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Investigation of a published route to produce 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, starting from commercial 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoic acid via 3,5-di-tert-butylanlinium hydrogen sulfate, unexpectedly yielded 2,6-dintitro-3,5-di-tert-butylphenol. Attempts to increase the yield of the latter resulted, instead, in the previously unreported 2,6-dinitro-3,5-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1,4-dione. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures are reported for the anilinium salt, the nitrated phenol, and the quinone. Voltammetry of the quinone shows two chemically reversible reductions in anhydrous solution and the radical anion produced from the first reduction step has been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This compound fits well to the middle range of electron-poor quinones, indicating that the inductive effects of the tert-butyl and nitro groups counteract each other. This conclusion is also supported by the infrared spectroscopic data where the ν(C=O) and ν(C=C) bands are of very similar energy to those of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making the Invisible(s) Visible. Epistemological Significance of Women in Pedagogical Theorising In the tradition of pedagogical theory, women are rarely mentioned. Historical educational research should contribute to making the women pedagogues and their theories visible so that the merits and limitations of the different positions within historical pedagogy can be learned about and reflected upon. The article argues that only a synthesis of theories allows for expanded thinking. The aim is to recognise the achievements of women in historical education research on an equal footing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecules featuring fluorine‐containing functional groups exhibit outstanding properties with high density, low sensitivity, excellent thermal stability, and good energetic performance due to the strong electron‐withdrawing ability and high density of fluorine. Hence, they play a pivotal role in the field of energetic materials. In light of current theoretical and experimental reports, this review systematically focuses on three types of energetic materials possessing fluorine‐containing functional groups F‐ and NF2‐ substituted trinitromethyl groups (C(NO2)2F, C(NO2)2NF2), trifluoromethyl group (CF3), and difluoroamino and pentafluorosulfone groups (NF2, SF5) and investigates the synthetic methods, physicochemical parameters, and energetic properties of each. The incorporation of fluorine‐containing functional moieties is critical for the development of novel high energy density materials, and is rapidly being adopted in the design of energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional analyses assessing the vulnerabilities of forest ecosystems and the forest sector to climate change are key to considering the heterogeneity of climate change impacts as well as the fact that risks, opportunities, and adaptation capacities might differ regionally. Here we provide the Regional Integrated Assessment of climate change on Quebec's forests, a work that involved several research teams and focused on climate change impacts on Quebec's commercial forests and on potential adaptation solutions. Our work showed that climate change will alter several ecological processes within Quebec's forests. These changes will result in important modifications in forest landscapes. Harvest will cumulate with climate change effects to further alter future forest landscapes, which will also have consequences on wildlife habitats (including woodland caribou habitat), avian biodiversity, carbon budget, and a variety of forest landscape values for Indigenous peoples. The adaptation of the forest sector will be crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystem goods and services and improve their resilience. Moving forward, a broad range of adaptation measures, notably through reducing harvest levels, should be explored to help strike a balance among social, ecological, and economic values. We conclude that without climate adaptation, strong negative economic and ecological impacts will likely affect Quebec's forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C60 Donor Dyaden, in denen der Kohlenstoffkäfig kovalent an eine Elektronen‐Donoreinheit gebunden vorliegt, werden als ein mögliches Elektronentransfersystem diskutiert, und es wurde gezeigt, dass kugelförmige [Ge9]‐Clusteranionen bezüglich ihrer elektronischen Struktur eng mit den Fullerenen verwandt sind. Die optischen Eigenschaften dieser Cluster und ihrer funktionalisierten Derivate sind jedoch nahezu unbekannt. Wir berichten nun über die Synthese des intensiv roten [Ge9]‐Clusters, welcher an ein ausgedehntes π‐Elektronensystem gebunden ist. [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2{CH3C=N}‐DAB(II)Dipp]− (1−) entsteht bei der Reaktion von [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2]2− mit Bromdiazaborol DAB(II)Dipp‐Br in CH3CN (TMS=Trimethylsilyl; DAB(II)=1,3,2‐Diazaborol mit einem ungesättigten Gerüst; Dipp=2,6‐Di‐iso‐propylphenyl). Die reversible Protonierung der Imineinheit in 1− führt zum tiefgrünen, zwitterionischen Cluster [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2{CH3C=N(H)}‐DAB(II)Dipp] (1‐H). Optische Spektroskopie in Kombination mit zeitabhängigen Dichtefunktional‐theoretischen Berechnungen legen eine Elektronentransfer‐Anregung zwischen dem Cluster und dem antibindenden π*‐Orbital der Iminiumeinheit als Urache für die intensive Farbe nahe. Ein Absorptionsmaximum von 1‐H im roten Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums und der entsprechende niedrigste angeregte Zustand bei λ=669 nm machen die Verbindung zu einem interessanten Ausgangspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen, die auf das Design photoaktiver Clusterverbindungen abzielen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes, and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow experimental manipulation studies to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of tundra snow studies has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. Specifically, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by snow addition and snow removal manipulations (average 7.9 days advance and 5.5 days delay, respectively) were substantially lower than the temporal variation over natural spatial gradients within a given year (mean range 56 days) or among years (mean range 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.

