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The levels of intact chorionic gonadotropin and its free beta subunits are eleveted in maternal serum of pregnancies with trisomy 21, and lower in trisomy 18 or 13. The objective was to evaluate the usefulness of total chorionic gonadotropin (ThCG) and free beta-subunit (free beta hCG) in non-invasive detection of fetal aneuploidy. In 213 women aged >/=35 years blood samples were taken in 16th-20th gestational weeks and prenatal karyotyping was performed. Eleven caes of trisomy 21, three of Edwards syndrome, two of trisomy 13 and one mosaic trisomy 9 were studied. 196 samples from patients with euploid karyotype and normal pregnancy outcomes were selected as controls to calculate gestational week-specific medians. The assay for ThCG was specific for nicked and non-nicked free beta-subunits.. Raw analyte values were corrected for maternal weight and converted in multiples of the controls' medians (MoM). For certain decision level, the sensitivity of the marker was the percentage of trisomy cases successfully detected while false positive rate was the percentage of unaffected cases that were screen-positive. The unaffected medians of free beta-hCG raw values (IU/L) were 8.55, 8.29, 7.5, 5.97, 4.49 and for ThCG (kIU/L): 50.5, 40.6, 37.9, 29.4, 31.4. The medians of free beta-hCG MoMs were 1.0 in euploid, 1.9 in trisomy 21, and 0.6 in pregnancies with trisomies other than Down's syndrome. Significant differences were found between Down's syndrome and other trisomies (p/=2, 0, sensitivity for Down's syndrome was 45, 5% (5/11) for free beta-hCG and 9, 1% for ThCG, with false-positive rate 17, 3% (34/196) and 14, 3% (28/196), recpectively. When comparing pregnancies with trisomies other than Down's syndrome to euploid ones, sensitivity and false-positive rate with cut-off MoM

Uvod: Analiza građe spermija jedan je od najvažnijih koraka u procjeni muškog partnera kod neplodnih parova. Međutim, značajne međulaboratorijske i unutarlaboratorijske varijacije mogu uzrokovati poteškoće u tumačenju rezultata, pogrešne dijagnoze te mogu dovesti do zabuna. Stoga je neophodno ove varijacije svesti na najmanju moguću mjeru kako bi se uklonile posljedične greške i osigurala međulaboratorijska i unutarlaboratorijska ponovljivost. Materijali i metode: Uzorci sjemena dobiveni su od 49 uzastopnih muškaraca koji su dolazili u androloški laboratorij radi procjene plodnosti. Usporedili smo dva kriterija za analizu građe spermija: 1) razmaz sjemena pripremljen pomoću boje Giemsi koji smo analizirali preka kriterijima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) i 2) razmaz sjemena pripremljen bojom Spermac koji smo analizirali prema striktnim kriterijima. Također smo proveli i unutarlaboratorijsku usporedbu analize građe spermija. Rezultati: Dijagnosticiranje teratozoospermije prema kriterijima SZO i prema striktnim kriterijima bilo je podudarno kod 45 od 49 ispitanika. Mjera sukladnosti među promatranjima bila je slična i kod kriterija SZO i kod striktnih kriterija (kapa=0, 700 za SZO kriterij ; kapa=0, 715 za striktni kriterij). Zaključci: Analize građe spermija prema kriterijima SZO i striktnim kriterijima podudaraju se u postavljanju dijagnoze teratozoospermije i može se postići dobra razina sukladnosti među promatračima nakon odgovarajućeg osposobljavanja, pažljivog pregleda razmaza i poštivanja klasifikacijskih sustava.

