو التقليل منها ، وقد استخدم الباحث منهج دراسه الحاله باستخدام العينه العمدية و طبقت علي عينه قوامها (21مفرده )بوحدات الأزمات و الکوارث بمحافظة الدقهلية . Abstract: Crises have existed since the emergence of humankind without being named by that name and had no constituents as we know them today. The challenges of the information revolution and technological progress in the twenty-first century have imposed on all state institutions to develop organized scientific plans to mitigate and confront crises.Some families face multiple types of crises that differ in their causes, causing a threat and disturbance in the family entity, which indicates that the crisis is an inevitable phenomenon that cannot be avoided, and the disturbances can turn into a crisis if the individual lacks methods to confront or control itPlanning is considered as a center for crisis management, and without it, there can be no conscious management that plays its role in alleviating crises, as it greatly contributes to preventing or reducing the occurrence of the crisisThe researcher used the case study methodology using an intentional sample, and it was applied to a sample of (21 singles) in the Crisis and Disaster Units in Dakahlia Governorate.

الملخص: في ظل التطورات المتزايدة التي شهدها العالـم ظهرت الحاجة الملحة إلى الاستفادة من التقنية کوسيلة مساعدة على تجاوز کثير من التحديات التي تواجه کثير من المؤسسات، حيث فرضت جائحة کورونا المستجد أساليب جديدة للحياة على مجتمعات العالم کله، ومن أبرز التحولات التي فرضتها الجائحة وأهمها هي الاعتماد الکامل على وسائل التکنولوجيا الحديثة في الکثير من الأمور، ويمثل هذا التحول فرصة حقيقية للمؤسسات لخلق حلول وطرق جديدة لمساعدة عملائهم على مواجهة التحديات الراهنة من خلال الاعتماد على منصات وحلول تکنولوجية ، ومن هنا کان لزاما على المنظمات الأهلية استثمار معطيات الإدارة الإلکترونية والتحول الرقمي في تعزيز جهودها التنموية کآلية مبتکرة لتحسين مستوى الأداء والإنتاجية وتقديم المزيد من الخدمات التنموية بشکل أمثل لمختلف فئات المجتمع ، وقد هدفت الدراسة الى التعرف على واقع استثمار المنظمات الأهلية للتقنيات الرقمية في تحقيق أهدافها في ضوء الأزمات المستحدثة ، وقد استخدمت الدراسة منهج دراسة الحالة على جمعية الأورمان وعينة قوامها (69) مفردة تمثل أعضاء مجلس الادارة والمسئولين ، وتوصلت الدراسة لعدد من النتائج أهمها أن التقنيات الرقمية ساعدت المنظمات الأهلية في بناء صورة ذهنية إيجابية عن برامج ومشروعات الجمعية بين جمهور شبکات التواصل، کما أنها ساهمت في سرعة وسهولة الأداء، وشفافية ودقة الإجراءات، و الترويج لثقافة التبرع لتمويل المنظمة، وتوفير منظومة تخاطب المواطن بشکل مباشر عبر المتطوعين ، وجاء من أهم المعوقات عدم وجود ادارة للدعم الفني وتقديم الاستشارات المهنية ، واقترحت الدراسة تعزيز نشر الثقافة الرقمية في مختلف منظمات المجتمع المدني ، تعزيز القدرة المالية لتمويل البرامج والتطبيقات الرقمية. Abstract: In light of the increasing developments witnessed by the world, the urgent need to make use of technology as a means to help overcome many of the challenges facing many institutions has emerged, as the new Corona pandemic imposed new ways of life on the societies of the whole world, and one of the most prominent transformations imposed by the pandemic and the most important of which is full adoption On the means of modern technology in many matters, and this transformation represents a real opportunity for organizations to create new solutions and ways to help their customers face the current challenges by relying on technological platforms and solutions, hence it was necessary for NGOs to invest the data of electronic management and digital transformation in enhancing their development efforts. As an innovative mechanism to improve performance and productivity and provide more development services optimally for different groups of society, the study aimed to identify the reality of NGOs' investment in digital technologies in achieving their goals in light of the new crises. The study used the case study methodology on the Orman Association and a sample of 69 individuals. Representing members of the leasing council and officials, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which is that Digital technologies helped NGOs build a positive mental image of the association’s programs and projects among the public of communication networks, as well as contributed to the speed and ease of performance, transparency and accuracy of procedures, promoting a culture of donation to fund the organization, and providing a system that addresses the citizen directly through volunteers. Obstacles: The lack of a technical support department and providing professional advice. The study suggested promoting the dissemination of digital culture in various civil society organizations, enhancing the financial capacity to finance digital programs and applications.