Ont été analysées au moyen d’un grand nombre d’indicateurs les annotations présentes dans plusieurs centaines de résumés ou de synthèses élaborés par des primoétudiants inscrits dans un bachelier en Droit. Je me suis centrée sur les pratiques évaluatives de quatre assistants, à qui ont été confiés des séminaires en sciences humaines (criminologie, sociologie, histoire contemporaine). Les analyses montrent des résultats assez divergents par rapport aux études existantes en la matière.

This study is a meta-analysis of global articles on hydrological nutrient dynamics to determine trends and consensus on: (1) the effects of climate change-induced hydrological and temperature drivers on nutrient dynamics and how these effects vary along the catchment continuum from land to river to lake; (2) the convergence of climate change impacts with other anthropogenic pressures (agriculture, urbanization) in nutrient dynamics; and (3) regional variability in the effects of climate change on nutrient dynamics and water-quality impairment across different climate zones. An innovative web crawler tool was employed to help critically synthesize the information in the literature. The literature suggests that climate change will impact nutrient dynamics around the globe and exacerbate contemporary water-quality challenges. Nutrient leaching and overland flow transport are projected to increase globally, promoted by extreme precipitation. Seasonal variations in streamflow are expected to emulate changing precipitation patterns, but the specific local impacts of climate change on hydrology and nutrient dynamics will vary both seasonally and regionally. Plant activity may reduce some of this load in nonagricultural soils if the expected increase in plant uptake of nutrients prompted by increased temperatures can compensate for greater nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization, N deposition, and leaching rates. High-temperature forest and grass fires may help reduce mineralization and microbial turnover by altering N speciation via the pyrolysis of organic matter. In agricultural areas that are at higher risk of erosion, extreme precipitation will exacerbate existing water-quality issues, and greater plant nutrient uptake may lead to an increase in fertilizer use. Future urban expansion will amplify these effects. Higher ambient temperatures will promote harmful cyanobacterial blooms by enhancing thermal stratification, increasing nutrient load into streams and lakes from extreme precipitation events, decreasing summer flow and thus baseflow dilution capacity, and increasing water and nutrient residence times during increasingly frequent droughts. Land management decisions must consider the nuanced regional and seasonal changes identified in this review (realized and predicted). Such knowledge is critical to increasing international cooperation and accelerating action toward the United Nations's global sustainability goals and the specific objectives of the Conference of Parties (COP) 26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper takes a meta-analysis and synthesis approach to emphasize systemic functional linguistics' contribution to translation studies. A coding book was designed to analyze 123 studies collected through email inquiry, database search, and manual examination. The paper reports on the substantive features and methodological features of the studies. Content analysis was presented on four major research themes: general translation, genre translation, interpreting, and translation training. After discussing the synthesis results, the paper is concluded with implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le Centre de collaboration nationale des méthodes et outils (CCNMO) fait partie d’un réseau de six centres de collaboration nationale en santé publique (CCN) créé en 2005 par le gouvernement fédéral à la suite de l’épidémie de syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS) afin de renforcer l’infrastructure de la santé publique au Canada. Le travail du CCNMO, qui vise à soutenir la prise de décisions fondée sur des données probantes dans le domaine de la santé publique au Canada, est accompli par l’organisation des données probantes dignes de confiance, le renforcement des compétences dans l’utilisation des données probantes, et l’accélération du changement dans la prise de décisions fondée sur des données probantes est décrit. La consultation permanente auprès de ses publics cibles garantit la pertinence du CCNMO et sa capacité à répondre à l’évolution des besoins en matière de santé publique. Cela s’est avéré particulièrement crucial lors de la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Le CCNMO a alors modifié la direction de ses activités pour soutenir l’intervention de la santé publique en effectuant des revues rapides sur les questions prioritaires identifiées par les décideurs, à l’échelle fédérale ou à l’échelle locale, ainsi qu’en créant et en maintenant un répertoire national de synthèses en cours ou terminées. Ces efforts, ainsi que le partenariat avec le COVID-19 Evidence Network to support Decision-Making (COVID-END), visaient à réduire les doublons, à accroître la coordination des efforts de synthèse et à aider les décideurs à utiliser les meilleures données probantes dont on dispose dans la prise de décisions. Les données tirées des statistiques du site Web illustrent le succès de ces initiatives au Canada et à l’étranger.

