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Cet article nous plonge dans un passé exceptionnel avec la question de la consommation du sucre de 1925 à 1959. Ce travail présente un panorama du produit lui-même et de ses consommateurs. Il est important de signaler que le sucre n’était pas dans les habitudes alimentaires des congolais. Mais, il a été imposé par le colonisateur. Comme conséquence, les congolais souffrent des maladies qui n’étaient programmées dans leur système vital. Le sucre consommé au Congo belge fut de deux sources. La première est d’importation et la deuxième est de la production locale qui intervint qu’en 1929. Il sied de signaler ici que la vision du capitaliste était que le Congo soit une terre d’exploitation et non de consommation de ce produit. Cependant, avec le bouleversement mondial, la guerre, et certaines crises européennes ainsi que la montée en puissance de la population congolaise, le Congo belge devint une terre de consommation du sucre. Les premiers consommateurs sont ceux que nous avions appelés, consommateurs intermédiaires. Ceux-ci, sont des entreprises manufacturières. Les deuxièmes grands consommateurs sont la population blanche installée au Congo belge. A l’époque coloniale, elle était de toutes les nationalités, spécialement, les américains, les belges, les anglais, les grecs, les portugais, les hollandais, les chypriotes, etc. Leur présence sur toute l’étendue de la colonie dessine la cartographie du circuit du sucre au pays. Le sucre fit son entrée de manière générale dans l’alimentation des congolais que vers les années cinquante.

El enfrentamiento por la capitalidad entre La Paz y Sucre, aunque poco conocido internacionalmente, estuvo a punto de impedir la aprobación de la Constitución de 2009. En este artículo se realiza una revisión teórica de los estudios geográficos y politológicos sobre las capitales de los Estados, con un apartado propio para la tipología elaborada a partir de la teoría de los sistemas-mundo. Siguiendo estos trabajos, se analiza el conflicto boliviano a través de un repaso de su historia, prestando una atención especial al período de la Asamblea Constituyente entre 2006 y 2009, y a continuación se presentan los argumentos que sustentan las posiciones de ambas ciudades candidatas. En base a la literatura académica, el caso de Bolivia podría considerarse el de una capital compartida asimétrica, con preminencia de La Paz. No obstante, a falta de una capital indiscutible, se trata de una cuestión que puede reabrirse en cualquier momento. Partiendo de la experiencia boliviana, también se extraen conclusiones que pueden ser útiles para otros países que experimenten una situación similar.

Few commodities have shaped and continue to haunt the lives of Black people across the diaspora as much as sugar. Yet, to only view Black people's relationship to sugar through violent histories and presents is to miss a sweetness--belonging, intimacy, connection--that exceeds it. Inspired by Dionne Brand's assertion that reclaiming the Black body is an ongoing creative project, this article uses baking as a method toward answering the question, How might we map a distinction between sugar--a product of racial capitalism--and sweetness, a necessary component of Black life?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is one of the current approaches for environmental pollution management. The combination of plant absorption of metals and endophyte bacteria which provide with ways to metabolize them is envisioned as a major technology for biorremediation. In this study, we studied Bothriochloa pertusa and their endophites' ability to tolerate cadmium. We collected plants from different localities in Sucre, Colombia. Cadmium concentrations on soil and plant tissues were assesed. The density of endophytic bacteria from samples isolated from root and inflorescences was determined (CFU/g of tissue) and their capacity of tolerance to cadmium was evaluated in vitro. Cadmium was present in the soil at a concentration of 1.5±3.6 mg/Kg and from 1.05 to 3.21 mg/Kg (inflorescence and root respectively). Endophytic bacteria were present mostly in the inflorescence compared to the roots. Burkholderia diffusa KF475808 (95%) Burkholderia ambifaria LN88999 (98%); Deinococcus mumbaiensis DQ003135 (98%); Bacillus cereus GU056811 (93%); Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112 (T) (99.9%); Pseudomonas fluorescens VI8L1 (98%) and Burkholderia cepacia KJ935921 (97%) tolerated up to 500 ppm of CdCl2 and showed in vitro capacity for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and the production of siderophores. This study demonstrates that endophytidc bacteria in B. pertusa have the potential to be used for fitoremediation of soil cadmium in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

Se describen dos nuevas especies del género Ochthebius (Hydraenidae: Ochthebiinae) de la región peninsular de Araya, edo. Sucre (Nororiente de Venezuela), colectados manualmente en dos ambientes de agua salobre. Ambas especies se incluyen en el grupo bisinuatus, que reúne a las especies de Ochthebius con el margen anterior bisinuado y cuyos miembros solo se encuentran en la región Neártica, ahora representada en la región Neotropical. Se ilustran habitus, escleritos e imágenes satelitales que identifican la localidad.