The main goal of this study is to know the impact of business intelligencesystem application on the effectiveness of making a decision in the generalorganization for social insurance in Jeddah. This study shows the realimplementation of system of business intelligence and its effect on decisionmaking of the institution and recognize the positive and negative aspects of thisapplication. The study focused on case study methodology where thequestionnaire is a tool for collecting information that has been distributed to thestudy sample by (81) questionnaire, however, (52%) only are received from thetotal distributed. The main results of the study are: The percentage of employeeswho did not receive training and qualification in the field of business intelligenceat the institution reached (92.8%) of the total number of employees responding tothe study. All departments of the institution adopt the business intelligencesystem except the women section and the warehouse department due to theweak infrastructure required by the availability of the system. Moreover, the lackof sufficient technical knowledge and skills among the employees. (35.9%) of theemployees responding to this study indicated that the business intelligencesystem used in the institution is not advanced enough. One of the mostsignificant advantages of implementing business intelligence system is savingtime and effort. One of the main obstacles facing the application of businessintelligence system in the organization is the lack of awareness of the importanceof the business intelligence system to the activities and procedures of the institution, Furthermore, users have not receiving enough training on the systemof business intelligence, and the system of business intelligence is limit to somedepartments. The researcher recommendations are:First of all, providing infrastructure that helps to provide businessintelligence in all departments in the institution. Second, users should havetraining to increase their awareness towards its importance. Third, providing anadvanced system that meets user's needs. Fourth, user's opinions are importantto improve and develop the system. Fifth, encourage users to use the system toworks with high sufficient. Finally, the business intelligence system should beimplemented in the institutions where it has an effective role in decision-making.

The study aims to identify the extent of the impact of the spread of the coronavirus Covid-19 on the use of electronic sources by beneficiaries at different educational stages to meet their knowledge and information needs for distance learning in some countries of the world, namely Egypt- Qatar – USA . Where the study included many sections, the first of which included the theoretical section, which included the methodology of the study and consisted of the introduction - the importance of the study and the reasons for choosing the subject - study questions - study limits - study methodology / study and data collection tools - previous studies as well as the definition of the virus corona in general and Covid - 19 in particular and what sources of electronic information, and the most important physical forms within libraries and information centers that have become the most important information facilities in modern times, Then the study moved to the practical aspect, which consisted in the preparation of electronic questionnaire in Both Arabic and English so that non-Arabic speakers can answer it, in order to measure the impact of the coronavirus on the use of electronic sources, where the questionnaire included the number of eleven different questions to cover all aspects of the study, and specific so that the study community can answer it in order to achieve the principle of ease and speed where the number of sample study and which responded 554 students .

الملخص: تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل تباين التوزيع المکاني لسکان مدينة حائل في إطار 26 حي داخلي بها. وترجع أسباب اختيار هذا الموضوع للدراسة لسببين رئيسيين هما؛ توفر بيانات سکانية تفصيلية على مستوى الأحياء ما بين عامي 2004 و 2010 في مدى زمني قدره 6 سنوات وکذلک إمکانية تحليل البيانات السکانية بتطبيق الأساليب الاحصائية مع اخضاعها لفحوص الأهمية الإحصائية المتاحة بأدوات التحليل ببرنامج SPSS والتمثيل البياني لها في برنامج Excel ثم اشتقاق خرائط التوزيع (لعدد السکان وللکثافة السکانية بأحياء مدينة حائل). - منهجية الدراسة: لتحقيق أهداف البحث، اعتمدت هذه الدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي في تحليل التباين المکاني لتوزيع إجمالي السکان ولکثافتهم بأحياء مدينة حائل. وقد اعتمدت منهجية الدراسة على التوظيف المتکامل لکل من: (1)- الأساليب الاحصائية المتاحة بأدوات التحليل Analyze في شريط أدوات الحزمة الاحصائية SPSS23 بتطبيق اختبار Shapiro-Wilk المناسب لمعالجة وفحص