Alkalimetallsalze des Typs M+[Ter(iPr)P−C(=S)−P(iPr)2S].− (M=Na, K; 2_M; Ter=2,6‐bis‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phenyl) mit einem raumtemperaturstabilen Thioketylradikalanion wurden durch die Reduktion des Thioketons Ter(iPr)P−C(=S)−P(iPr)2S (1) mit Alkalimetallen (Na, K) erhalten. Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse sowie ESR‐Spektroskopie konnten das Vorliegen des Thioketylradikalanions sowohl im Festkörper als auch in Lösung eindeutig zeigen. Die berechnete Mulliken‐Spindichte in 2_M ist hauptsächlich am Schwefel (49 %) sowie am Carbonyl‐Kohlenstoffatom (33 %) lokalisiert. Nach Zugabe von [2.2.2]Kryptand zur Radikalverbindung 2_K, um die interionische Wechselwirkung abzuschwächen, wurde eine Aktivierungsreaktion beobachtet, die durch intermolekulare Umlagerung einer iPr‐Gruppe von einem zweiten Anion zu einem Kaliumsalz eines Phosphanylthioether‐basierten Anions, [K(crypt)]+[Ter(iPr)P−C(−S‐iPr)−P(iPr)2S]− (3), führte. Die Produkte wurden vollständig charakterisiert und die Nutzung des Radikalanions als Reduktionsmittel wurde demonstriert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Zeolithkatalysator SSZ‐42 besitzt einen außerordentlich hohen Anteil von Wasserstoff‐verbrückten Brønstedsäure‐Zentren (Brønsted acid sites, BAS) von ≈80 %, deren 1H chemische Verschiebung verglichen mit unverbrückten BAS (bei typischerweise 4 ppm) stärker entschirmt ist. Dies kommt durch die Wechselwirkung aufgrund einer günstigen Ausrichtung zu benachbarten Sauerstoffatomen des Zeolithgerüsts zustande. Eine Einteilung der Vielfalt der Wasserstoffbrücken wurde durch DFT‐Rechnungen beleuchtet, wobei 5‐Ringe und ovale 6‐Ringe zu stärkeren Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen entgegengesetzten Seiten der Ringe führen (höhere experimentelle Verschiebung, δ(1H)=6.4 ppm) als kreisförmige 6‐Ringe (δ(1H)=5.2 ppm). Käfigartige Strukturen und intra‐tetraedrische Wechselwirkungen können ebenfalls zu Wasserstoffbrücken führen. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die Ausrichtung von Sauerstoffatomen deren Rolle bei der Stabilisierung von katalytischen Zwischenprodukten beeinflussen, wie Oberflächen‐Alkoxy‐Gruppen und möglicherweise auch Übergangszustände. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a summary of the discussions held during the 2nd International Symposium on Work in Agriculture (March 29–April 1, 2021). The objective of the paper is to report on the themes and ideas exchanged, in a multidisciplinary framework, and to build a common vision of the future of agricultural work on a global scale. The dynamics of agricultural development, on the scale of continents, oppose northern and southern countries, raising different questions (for example agriculture without farmers in northern countries versus decent work for a large agricultural working population in southern countries). But some issues are cross-cutting: the agroecological transition, gender issues, the digital revolution, migration, are changing agricultural work in depth. We propose some perspectives for a research agenda to address the future of work in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to address the synthetic function of the Ego and the impasses inherent to its full realization, considering the ambiguity that such an instance carries in Freud’s writings. Firstly, the idea that psychoneuroses result from a case of irreconcilability between sexual representations and the Ego will be resumed, in order to explain the problems resulting from the fact that certain psychic contents do not harmonize with the latter. Second, the concept of narcissism will be recovered, since in this context Freud conceives the Ego as a unit that needs to be constituted. Finally, in the main part of this essay the synthetic function that Freud attributes to the Ego in the context of the second psychic topography and the second drive dualism will be approached. At the same time that the stamp of the Ego is its tendency to synthesis, it constantly fails and leads to pathology. This is related to the fact that this instance operates not only in favor of life drives and binding activities, but also of death drives and his search for unbinding, which, in its turn, affects the direction of freudian’s conception of the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants are very often used in tertiary oil production. However, the conventional surfactants cannot be used in high salinity reservoirs of tertiary oil production because the high salinity leads to the deactivation of the surfactants. Gemini sulpho-betaine surfactants have been developed to meet the requirements of tertiary