OBJECTIVE: The results of studies in type-1 diabetes mellitus pregnant patients (type-1 DM) for mid-trimester distribution of serum multiple of the median (MoM) concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3) and human chorionic gonadothropin (hCG) are often conflicting. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the relationship between type-1 DM and maternal serum levels of AFP, uE3, and hCG. STUDY DESIGN: The serum markers AFP, uE3 and hCG during second trimester in 25 pregnant women with uncomplicated and well controlled type-1 DM have been compared with 327 healthy controls . METHODS: Competitive radio immunochemical procedures (2nd trimester Amerlax-M, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA) were used. Serum markers were expressed as MoM concentration derived from the control samples, corrected for maternal weight. Gestational age was calculated by the last menstrual period (LMP) and verified by ultrasound not later than 10 weeks after LMP. Regression functions were used for adjustment of serum levels for weight . Mann Whitney test was used to calculate the statistical significance between two studied groups. RESULTS: Mean maternal weight in controls was 68.25± 10.31 kg, and in type-1DM group 72.16± 13.12 kg (p=0.3). There were no significant differences in the distribution of hCG, AFP and uE3 between these two cohorts. All three markers AFP, uE3 and hCG levels in well controlled type-1 DM pregnant patients were lower but not statistical significant when compared to the healthy controls. All pregnancies had favourable perinatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS In centres which offer appropirate medical facilities to their type-1 DM pregnant patients and reach optimal preconceptional and during pregnancy blood glucose surveillance, general adjustment of AFP, uE3 and hCG except for weight are no longer necessary.

The aim of this study was to check the validity of the biochemical screening of pregnancies with Down's syndrome during the second trimester of pregnancy, in order to reduce the incidence of invasive diagnostic procedures. We used the optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity to determine the "cut off" values to estimate the results of the biochemical screening. Between January 1995 and December 2000, 2000 pregnancies were checked by double (determining hCG and AFP serum levels) and triple test, (determining hCG, AFP and uE3 serum levels). Competitive radioimmunochemical procedures (2nd trimester Amerlax-M, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA) were used. The risk of Down's syndrome was calculated by Prenata program (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA). The "cut off" median MoM values in pregnancies with Down's syndrome were 0.73 (AFP) ; 2.02 (hCG) and 0.74 (nE3). The calculated risk was compared with possibility 1:300 to estimate the results of biochemical screening. Our results were checked in the cytogenetic laboratory where samples of amniotic fluid, that we also took, were sent. We observed lower AFP levels (0.96 +/- 0.09 MoM), uE3 levels (0.65 +/- 0.1 MoM) and higher levels of hCG (1.57 +/- 0.27 MoM) in pregnancies with Down's syndrome, in comparison with euploid pregnancies of the corresponding gestational age. With 1:200 risk, the sensitivity of triple test is 80%, with acceptable number of false-positive results. This cut-off value showed to be acceptable for separating positive from negative results. Invasive procedures should be performed in pregnancies with positive screening result, with the aim of getting the tissue sample of the fetus for further cytogenetic analysis.

Neplodnost danas predstavlja veliki zdravstveni problem ne samo suvremenog svijeta već i Hrvatske u kojoj je gotovo 15% bračnih parova neplodno. Prošlo stoljeće bilježi veliki napredak u liječenju neplodnosti, među kojima se posebno izdvaja izvantjelesna oplodnja (in vitro fertilizacija-IVF) kao jedno od najvećih dostignuća reprodukcijske medicine. Od 1983.g., kada je u Hrvatskoj kao osmoj zemlji u svijetu začeto i rođeno prvo dijete IVF-om, do danas ukupno je rođeno 6782 djece, a 5822 je rođeno ostalim metodama pomognute oplodnje (AIH, AID, ITI). Centri u Hrvatskoj u korak prate brzi napredak metoda pomognute oplodnje (MPO) i ranom i uspješnom primjenom novih metoda: kriopohrane zametaka, intracitoplazmatskim injiciranjem spermija (ICSI), aspiracijom spermija iz epididimisa i testisa (PESA i TESA) i transferom blastocista, te ostaju u samom vrhu tog dijela medicine. Godišnje se u Hrvatskoj provede 2500 IVF postupaka s prosječnom uspješnosti od 26, 5 % po postupku. Bitan doprinos poboljšanju kvalitete MPO-a dan je od Ministarstva zdravstva Republike Hrvatske Postupnikom o metodama medicinski pomognute oplodnje (MPO) 2001. godine.