Purpose – Heritage tourism has been greatly developed in recent years, especially in cities declared the World Heritage Sites. This kind of research comes from the need of understanding the demands of tourists in destinations. Design – This research studies the sociodemographic profile of tourists and their perceptions about the attributes of the city of Sucre, which has been declared the World Heritage Site. This research is based on two previous theoretical models. Methodology – The fieldwork consisted of conducting 529 personal surveys. The field work was carried out via personal interviews with the tourists in Sucre. The conducted period was between November 2017 and March 2018. Approach – A high cultural level and a medium-high income level characterise most tourists. The attributes that a patrimonial tourist destination must have were analysed in order to make it a sustainable site, where both culture and tourism come together. Findings – The main results of the investigation show a segmentation of the tourists that visit this city into four types: alternative, cultural, emotional, and patrimonial tourists. Originality of the research – The results of this research determine the most highly valued attributes of the city and those that should be improved.

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Dos nuevos casos de forrajeo cooperativo por parte de Paratemnoides nidificator (Balzan, 1888) en hormigas Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) y Dolichoderus bispinosus (Oliver, 1792) son documentados. Estos eventos se observaron en la localidad de Santa Inés, municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Sucre, Caribe Colombiano. Esto representa el primer registro de este comportamiento de búsqueda de alimento en estas especies de hormigas por esta especie social de pseudoescorpiones. Se incrementa el número de especies conocidas como presas y que forman parte de la dieta de este pseudoescorpión.

Background: Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country's Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods: This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran's I and Getis-Ord's hot spot analysis. Results: 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion: Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As a result of botanical explorations carried out in the seasonally dry forests and shrub-lands of the eastern end of the Araya Peninsula, state of Sucre, Venezuela, the presence of Psidium schenckianum Kiaersk. is reported for the first time for Venezuela and Psidium appendiculatum Kiaersk. for the first time for Sucre. Due to the current degradation of these wild ecosystems in the peninsula and the state in general, there is an urgent need to conduct rigorous surveys that provide more information on the geographical distribution of these and other species yet to be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Heritage tourism has been greatly developed in recent years, especially in cities declared the World Heritage Sites. This kind of research comes from the need of understanding the demands of tourists in destinations. Design – This research studies the sociodemographic profile of tourists and their perceptions about the attributes of the city of Sucre, which has been declared the World Heritage Site. This research is based on two previous theoretical models. Methodology – The fieldwork consisted of conducting 529 personal surveys. The field work was carried out via personal interviews with the tourists in Sucre. The conducted period was between November 2017 and March 2018. Approach – A high cultural level and a medium-high income level characterise most tourists. The attributes that a patrimonial tourist destination must have were analysed in order to make it a sustainable site, where both culture and tourism come together. Findings – The main results of the investigation show a segmentation of the tourists that visit this city into four types: alternative, cultural, emotional, and patrimonial tourists. Originality of the research – The results of this research determine the most highly valued attributes of the city and those that should be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present work determines the presence of the African giant snail (Acathina fulica), in the north area of the Sucre department, in jurisdiction of the Corporación Autónoma Regional de Sucre - CARSUCRE. Density and ranges of sizes were established for each sites sampled: Sincelejo, Corozal y Tolú; the control protocols indicated by the respective environmental authority were followed and the potential impacts that this invasive species could cause were discussed.

The rural regions occupy an extended part of the countries and they are characterized by their importance for the development and the social cohesion of the populations; which makes necessary the evaluation of policies and the context of these zones in rural territories like the department of Sucre. In this sense, the present document analyzes, through a tour of the country’s agrarian regulations, the characteristics of the rural areas of the department and the proposal established in the peace agreements of Havana, to determine the opportunities that are Could present to improve the economic and social conditions in the department of Sucre.