oil production in such reservoirs. In this study, the Gemini sulphobetaine surfactant (bis{[(N-methyl-N-(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxy)propyl-N-(3-sulfonate)propyl]methylene}) was prepared by etherification, ring opening reaction and sulfonation reaction with decyl alcohol, epichlorohydrin, N,N'-dimethyl ethylene diamine and 1,3-propanesultone. The experimental conditions obtained are: the ratio of 1,3-propanesulfonic acid lactone to tertiary amine intermediate = 2.3: 1, reaction temperature = 70°C and reaction time = 11 h. The analysis of the infrared spectrum showed that the structure of the synthesised substance corresponds to that of a Gemini sulphobetaine surfactant. The chemical shifts of the groups were determined by 1HNMR structural characterisation of the products. The surface tension, emulsifying properties, foaming properties and wetting properties were investigated. The results showed that the surfactant has good foaming properties and good compatibility in a high salt environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel amphoteric asphalt emulsifier of octadecylbis(propanamide)-(3'-sodium phosphate-2'-hydroxypropyl)ammonium chloride was synthesised from the raw materials octadecylamine, acrylamide, epichlorohydrin and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The tertiary amine octadecyl-bis(propanamide) was synthesised from octadecylamine and acrylamide (step 1). Sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl phosphate (intermediate) was obtained from epichlorohydrin and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (step 2). The asphalt emulsifier was obtained from octadecyl-bis(propanamide)-tertiary amine and the intermediate by quaternisation reaction (step 3). The yield of the final product reached 94.90%. The structure was identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. The critical micelle concentration of the product is 1.46 × 10-5 mol L-1. The surface tension at CMC is 37.78 mN ν-1. The saturated adsorption amount of asphalt emulsifier is 2.72 × 10-3 mmol ν-2. The occupied area per asphalt emulsifier molecule at CMC is 0.611 nm² mol-1. The surfactant is a fast-setting asphalt emulsifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pflanzliche und tierische Öle und Fette bleiben ein wichtiger nachwachsender Rohstoff der chemischen Industrie. Ihre industrielle Nutzung hat sich in den letzten 10 Jahren von 31 auf 51 Millionen Tonnen pro Jahr erhöht. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die bedeutenden Fortschritte zusammen, die in dieser Zeit in der Oleochemie erzielt wurden, beispielsweise die Reduktion von Fettsäureestern zu Ethern, die selektive Oxidation und oxidative Spaltung von C‐C‐Doppelbindungen, die Synthese von alkylverzweigten Fettstoffen, die isomerisierende Hydroformylierung und Alkoxycarbonylierung sowie die Olefinmetathese. Auch die Nutzung von fettsäurebasierten Chemikalien in der Synthese einer Vielzahl polymerer Materialien hat stark zugenommen. Zusätzlich zu Lipasen und Phospholipasen haben mittlerweile viele weitere Enzyme in der biokatalytischen Fettchemie Anwendung gefunden. Wichtige Entwicklungen haben außerdem neue Eigenschaften bei den Ölen bestehender Nutzpflanzen hervorgebracht, was alternativ auch durch die Verwendung von metabolisch optimierten Mikroorganismen möglich ist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the synthesis of thymol blue as a student experiment together with suitable augmented reality (AR) learning materials. In addition, the theoretical background on the synthesis of thymol blue and its pH‐dependent structure‐property relationship is discussed with regards to recent findings. Furthermore, experiences with the experiment in school and university lab‐trainings as well as in teacher trainings are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Verwendung von elektrischem Strom als spurenlosem Aktivator und Reagenz erlebt eine Renaissance in der organischen Synthesechemie. Diese nachhaltige Synthesemethode entwickelt sich zu einem hochaktuellen Thema in der modernen organischen Chemie. Forscher aus verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen steigen in dieses interdisziplinäre Feld ein, was zu unterschiedlichen Parametern und Methoden der Experimentbeschreibungen führt. Die Variation in den berichteten Parametern kann zu Problemen bei der Reproduzierbarkeit elektroorganischer Synthesen führen. So sind z. B. Parameter wie die Stromdichte oder der Elektrodenabstand in manchen Fällen bedeutender als oft vermutet. Dieser Kurzaufsatz bietet Richtlinien für die Beschreibung elektrosynthetischer Daten an und räumt mit Mythen über diese