Uzroci muške neplodnosti mogu se razvrstati u pet etioloških skupina: testikularni,predtestikularni i posttestikularni uzroci, genitalnournarne infekcije, imunološki uzroci.

Rezultati potpomognute reprodukcije znakovito ovise o kulturi humanih gameta i zametaka.

Inhibini su višefunkcijske molekule uključene u kontrolu stvaranja gonadotropina u hipofizi, u razvoju folikula jajnika, u funkciji posteljice i spermatogenezi.

When making decision for invasive diagnostic of fetal aneuplody in woman 35 years and older, triple-marker test is successful tool in unnecessary prenatal karyotyping reduction.

early pregnancv markers

To a

Objective: The concentration of beta-endorphin in umbilical arterial blood was related to plasma acid-base parameters, type of acidosis, and neonatal health immediately after delivery, to reveal whether fetal acidosis and later, neonatal depression, were associated with elevated levels of beta-endorphin. Methods: Twenty-six, vaginally delivered infants, chosen at random, were studied. In 11 of 26 (42.3%) umbilical artery pH was under 7.20 and 6 of 26 (23.1%) were considered as having signs of neonatal depression, defined as a need for additional oxygenation because of decreased respiratory drive at least during the first day of life. Arterial cord blood samples were collected at delivery for acid-base and beta-endorphin determinations. Neonatal acidosis, if present, was classified furher as metabolic, respiratory, or mixed. Conclusions: Plasma beta-endorphin concentration in newborn umbilical artery at delivery might be considered as a consequence of fetal stress reaction during labor, with elevated levels in acidosis. It could be speculated that high beta-endorphin levels might prevent acidotic infants from getting rid of excess carbon dioxide, thus causing neonatal respiratory depression

Acute pancreatitis is a still a medical emergency. unfourtanetley, the medical treatment of acute pancreatitis still remains unsatisfactory and mortality is still high. Therefore, in terms of the suggested organoprotective effect, our newly isolated human gastric juice peptide (M.P), witch we call Body Protection Compound (BPC9 partialy sequenced H2N--Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val-COOH ; MW 40, 000) was investigated on models of acute pancreatitis.

Hypothesis: stomach stress response, diagnostic and therapeutical value - a new approach in organoprotection.

It could be argued that many experimental "stress-ulcersinducing methods are not completely related to the naturally occuring circumstances (e.g.restraint stress). Therefore, the influence of dopamine agents bromocriptine (10.o mg/kg b.w.) and amantadine (20.0 mg/kg b.w.) on fracture (metatarsus)-induced gastric lesions was invastigated in rats (Wistar strain, both sexes, 200 g b.w.) Each drug was given i.p. 1 h before injury induction and subsequently once a day. The control animals received an equivolume of saline. The animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 33 days after injury induction (15 rats for each experimental group) and the stomach examined for presence of lesions as discrabed before (Sikirić et al. , Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988). Marked gastric lesions were found in the control rats sacrificed 5 (number of lesions per rat 3.7.+0.3, sum of their longest diameters per rat 4.2+-o.1 mm) and 8 (4.0.+-0.2, 4.3+-0.3 mm) days post fracture. No lesionswere noted in treated groups (Student´s t-test vs controls

Histochemical activity of delta^5, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was demonstrated in samples of cumulus obtained from 62 oocytes recovered from 24 women. The cumulus was found to contain smal and large cell types. Small cells possessed more delta^5, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity predominantly in the area near the oocyte.