In savanna areas and of tropical dry forest of the department of Sucre, Colombian Caribbean, the pseudoescorpion fauna was studied. 38 individuals were collected belonging in four families and six species, being the litter and the bark the most abundant microhabitat. The specie Pseudochthonius heterodentatus Beier, 1946 is reported for the first time from Colombia, their distribution area being increased. The sampling effort allowed to register near 86% of the pseudoescorpion species, therefore, can be consider a good approximation to the fauna of pseudoescorpion in the department of Sucre.

The present work determines by satellites images interpretation the behavior of the covering of the anthropic savannas of Sucre, Colombia, from 1985 at 2017 emphasizing in its current state. In accordance with their structure the secondary savannas assemble: semi anthropic savannas, anthropic savannas, artificial wooded savannas and artificial without trees savannas. The results show in accordance with the percentage changes in function of the evaluated periods that the artificial wooded or without trees savannas increased their areas, what would imply a slow sucesional and persistent degradation of the whole system. It points out that the biggest negative cause is generally represented by the intensive cattle grazing and the adaptation of pasture through the persistent and successive deforestation and burns. Conclude that the system of anthropic savannas presents a slow degradation and that a loss of original biotopes exists.

Ecuador se encuentra dolarizado desde el año 2000. Una puñalada a la soberanía, autonomía y desarrollo de sus pueblos. Sin embargo, nace en 2008 el Sistema Unitario de Compensación Regional de Pagos (Sucre), en el marco de la Nueva Arquitectura Financiera Regional (NAFR); el Sucre tiene el objetivo del progresivo desacoplamiento de la dependencia del dólar como moneda internacional entre sus países miembros. En el caso de Ecuador, el Sucre ayudaría a mitigar su dependencia también como moneda nacional; esta es la hipótesis del trabajo. Así, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el alcance del Sucre como mecanismo generador de autonomía monetaria para la economía dolarizada del Ecuador, por medio del ahorro de esta divisa en el comercio dentro del Sucre. La metodología adoptada es revisión bibliográfica y análisis de datos cuantitativos de la participación del Ecuador publicados por el Sucre y el Banco Central del Ecuador desde 2010-2017. El resultado encontrado es que el ahorro de dólares es ínfimo, menos del 0,01 % del total de sus importaciones mundiales, pero se concluye que este mecanismo tiene fuerte potencial para la generación de autonomía monetaria si se lo fortalece. El estudio es limitado para Ecuador, dada la dolarización de su economía.

Objetivo. Analizar las noticias publicadas sobre suicidio consumado en el Periódico El Meridiano de Sucre del 2010 al 2016. Método. 1) la búsqueda se acotó a un tiempo específico (2010 – 2016); 2) se clasificó la información proporcionada por los artículos de periódico teniendo en cuenta: la fecha del acontecimiento, el lugar, la edad, el sexo, la modalidad y el motivo; 3) se introdujo toda la información al paquete estadístico Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v.21) para su análisis. Resultados. Se halló un aumento de las cifras del suicidio en los años 2015 y 2016. Entre los motivos más frecuentes para cometer el acto suicida se encuentran: depresión, problemas familiares, problemas de salud y problemas económicos. Conclusiones. Tanto en Sincelejo como en la zona rural sucreña, la modalidad de acto suicida más frecuente en hombres y mujeres es el ahorcamiento, y el motivo más frecuente: “la depresión”.