Technik auf, wodurch die experimentellen Parameter vereinheitlicht werden sollen, um die Reproduzierbarkeit zu erleichtern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Chemie der silylierten Schwefelsäure, O2S(OSiMe3)2 (T2SO4, T=Me3Si; auch bekannt als Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfat), wurde im Detail untersucht, mit dem Ziel, die formalen Autosilylierungsprodukte der silylierten Schwefelsäure, [T3SO4]+ und [TSO4]−, in Analogie zu den bekannten protonierten Spezies, [H3SO4]+ und [HSO4]−, zu synthetisieren. Die Synthese des [TSO4]−‐Ions gelingt nur, wenn eine Base, wie z. B. OPMe3, die bei der Silylierung ein schwach koordinierendes Kation bildet, mit T2SO4 umgesetzt wird, was zur Bildung von [Me3POT]+[TSO4]− führt. Die [T3SO4]+‐Salze können ausgehend von T2SO4 in der Reaktion mit [T‐H‐T]+[B(C6F5)4]− oder T+[CHB11Br6H5]− isoliert werden, aber nur, wenn ein schwach koordinierendes Anion als Gegenion verwendet wird. Alle silylierten Verbindungen konnten kristallisiert und strukturell charakterisiert werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its derivatives had been banned due to their potential environmental hazards, although they possessed excellent surface activity. An effective method to solve this problem was to shorten the fluorocarbon chain of these surfactants from C8H17 to C4F9. As previous studies had shown, zwitterionic surfactants possess higher surface activity but have lower toxicity compared to other types of surfactants. In view of this, a class of novel zwitterionic fluorocarbon surfactants (n-CFNA-Br) with perfluorobutyl moiety was synthesized in this work. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and MS. The results showed that all synthesized n-CFNA-Br had almost the same minimum surface tension, but their critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased with increasing length of hydrophobic carbon chain. In pure water, the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) of the four n-CFNA-Br were about 20 mN/m, and the CMC values were 7.73 mmol/L for 1-CFNA-Br, 4.70 mmol/L for 2-CFNA-Br, 4.13 mmol/L for 3-CFNA-Br, and 3.36 mmol/L for 4-CFNA-Br, indicating high efficiency and effectiveness. In 0.1 mol/L NaCl, the CMC values reduced to less than half of the CMC values measured in the pure aqueous surfactant solution, while the surface tensions γCMC remained almost unchanged, indicating good salinity tolerance of the synthesized surfactants. The acidic surfactant solutions exhibited similar CMC values to the saline solutions, but the surface tension γCMC increased slightly to 25 mN/m. However, further investigation showed that the n-CFNA-Br surfactants exhibited poor surface activity in alkaline solution (0.1 mol/L NaOH). In the pH range of 6.6 to 10.4, white precipitates appeared in the surfactant solutions after some time, indicating that the n-CFNA-Br are not suitable for use in alkaline systems with pH greater than 6.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding condensation in microchannels is critical for designing optimized and compact microchannel condensers, which have the potential to increase system level efficiency and reduce system size. Analytical and numerical models can yield insights into local condensation phenomena. This study provides a review of models of condensation in microchannels. These models are categorized based on the applicable, typically annular and intermittent, flow regimes. Annular-flow-based models are further subdivided into analytical models with closed-form solutions, analytical models with numerical solutions, reduced-order CFD models, and full-fledged CFD models. Intermittent-flow-based models are subdivided into single-bubble, repeated-unit-cell, and overall-bubble-train models. The characteristics, use, and range of applicability of each of these models is highlighted. A criterion for the film Reynolds number is proposed for internal forced convective condensation in microchannels, to assess the validity of the modeling assumptions. Annular flow models using the laminar film assumption appear to be valid for Re δ0 < ~ 360, beyond which turbulent effects must be modeled. Intermittent flow models using the laminar film assumption, in turn, appear to be valid for Re δ0 < ~ 130. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Unterrichtswissenschaft (Springer Science & Business Media B.V.) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Unterrichtswissenschaft (Springer Science & Business Media B.V.) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Le trouble panique chez le sujet âgé est sous-étudié bien qu'il soit associé à un impact fonctionnel négatif majeur, à une altération de la qualité de vie et à une augmentation significative du risque suicidaire. Ce trouble peut être sous-diagnostiqué et parfois le traitement n'est pas adapté du fait d'une absence de consensus national et international concernant cette population vulnérable. Peu d'essais thérapeutiques ont été spécifiquement consacrés à l'efficacité et la tolérance des traitements psychothérapiques et pharmacologiques du trouble panique chez le sujet âgé. Par ailleurs, les approches actuelles de dépistage et de prise en charge se fondent principalement sur des avis d'experts ou sur l'extrapolation de données issues de patients plus jeunes souffrant de cette pathologie. L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une synthèse des connaissances actuelles concernant les traitements psychothérapiques et pharmacologiques du trouble panique chez les sujets âgés et de proposer un algorithme médical de traitement afin de guider et standardiser les décisions prises dans le traitement du trouble panique chez les adultes vieillissants. Panic disorder in the elderly is an understudied disorder, despite being associated with substantial functional impairment, diminished quality of life and increased suicide risk in this population. This disorder is likely to be underdiagnosed and sometimes inadequately treated in the absence of national and international guidelines for this vulnerable population. Few therapeutic trials have specifically focused on the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacologic and psychotherapy treatments for panic disorder in the elderly, and current approaches to detect and manage this disorder are mainly based on experts' opinion or extrapolation from data available in younger adults. This report aims to provide a summary of current knowledge on pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatments for panic disorder in the elderly, and to propose a medical treatment algorithm, which should be viewed as a tool that may contribute to the choice of treatment, especially for treatment-resistant older patients with panic disorder. The main results here are the emphasis on antidepressant treatment, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), restricted benzodiazepine usage, take care of drug interactions, and importance of psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hauptgruppenanaloga von 1,3‐Cyclobutandiylen faszinieren mit ihrer einzigartigen Reaktivität und ihren elektronischen Eigenschaften. Bisher sind allerdings nur heteronukleare Vertreter isoliert worden. Wir berichten hier über die Isolierung und Charakterisierung von All‐Silicium‐1,3‐Cyclobutandiylen als stabile Singulettspezies mit geschlossenschaliger Konfiguration aus den reversiblen Reaktionen von Cyclotrisilen c‐Si3Tip4 (Tip=2,4,6‐Triisopropylphenyl) mit den N‐heterocyclischen Silylenen c‐[(CR2CH2)(NtBu)2]Si: (R=H oder Methyl) mit gesättigten Grundgerüsten. Bei erhöhten Temperaturen werden aus diesen Gleichgewichtsmischungen Tetrasilacyclobutene erhalten. Die analoge Reaktion mit dem ungesättigten N‐heterocyclischen Silylen c‐(CH)2(NtBu)2Si: verläuft direkt zum entsprechenden Tetrasilacyclobuten ohne Nachweis des angenommenen 1,3‐Cyclobutandiyl‐Zwischenprodukts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hochreines Periodat ist relativ teuer, wird jedoch für viele anspruchsvolle Anwendungen, wie zur Synthese von Pharmawirkstoffen (API) benötigt. Die hohen Kosten entstehen durch die Verwendung von Bleidioxid‐Anoden und durch den Einsatz von teuren Edukten in den zurzeit verfügbaren elektrochemischen Herstellungsmethoden. Eine direkte und kosteneffiziente elektrochemische Synthese von Periodat aus Iodid als kostengünstiges und leicht verfügbares Edukt wird berichtet. Die Oxidation wird an bordotierten Diamantanoden durchgeführt, die beständig, metallfrei und ungiftig sind. Die Vermeidung von Bleidioxid reduziert letztendlich die Kosten für die Aufreinigung sowie die Qualitätssicherung. Der elektrolytische Prozess wurde in statistischen Versuchsreihen optimiert und in einer elektrochemischen Flusszelle skaliert. Die Raumzeitausbeute konnte durch mehrfaches Durchpumpen erhöht werden. Eine LC‐PDA‐Analysemethode wurde etabliert, die eine einfache und simultane Quantifizierung von Iodid, Iodat und Periodat in hoher Präzision erlaubt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the infection rate of Bordetella pertussis at a 60‐year high, there is an urgent need for new anti‐pertussis vaccines. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. pertussis is an attractive antigen for vaccine development. With the presence of multiple rare sugars and unusual glycosyl linkages, the B. pertussis LPS is a highly challenging synthetic target. In this work, aided by molecular dynamics simulation and modeling, a pertussis‐LPS‐like pentasaccharide was chemically synthesized for the first time. The pentasaccharide was conjugated with a powerful carrier, bacteriophage Qβ, as a vaccine candidate. Immunization of mice with the conjugate induced robust anti‐glycan IgG responses with IgG titers reaching several million enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units. The antibodies generated were long lasting and boostable and could recognize multiple clinical strains of B. pertussis, highlighting the potential of Qβ‐glycan as a new anti‐pertussis vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology offers an advantage as a green route for synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with plant extracts as capping agent. Spondias mombin is a fruit-bearing tree and its leaf extracts have been reported to possess anxiolytic, hypoglycaemic, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, sedative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The objective of the study is to determine the antibacterial potential of a simple non-toxic product of green synthesis of metallic (Ag, Zn and Cu) nanoparticles using the leaf of Spondias mombin aqueous extracts (SMAE) as a reducing and capping agents of the metal ions. Methodology: Nanoparticles were characterized by UV visible spectrophotometeric analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antimicrobial activities of synthesized NPs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined by agar well diffusion technique. Results: The synthesized NPs varied in colour from dark brown to green and appears dominantly spherical, occasionally rod or triangular shaped with size ranging from 65-90 nm. UV spectroscopy absorption spectra of Ag, Zn and Cu NPs had absorbance peak at 267, 262 and 765 nm respectively. FT-IR spectrometry of Zn NP, Cu NP, and SMAE gave wave number ranging from 895.71-3320.67, 747.02-3225.45 and 658.25-3674.49 respectively. FT-IR analysis showed that SMAE acted as reducing and stabilizing agent while the NPs exhibited lower energy absorption band when compared to the plant extract. The NPs demonstrated higher antimicrobial activities against S. aureus than Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was higher with copper NP than Ag and Zn NPs, and also higher than SMAE. Conclusion: The result from this study presents an indication for an alternative means for development of novel antimicrobial agents for clinical and biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been extensive publication on the concept of clinical reasoning in health science education in recent decades. However, the diversity of literature and theories on the concept can be confusing. Aim: To present a brief synthesis of theoretical foundations related to clinical reasoning in health science education. Results: While cognitivists approach clinical reasoning through the lens of the practitioner's cognitive and metacognitive processes, social-cognitivists study "naturalistic decision-making" where recognition of contextual signs and signals guides clinical reasoning. Conceptualized as a "social construct", clinical reasoning is also a phenomenon leading to professional socialization where the morals, values and common practices in a profession are conveyed. Finally, artifacts such as artificial intelligence and the tools or materials of practice increase the practitioner's cognition. An ecological cognition, embedded in a complex environment, is proposed. Discussion and conclusions: The main theoretical foundations related to clinical reasoning suggest pedagogical support for competency development in addition to the use of a variety of assessment tools. The contribution of other theories from neuroscience, sociology and complexity sciences could enrich the understanding of the concept and ensure progress in the teaching and learning of the competency and in research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For synthesis of emission‐reduced gasoline fuels from regenerative methanol, catalyst and process optimization was carried out as part of the joint research project Kopernikus „Power‐to‐X". For this purpose, a laboratory test plant had to be designed and commissioned, and process parameters for an optimized fuel quality had to be worked out considering variations of catalyst and feed. The precisely adjustable isothermal synthesis conditions allow the specific adjustment of the chemical properties of the high‐octane petrol produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]