شکل توزيع بيانات السکان بمجموع 26 حي بهدف تحديد نوع اختبار الأهمية الاحصائية المناسب لحجم العينات (26 حي) ولشکل توزيع بياناتها. (2)- تطبيق أربعة معايير کمية لتحليل خصائص تباين التوزيع المکاني للسکان ولکثفاتهم، وهي : (أ)- الکثافة السکانية Population density. (ب)- منحنى لورنز ومعامل جيني Lorenz curve and Gini’s coefficient. (ج)- القيمة المعيارية Z Standard-score. (د)- نسبة الترکز السکاني Population concentration ratio. دلت نتائج اختبار Shapiro-Wilk على أن جميع بيانات مساحات الأحياء وإجمالي عدد السکان والکثافة السکانية وکذلک توزيع قيم Z المعيارية لا تتبع التوزيع الطبيعي، في حين تتسم قيم مؤشر عدم التماثل ID بتوزيع طبيعي. کما أظهر منحنى لورنز Lorenz curve لتوزيع السکان ومساحات الأحياء أن قيمة معامل جيني Gini’s coefficient المصاحب له تتراوح ما بين 0.74 خلال عام 2004 و 0.80 خلال عام 2010، وهي تدل على التباين الواضح بين التوزيع المکاني للسکان ومساحات الأحياء المدروسة. وقد أظهر تحليل نمط التوزيع المکاني للسکان باستخدام مؤشر عدم التماثل ID وقيم Z المعيارية مماثلة لهذه النتائج، بحيث أظهرت أن هناک تباين واضح في نمط التوزيع المکاني لسکان الأحياء المدروسة (مشتت، عشوائي، متجمع) خلال الفترة 2004-2010. وقد کشفت الفحوص الاحصائية عدم معنوية تباين البيانات السکانية المدروسة عند مختلف درجات الحرية([1]). وانتهت هذه الدراسة بمجموعة من النتائج التي أفرزتها مختلف الخطوات المنهجية المطبقة في مجال فحص شکل توزيع بيانات السکان وبيانات مساحات الأحياء والعلاقة بينهما خلال عامي 2004 و 2010 بأحياء مدينة حائل مع التأکد من أهميتها الاحصائية. ومن جهة أخرى کشفت نتائج مؤشر عدم التماثل وقيم Z المعيارية عن نمط التوزيع المکاني المتباين للسکان بين الأحياء المدروسة مع بعض التغييرات النسبية التي طرأت بين عامي 2004 و 2010 (خلال 6 سنوات). Abstract: This study deals with the analysis of the spatial distribution of the population in total of 26 districts in Hail city. The reasons for choosing this study subject are due to two main reasons: The detailed population data of 26 districts available during 2004 and 2010. The second reason is the possibility of the data analysis with testing statistical significance available in the SPSS analysis tools and the graphical representation in Excel to deriving population and density distribution maps.To achieve the objectives of the research, this study relied on the inductive approach in analyzing the spatial variance of the distribution of the total population and their density in the districts of Hail city. The study methodology relied on the integrated employment of: 1- The statistical methods available in the Analyze tools of the SPSS23 software by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test in order to determine the statistical significance of Normality tests. 2- The application of four quantitative criteria to analyze the spatial distributions of the total population and the densities variations, namely: A - Population density. B - The Lorenz curve and Gini's coefficient. C- Z Standard-score. D - The Index of Dissimilarity.The data for this study is A- The cartographic data derived from the topographical map Sheet 4127-13 of (Hail North, with scale 1: 50000), used to describe the Hail city location and maps of the Districts map obtained from the High Commission for the Development in Hail region. B- Population distribution data during 2004 and 2010 in a total of 26 districts in Hail city, and their areas data obtained from the High Commission for the Development in Hail region. The Shapiro-Wilk test results indicated the Abnormal distributions of the districts areas, total population, density and Z Standard-score. While the distribution of the Index of Dissimilarity is normal. Also, The Gini’s coefficient obtained by the Lorenz curve values of the population and districts distributions is ranged between 0.74 in 2004 and 0.80 during 2010. It indicates the difference between the population spatial distribution of the districts areas. The ID and Z values are similar with these results, and showed the variation in the spatial distribution patterns of the population (dispersed, random, clustered) during 2004-2010. The statistical tests revealed the insignificance of the variation of the population data at different degrees of freedom. Conclusion : This study concluded with some results obtained from the various methodological steps applied in Normality tests of the population and districts areas distributions, as well as the relationship between them during the years 2004 and 2010 in the studied districts of Hail city. The statistical significance Index of Dissimilarity and standard Z values revealed that the spatial distribution pattern varied with some relative changes occurred between 2004 and 2010 (within 6 years). ([1])المقصود بدرجة الحرية عدد القيم التي لاتخضع لقيود الفحص أو الاختبار الاحصائي المستخدم، وهي تختلف في العدد باختلاف نوع الفحص أو الاختبار الاحصائي.