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Cashew cultivation is seen as a potential productive system in the Colombian Caribbean in producing areas with edaphic and climatic conditions conducive to this type of perennial crop, in which the possible phytosanitary limitations that may be faced must be considered. Currently, there is no information on the limiting arthropod pests of cashew in these areas; Thus, the objective of this research was to obtain the identification of taxonomic orders of arthropod pests associated with cashew cultivation in the reproductive stage in three producing areas of the Colombian Caribbean. About commercial plantations in Santo Tomas-Atlántico, San Benito Abad-Sucre and Chinú-Córdoba. 9 cashew trees were randomly selected per area, each tree was evaluated: floral cushions, leaves and fruits on three opposite branches of the middle third, and the main stem, through direct observation using a 30x entomological magnifying glass. entomological brush and 70% alcohol for capturing the arthropods present; These were deposited in 5ml Eppendorff, labeled and sent to the laboratory for separation by morphotypes and identification by taxonomic orders. The results obtained show the % incidence of the following orders: Blatodea 54%, Coleoptera 15%, Entomobryomorpha 2%, Hemiptera 8.5%, Hymenoptera 59% and Thysanoptera 13%. This information generates the first records of arthropod pests present in the cashew crop in the productive stage in these producing areas of the Colombian humid Caribbean, which allows us to have base information to continue with the identification of genera, species and generate, validate and link strategies to integrated pest management in this productive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study through the use of geographical information system, determines the cattle ponds presence in the municipal territories of Chalán, Colosó and Toluviejo, department of Sucre, Colombia. The study area formed part of Montes de María formation, identified as an area of tropical dry forest of the Colombian Caribbean. Were determined in total 500 units, of which the water mirror for municipality was: Chalan 0.129%, Colosó 0.143% and Toluviejo 0.42%, with a minimum range of area for unit between 0.1125 and 0.445 ha. The high dependence that the human populations have to satisfy the necessities of domestic water is demonstrated and it is compared with social variables such as: concentration of land tenure and poverty. To conclude, that the cattle ponds represents an important access system to the water of great value and importance for the study area.

Se presentan los resultados del trabajo realizado en la Estación Meteorológica de CARSUCRE, en bosque seco tropical del municipio de Colosó, departamento de Sucre (Colombia), donde se efectuaron transectos lineales de 100 m al lado del arroyo Sereno y parte alta del bosque (cerro), durante los meses de febrero-agosto y noviembre del año 2011, se realizaron un total de 182 colecciones, distribuidas en los filos Ascomycota (4 géneros y 11 especies) y Basidiomycota (31 géneros con 59 especies), se logró recolectar 39 registros nuevos para Sucre y siete para Colombia. Este trabajo constituye un estudio pionero para el departamento de Sucre, debido a que no existe información acerca de los hongos silvestres presentes en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T).

This paper addresses the experiences of the monetary and financial cooperation carried out within the framework of ALBA-TCP. The first part describes the context of global crisis and emerging multipolarity in which the debate on the reform of the International Financial Architecture (IFA) and regional monetary initiatives are inserted. The second part revises the Latin American initiative of a New Regional Financial Architecture. Later, we analyze the origins, processes and effects of mechanisms implemented within the ALBA-TCP, such as the ALBA Bank and the SUCRE. Finally, the essay concludes by presenting both potential and limitations of these experiences within a regional and global scenario marked by a high degree of uncertainty that, paradoxically so far, seems to delay and inhibit rather than consolidate the strengthening of a New Regional Financial Architecture.