The aim of the present study was to determine: (1) whether the single maximal dose of clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, could induce an increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels in patients with essential hypertension, and (2) whether hypotalamic dopamine and serotonin receptors might be involved in this response. Sixteen patients were studied before and after a 4-day treatment with a selective dopamine-blocking agent, pimozide. Another group of eight hypertensives was studied before and after a 5- day treatment with a specific blocker of serotonin receptors, metergoline. Total clonidine-stimulated GH secretion was assessed by the area under the GH curves from 0 to 180 min. The single maximal dose of clonidine induced in the majority of patients a moderate increase in GH levels, still indicating a subsensitivity in central alpha-adrenergic function in human hypertension. Both pimozide and metergoline failed to change the total secretion as well as the pattern of GH response to clonidine, irrespective of the magnitude of individual responses. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that neither dopaminergic nor serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the alpha2-adrenergic control of GH secretion in patients with essential hypertension.

The radioimmunoreactive serum and seminal fluid prolactin in 36 normospermic, 35 oligospermic, and 24 azoospermic men was examined. No significant difference between the serum prolactin levels within either group was found. Seminal fluid prolactin was significantly lower in oligospermic men, whereas the concentration of prolactin in azoospermic was similar to the levels of seminal fluid prolactin in normospermic men. There is a good correlation of the total number of motile sperm in the volume of the ejaculate with the prolactin concentration in the ejaculate of normospermic men. The number of the sperm in 1 ml of ejaculate in oligospermic men was in correlation with the levels of the prolactin in 1 ml of seminal fluid.

The influence of orally administered GABOB on GH secretion has been studied in 39 normal volunteers and 30 patients with prolactinoma. In normal subjects the 5 g dose of GABOB increased serum GH levels from basal 0.409 +/- 0.029 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) to a peak of 19.7 +/- 2.11 ng/ml at 90 min (p0.5). In conclusion, our results demonstrated a differential effect of GABOB on GH release in patients with prolactinoma, that may contribute to better delineation of these lesions.

Dopamine agents (saline in control groups) were coadministered with indomethacin by either single or repeated application. The ulcerogenic effect (erosions and/or ulcers) of repeated given indomethacin on gastric mucosa differed clearly from that on intestinal mucosa. The effect on intestinal mucosa was markedly greater than after a single dose. The effects of dopamine agents appeared to be more consistent. Domperidone and haloperidol, given as single or repeated doses, strongly aggravated both the gastric and intestinal lesions. Bromocriptine and amantadine had a protective effect. The adverse effects of both dopamine antagonists (increased after repeated administration) were strongly inhibited by the simultaneous administration of either bromocriptine or amantadine. The involvement of the dopamine system (central or peripheral) in the mechanisms that maintain gastric (probably related to cytoprotection also) and intestinal mucosa integrity is therefore suggested.