La ciudad de Sucre se encuentra al sur de Bolivia y es la capital de dicho país. Fue allí donde se creó la primera universidad en el siglo XVII y la primera escuela Normal de Maestros a inicios del siglo XX, lo que le ha dado a la ciudad un ambiente estudiantil. Debido a esta situación, consideramos la importancia de realizar un estudio sobre la organización y la politización de los estudiantes del nivel secundario y su aporte en los movimientos estudiantiles durante la etapa de la Revolución Nacional. El marco temporal va de 1950 a 1964, desde una etapa pre-revolucionaria hasta el fin de los gobiernos revolucionarios del MNR. Desde un punto de vista teórico, el estudio de los movimientos estudiantiles de secundaria (MES) se enmarca, por un lado, en los estudios sobre la historia de la educación y los procesos de socialización de los y las adolescentes y jóvenes y, por el otro lado, en los estudios de historia social. Desde esta perspectiva, los mismos pueden ser analizados ya sea como un proceso cultural de inserción en una determinada cultura de masas que implica una rebeldía contra una sociedad establecida o, por el contrario, en la conformación de un grupo social, capaz de movilizarse con objetivos sociales y políticos claramente definidos. Por otro lado, los movimientos estudiantiles de secundaria de la ciudad de Sucre tuvieron gran participación en huelgas y marchas, ya sea en apoyo a la universidad o para lograr objetivos a favor de ellos mismos. Desde 1950, la participación política de los alumnos y alumnas de secundaria se fue dando más abiertamente por la acción de diferentes partidos con sus propias ideologías.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar y cuantificar la fauna silvestre atropellada en las dos principales vías que rodean los Montes de María, en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Este estudio aborda parte de la problemática ambiental que afecta la zona circundante del bosque seco tropical, que aún persiste en esta zona del Caribe colombiano. Entre octubre de 2011 y marzo de 2012, época de lluvia y de sequía en las vías: Sincelejo-San Onofre y Sincelejo-Ovejas, se recolectaron 608 especímenes atropellados; a los especímenes colectados, se les realizó la identificación, hasta donde fue posible (orden, familia, genero, especie). Para el análisis de datos, se aplicó el test de Fisher y análisis de varianza. Entre la fauna silvestre atropellada, que mayormente prevaleció en las principales vías que rodean los Montes de María, en el departamento de Sucre, durante las épocas de lluvias y sequía, se destacan: anfibios (Rhinella marina, Leptodactylus bolivianus, Scinax sp.); reptiles (Leptodeira septentrionalis, Pseudoboa neuwiedii, Epicrates cenchria, Oxyrhopus petola, iguana iguana, Kinosternon scorpioides, Trachemys callisrostris) y mamíferos (Didelphis marsupialis, Tamandua mexicana, Cerdocyon thous), con un total de 253, 219 y 111 especímenes, respectivamente. La época, que tuvo mayor prevalencia de atropellamientos, fue la de sequía. El alto porcentaje de atropellamientos evidenciado en la época de seca -para ambas vías-, se puede relacionar con la escasez de alimento, ya que los animales se ven obligados a recorrer mayores distancias exponiéndose a la carretera.

El presente trabajo determinó la densidad poblacional de Columba livia domestica en el nuevo mercado de la ciudad de Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia. Se conoce que cuando las poblaciones de esta especie se incrementan desmedidamente, se convierte en un serio problema de salud pública, que debe ser atendido, para evitar la transmisión de enfermedades zoonóticas. En Sincelejo, especialmente en la zona de estudio, se tenía desconocimiento de la magnitud de su población, al igual que sucede para muchas otras ciudades de Colombia, en donde esta ave es una seria amenaza ambiental. Durante diez días continuos, entre las 06:00 y las 08:00 horas, con conteos cronometrados, se aplicó el método de muestreos en punto fijo; igualmente, se hicieron medidas de los niveles de ruido existente en el área de trabajo. No se determinaron diferencias estadísticas para la población detectada en cada sitio de muestreo, ni durante los diez días de muestreo, ni entre los sitios de trabajo y los horarios. La población estimada fue 257 individuos, con una DS= 10,7, la densidad estimada fue de 574 ind/km²; los niveles sonoros máximos oscilaron entre 68,2 y 83,5 decibeles. La densidad calculada es menor al compararla con otros estudios, pero sobrepasa la densidad establecida como nociva, para esta especie, en poblaciones urbanas; durante el horario de muestreo, los niveles de ruido que soportó la población se establecen como altos y tolerables. Los estudios poblacionales de esta especie, en ambientes urbanos, se hacen necesarios para poder implementar planes o programas de manejo, que eviten posibles proliferaciones zoonóticas.