Uvod Vaskularni endotelni čimbenik rasta (VEGF) i posteljični čimbenik rasta (PlGF) ključni su angiogenični stimulatori tijekom normalnog razvoja i cijeljenju rane, te u brojnim patološkim stanjima. Novija istraživanja pokazala su sinergistički učinak VEGF-a i PlGF-a u patološkoj angiogenezi, sugerirajući ulogu PlGF-a u amplifikaciji djelovanje VEGF-a u endotelnim stanicama. Gonadotropini potiču rast folikula u ovariju koji se odvija u uvjetima pojačane intrafolikulinske vaskularizacije, sugerirajući važnu ulogu angiogeneze u razvoju folikula. Ove vazoaktivne tvari mogu biti odgovorne za intenzivno remodeliranje ovarija i vaskulogenezu u najranijoj trudnoći. Ispitanice i metode. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 42 žene podvrgnute kontroliranoj ovarijskoj hiperstimulaciji (KOH) u svrhu liječenja neplodnosti. U svih je žena određivan PlGF i VEGF u folikulinskoj tekućini i serumu na dan apspiracije, dva tjedna nakon embriotransfera (ET), te u slučaju pozitivnog testa na trudnoću, i tjedan dana kasnije. Estradiol i progesteron na dan aspiracije oocita također je određen u svih ispitanica. Rezultati. Od 42 žene koje su zadovoljavale kriterija uključenja u studiju, (prosječna dob 32,88±4,29g), 14 je žena imalo pozitivan test na trudnoću. Koncentracija VEGF-a i PlGF-a u folikulinskoj tekućini na dan aspiracije bila je značajno veća od odgovarajućih vrijednosti u serumu (P < 0.0001). Dinamičke i međusobno inverzne promjene VEGF-a i PlGF-a dokazane su u koncepcijskim u odnosu na nekoncepcijske IVF cikluse, što govori u prilog posteljičnog porijekla oba čimbenika nakon embriotransfera i u vrlo ranoj trudnoći. Vrijednosti VEGF-a u folikulinskoj tekućini bile su u izravnoj korelaciji s brojem ampula gonadotropina primjenjenih tijekom stimulacije (r = 0,43, P < 0,005), ali inverznoj korelaciji s estradiolom u serumu na dan aspiracije oocita (r = –0,37, P < 0,01). Pozitivna korelacija nađena je za folikulinski PlGF (FF PlGF) i serumski progesteron (r = 0,36, P < 0,02), te broj dobivenih zametaka (r = 0,44, P = 0,005), ali i inverznu korelaciju između folikulinskih vrijednosti samih VEGF-a i PlGF-a (r = 0,38, P = 0,01). Ishod postupka IVF negativno je korelirao s količinom folikulinskog VEGF-a (r = 0,28, P < 0,04). U svrhu određivanja omjera šansi, primjenjena je logistička regresija za konstruiranje modela vjerojatnosti negativnog ishoda postupka IVF. Rezultati omjera šansi jasno su pokazali da su povišene vrijednosti jednog ili oba angiogenična čimbenika u folikulinskoj tekućini, udružene s većom vjerojatnošću negativnog ishoda IVF postupka. (OR=4,25; CI=1,00-18,7). Zaključak. Rezultati ove studije pružaju od prvi dokaz o ulozi i regulaciji PlGF-a u kontroliranoj ovarijskoj stimulaciji, odnos s drugim čimbenicima angiogeneze i odnos spram periimplantacijskom razdoblju i najranijoj trudnoći. Istraživanje po prvi put uzima u obzir da uz VEGF, i povećana razina PlGF-a u folikulinskoj teklućini također može biti biljeg veće vjerojatnosti nepovoljnog ishoda IVF postupka, te može pojačati nepovoljne učinke VEGF-a., Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) are key angiogenic stimulators during normal development and wound healing, as well as in a variety of pathological conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated a synergistic effect of VEGF and PlGF in pathological angiogenesis and suggest a role for PlGF in amplifying VEGF action in endothelial cells. Gonadotropins induce ovarian follicle growth that is coincident with increased follicular vasculature, suggesting a role of angiogenesis in follicle development. These vasoactive substances may be implicated in extensive ovarian tissue remodelling and in early pregnancy. Methods: The present report investigated follicular fluid (FF) and circulating concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) in 42 consecutive IVF patients. Serum and FF concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were also measured in the 42 IVF cycles studied. Results: Of the fourty-two women enroled in the study (mean age 32,88±4,29), fourteen women become pregnant. Follicular fluid concentrations of both VEGF and PlGF were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the corresponding circulating concentrations. A dynamical and inverse changes of VEGF and PlGF occured in the conception compared to nonconception IVF cycles suggesting placental origin of both angiogenic factors in early pregnancy. FF VEGF concentration showed a direct relationship with number of gonadotrophin ampoules administered (r = 0,43, P < 0,005), but an inverse correlation with estradiol concentration (r = –0,37, P < 0,01). A positive correlation was found for FF PlGF concentration and progesterone concentrations (r = 0,36, P < 0,02) and number of embryo fertilized (r = 0,44, P = 0,005), but inverse correlations between FF VEGF and FF PlGF (r = 0,38, P = 0,01). The IVF outcome was negatively correlated with FF VEGF (r = 0,28, P < 0,04). To estimate odds ratios, logistic regression analysis was used to model the probability of negative IVF outcome. The resulting odds ratio clearly demonstrated that, when considered individually higher level of either VEGF or PlGF in FF are associated with an increased pobability of negative IVF outcome (OR=4,25; CI=1,00-18,7). Conclusions: This study suggested for the first time that increased FF concentrations of PlGF also can be a marker of decreased IVF outcome and can amplify the negative effects of VEGF. Our results also provide some of the first evidence of role and regulation of PlGF in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and in early pregnancy.

Metilentetrahidrofolat reduktaza (MTHFR) katalizira konverziju 5, 10-metilentetrahidrofolata, koji se rabi u sintezi purina i timidilata, u 5-metiltetrahidrofolat, koji je neophodan za sintezu metionina. Učestali genetski polimorfizam C677T MTHFR-a (uzrokuje promjenu alanina u valin u 225. kodonu) smanjuje aktivnost enzima MTHFR, čime se povisuje razina 5, 10-metilentetrahidrofolata. Ovo može štititi stanice od pogrešne inkorporacije uridilata, te oštećenja DNK zbog povećane raspoloživosti timidilata. Cilj ovoga rada bio je ispitati polimorfizam MTHFR kao genetski čimbenik rizika za rak glave i vrata. Mogući utjecaj polimorfizma MTHFR C677T ispitivan je u studiji parova u koju je bilo uključeno 120 zdravih ispitanika, te 82 bolesnika s rakom glave i vrata. Polimorfizam MTHFR utvrđen je pomoću PCR-RFLP. U skupini bolesnika muškog spola na|ena je značajno manja frekvencija T alela (27, 4% u skupini bolesnika naprama 34, 6% u kontrolnoj skupini, p=0, 007) s dva puta manjim rizikom za rak glave i vrata (OR = 0, 52, 95% CI=0, 32-0, 80). Kod heterozigotnih nositelja genotipa 677CT (28, 6% me|u bolesnicima naprama 59, 3% među kontrolama) utvrđen je 3, 5 puta manji rizik za rak glave i vrata (OR = 0, 28, 95% CI=0, 14-0, 54, p

Endotelin (ET) je protein sastavljen od 21 aminokiseline, a ima snažan vazokonstrikcijski učinak. Nastaje i otpušta se iz endotelijskih stanica u obliku preproendotelina, pričem nastaje me|uproizvod, veliki endotelin. Ciroza jetre je bolest kod koje nastaju ascites i portalna hipertenzija praćena promjenom sistemne i regionalne hemodinamike. Povišene razine ET na|ene su u plazmi bolesnika s alkoholnom cirozom jetre. Cilj rada bio je usporediti razine ET(1- 21) u bolesnika s različitim stupnjevima alkoholne ciroze jetre. ET(1-21) je mjeren u plazmi bolesnika pomoću enzimskog imunotesta (Biomedica, Graz, Austrija) s pragom mjerljivosti od 0, 05 pmol/L. U studiju je bilo uključeno 60 bolesnika s dokazanom alkoholnom cirozom jetre i 86 zdravih ispitanika odgovarajuće dobi i spola. Statistička analiza napravljena je pomoću kompjutorskog programa Sigmastat i Excel. Razine ET(1-21) bile su značajno više u bolesnika (0, 55, raspon 0-6, 19 pmol/L) nego u zdravih ispitanika (0, 12, raspon 0-1, 67 pmol/L, p