A new species, Philodendron montemariense Croat, J. J. Percy & Carrascal, is described from the Reserva Forestal Protectora Serranía de Coraza, in the department of Sucre, Colombia. The species is a member of subgenus Philodendron, section Philodendron, series Fibrosa Croat. It is most similar to P. asplundii Croat & M. L. Soares, but has stems with fewer persisting cataphyll fibers and more broadly ovate leaf blades, which typically dry gray above and grayish yellow-green below, and which have fewer primary lateral veins that are undulated on the upper surface when dried. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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More than 70 years after the Keynes Plan was originally created, it is still considered an alternative to the current International Monetary System (IMS) and many believe it contains potential benefits for issues such as global stability, employment and fair relations among countries. In fact, it has served as an inspiration for real cases of regional payment systems. In this article, the Keynes Plan is considered the main guideline for a specific reform proposal of the IMS in the twenty-first century. Therefore, our first intention will be to explain the main political and technical advantages of the Keynes Plan, which will serve as a prerequisite to subsequently identify the conditions for its optimal performance in the financialized economy of the twenty-first century. For that purpose, we draw lessons from the dynamics observed in two different regional payment-systems: the SUCRE in Latin America and the TARGET2 in the Eurozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The current study aims to identify if mouth rinsing with a 6% carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR) solution and mouth rinsing and ingestion of caffeine (CMR+CAFF) can affect exercise performance during steady-state (SS) running and high-intensity intervals (HIIT) in comparison with a 0% control solution (PLA) when in a fed state. Eight recreationally trained males completed 3 trials (CMR, CMR+CAFF, and PLA) of 45 min SS running and an HIIT protocol (90% peak treadmill velocity) until fatigue in a double blinded, repeated-measures study. Participants ingested a capsule of either CAFF or PLA before and after SS. Participants received a 25-mL bolus of carbohydrate solution (CMR and CMR+CAFF trials) or taste-matched PLA (PLA trial) prior to HIIT protocol and after every second effort. Heart rate and lactate responses were recorded throughout the SS and HIIT protocol. CMR+CAFF was significantly different when compared with PLA ( p = 0.001; Cohens d = 1.34) and CMR ( p = 0.031; Cohens d = 0.87) in relation to distance covered before fatigue. Although there was no significant difference between CMR and PLA, there was a small benefit for CMR ( p = 0.218; Cohens d = 0.46). Results indicate that CMR and ingestion of CAFF leads to improvements in performance during interval sessions while participants were in a fed state. These findings indicate that the regular use of CMR can decrease the risk of gastrointestinal distress reported by athletes, which can be applicable to athletes in a real-world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les facteurs alimentaires (sucres, acides gras trans technologiques, sel et excédent calorique) et comportementaux (sédentarité) ont largement contribué à l'augmentation vertigineuse de l'incidence de l'obésité, du diabète, de l'hypertension artérielle et par conséquent des maladies cardiovasculaires dans le monde. Depuis les années soixante et soixante-dix, les cardiologues préconisent de réduire la consommation alimentaire d'acides gras (AG) saturés, sans discernement, et celle de cholestérol à 300 mg/j, ainsi que de limiter les lipides en général. Parallèlement l'industrie alimentaire développait une alimentation low fat avec un remplacement des graisses alimentaires par l'utilisation massive des hydrates de carbone et du sucre. L'excès de fructose pur ou issu du clivage enzymatique du saccharose aboutit à une lipogenèse hépatique de novo, une oxydation des particules du cholestérol liées à une lipoprotéine de basse densité (LDL-C), une adiposité viscérale, une résistance à l'insuline et une augmentation des niveaux de glycation non enzymatique des protéines. Le métabolisme du fructose aboutit en outre à la formation d'acide urique, qui est un inhibiteur du NO - ce mécanisme physiopathologique favorisant l'hypertension artérielle. La surconsommation de glucides couplée à l'absence de dépense énergétique conduit donc non seulement à la formation de stéatose hépatique (NASH) et de tissu adipeux périphérique mais également à l'incapacité à les « brûler », ce qui conduit indirectement à l'insulinorésistance. Souvent couplés au sucre dans la nourriture transformée, les AG trans sont responsables d'une augmentation du LDL-C, et tout particulièrement des particules LDL petites et denses. Réduire l'apport surtout en sucre et en acides gras trans industriels (nourriture transformée) est probablement la modalité la plus efficace pour agir sur le poids, le profil cardiométabolique et par conséquent sur le pronostic cardiovasculaire à long terme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, gastronomy has become one of the most important tourist attractions for cities as well as for rural areas. In this respect, tourists look for authenticity in the gastronomy heritage of these destinations, making it, thusly, a motivation for visiting the place. This research presents a segmentation of the tourists who visit Sucre (Bolivia), on the basis of a higher or lower interest in the gastronomy of the city. The results extracted from the research highlight the existence of three tourist segments with different attitudes regarding gastronomic experiences. Additionally, it notes the importance that a specific type of tourist places on discovering and better understanding the gastronomy of a city as part of its cultural heritage.