Tijekom proteklih desetak godina znakovito je porastao broj radova objavljenih u citiranim publikacijama koji sadrže sve složeniju statističku analizu. Usporedno s porastom broja objavljenih radova pojavila se i potreba standardiziranja uvjeta izvođenja istraživanja i objavljivanja rezultata. Osnovni cilj takve standardizacije obuhvaća razumljivost, usporedivost i ponovljivost svakog znanstvenog rada. Do danas su objavljene brojne smjernice i preporuke za mnoge grane biomedicinskog istraživanja: za izvještavanje randomiziranog kliničkog pokusa (CONSORT Statement), za provođenje epidemiološke analize, za statističku analizu u medicinskim publikacijama, za provođenje i objavljivanje rezultata multicentričnih studija, za objavljivanje rezultata ispitivanja iz područja psihologije, onkologije, molekularne biologije i dr. Osobito zanimljiva za medicinske biokemičare je nedavna pojava smjernica za potpuno i točno izvještavanje rezultata analiza dijagnostičke točnosti (The Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy, inicijativa STARD). Dijagnostička točnost je pojam koji opisuje potencijal nekog dijagnostičkog postupka (najčešće laboratorijskog testa) da razluči između dvaju stanja. Najčešće se radi o izboru između zdravlja i bolesti, no u obzir dolazi i svaki drugi izbor između dvaju stanja. Metodologija analize dijagnostičke točnosti laboratorijskog testa obuhvaća ispitivanje njegove kliničke osjetljivosti i specifičnosti, prediktivnih vrijednosti, učinkovitosti te ROC analizu, a dobivene rezultate trebalo bi izvještavati poštujući smjernice inicijative STARD. Inicijativu STARD su prihvatili urednici mnogih časopisa i tendencija je da one postanu standard, te da njihovo poštivanje bude obveza autora. Ovo će predavanje dati pregled smjernica STARD i njihovo tumačenje.

Činitelj rasta jetre (HGF) je citokin uključen u regeneraciju tkiva, angiogenezu i nastanak kolaterala. Otkriven je kao protein koji potiče rast hepatocita, no ima učinak i na druga tkiva. Endotelin (ET) je protein sačinjen od 21 aminokiseline s važnim fiziološkim i patofiziološkim djelovanjem u nastanku zatajenja srca. Najvažnija je periferna vazokonstrikcija i poticanje miocita i fibroblasta. Cilj rada je bio ispitati mogu li vrijednosti HGF i ET u plazmi bolesnika biti od koristi u dijagnozi akutnog infarkta miokarda. ET i HGF su mjereni u plazmi 42 zdrava ispitanika i 31 bolesnika s akutnim infarktom miokarda prilikom hitnog prijma u bolnicu. Uključeni su u studiju prema standardnim biokemijskim i kliničkim kriterijima. Razine ET i HGF mjerene su enzimimunološkim testom (Biomedica, Austria, odnosno R&D, SAD). Statistička analiza učinjena je kompjutorskim programom Sigmastat. Značajnost razlike izme|u skupina ispitanika testirana je Mann-Whitneyevim testom, a klinička valjanost analizom ROC. Razine HGF bile su više u gotovo svih bolesnika nego u zdravih ispitanika: 12, 446 (1, 007-12, 858) ng/mL u odnosu na 0, 854 (0, 517-1, 347) ng/mL, p

Spoznaje o etiologiji, dijagnostici i liječenju poremećaja mokrenja.

The mineral content (zinc, iron, magnesium and calcium) in liver, spleen and thymus of male Balb/C mice fed different diets was observed. Two groups of mice (5 animals per group) were fed, over 21 day, diets enriched with corn oil or olive oil (5% addition to standard pellet, w/w). The animals were sacrified and organs were collected. Olive oil with predominant oleic acid has quite different composition than corn oil in which linoleic acid prevails. It is well known that the diets with different kinds of oils leed to changes in the tissue mineral content (1). Minerals were determined by ICP spectrometry, after microwave tissue digestion by HNO3 and H2O2 (2). The zinc and magnesium tissue content was not changed significantly in both groups. Also, the iron and calcium amount in liver was not changed. The calcium content in spleen was significantly higher in the mice fed diets enriched with corn oil in comparison to both mice fed 5% olive oil and control animals. The spleen iron content also increased in the mice fed diets enriched with corn oil, compared to control animals. Mice fed the linoleic acid-rich rather than the oleic acid-rich oil had increased thymus calcium content, compared to controls. These results show the effect of unsaturated, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the calcium and iron contet in some organs.