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A skill-by-treatment interaction (STI) isolates skill deficits and manipulates conditions to match them to student needs. Based on the learning hierarchy, preintervention scores can help predict which intervention will be most successful for an individual student. This study compared the efficacy of a modeling and practice-based decoding intervention for 29 kindergarten and first-grade students. Results suggested that grade was not a significant predictor of which intervention was more effective, but preintervention accuracy in nonsense word fluency was a significant predictor of the more effective intervention, accounted for 68% of the variance, and correctly identified the more effective intervention 88% of the time.

A developing supercritical collisionless shock propagating in a homogeneously magnetized plasma of ambient gas origin having higher uniformity than the previous experiments is formed by using high-power laser experiment. The ambient plasma is not contaminated by the plasma produced in the early time after the laser shot. While the observed developing shock does not have stationary downstream structure, it possesses some characteristics of a magnetized supercritical shock, which are supported by a one-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulation taking the effect of finite time of laser-target interaction into account., 7 pages, 6 fitures

Background: Children’s participation in cooking activities at home may have positive effects on diet quality. In Japan, schools are the primary site for food education, which includes cooking. Very few studies have assessed the impact of school-based cooking programmes on children’s participation in cooking activities at home. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the cooking programme on children’s participation in cooking at home and their self-efficacy and attitudes towards cooking. Design: Quasi-experimental study with an intervention and a comparison group. Outcomes were measured using pre- and post-programme surveys. Setting: Two public elementary schools (A, B) in Tokyo, Japan. Method: One hundred-seventy children in the third and fourth grades at School A (intervention group) and 142 children at School B (comparison group) completed pre- and post-programme surveys. Students in the intervention school received three 45-minute cooking lessons, including two lessons that focused on peeling apples and one hands-on cooking experience. The main outcome measures were participation in cooking at home, attitudes towards cooking, and self-efficacy with respect to cooking and peeling apples. Results: The number of children participating in cooking-at-home activities increased in the intervention group ( p = .005). Children who started cooking at home during the intervention period improved their cooking self-efficacy ( p = .012) and attitudes towards cooking ( p = .002). Conclusion: Implementation of a short-duration cooking programme focused on improving children’s cooking attitudes, and self-efficacy can encourage participation in cooking activities at home.

High-power, short-pulse laser-driven fast electrons can rapidly heat and ionize a high-density target before it hydrodynamically expands. The transport of such electrons within a solid target has been studied using two-dimensional (2D) imaging of electron-induced Kα radiation. However, it is currently limited to no or picosecond scale temporal resolutions. Here, we demonstrate femtosecond time-resolved 2D imaging of fast electron transport in a solid copper foil using the SACLA x-ray free electron laser (XFEL). An unfocused collimated x-ray beam produced transmission images with sub-micron and ∼10 fs resolutions. The XFEL beam, tuned to its photon energy slightly above the Cu K-edge, enabled 2D imaging of transmission changes induced by electron isochoric heating. Time-resolved measurements obtained by varying the time delay between the x-ray probe and the optical laser show that the signature of the electron-heated region expands at ∼25% of the speed of light in a picosecond duration. Time-integrated Cu Kα images support the electron energy and propagation distance observed with the transmission imaging. The x-ray near-edge transmission imaging with a tunable XFEL beam could be broadly applicable for imaging isochorically heated targets by laser-driven relativistic electrons, energetic protons, or an intense x-ray beam.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carbon-based molecules that are ubiquitous in a variety of astrophysical objects and environments. In this work, we use JWST/MIRI MRS spectroscopy of three Seyferts to compare their nuclear PAH emission with that of star-forming regions. This study represents the first of its kind using sub-arcsecond angular resolution data of local luminous Seyferts (Lbol>10^44.46 erg/s) on a wide wavelength coverage (4.9-28.1 micron). We present an analysis of their nuclear PAH properties by comparing the observed ratios with PAH diagnostic model grids, derived from theoretical spectra. Our results show that a suite of PAH features is present in the innermost parts (~0.45 arcsec at 12 micron; in the inner ~142-245 pc) of luminous Seyfert galaxies. We find that the nuclear regions of AGN lie at different positions of the PAH diagnostic diagrams, whereas the SF regions are concentrated around the average values of SF galaxies. In particular, we find that the nuclear PAH emission mainly originates in neutral PAHs. In contrast, PAH emission originating in the SF regions favours ionised PAH grains. The observed PAH ratios in the nuclear region of AGN-dominated galaxy NGC 6552 indicate the presence of larger-sized PAH molecules compared with those of the SF regions. Therefore, our results provide evidence that the AGN have a significant impact on the ionization state (and probably the size) of the PAH grains on scales of ~142-245 pc., 12 pages, 10 figures. Small changes to match the accepted for publication version in A&A (official date of acceptance: 20/09/2022)

Sustainable food systems education is rapidly advancing to meet the need for developing future professionals who are capable of effective decision-making regarding agriculture, food, nutrition, consumption, and waste in a complex world. Equity, particularly racial equity and its intersectional links with other inequities, should play a central role in efforts to advance sustainable food systems education given the harmful social and environmental externalities of food systems and ongoing oppression and systemic inequities such as lack of food access faced by racialized and/or marginalized populations. However, few institutional and intra-disciplinary resources exist on how to engage students in discussion about equity and related topics in sustainable food systems education. We present perspectives based on our multi-institutional collaborations to develop and apply pedagogical materials that center equity while building students’ skills in systems thinking, critical reflection, and affective engagement. Examples are provided of how to develop undergraduate and graduate sustainable food systems curricula that embrace complexity and recognize the affective layers, or underlying experiences of feelings and emotions, when engaging with topics of equity, justice, oppression, and privilege.

Objective:To explore factors that minimize lunch waste in Tokyo elementary schools and to consider how such factors can be modified and applied in US schools.Design:Focused ethnographic study using interviews, observation, participant observation and document review. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Setting:Tokyo, Japan.Participants:Five school dietitians participated in the study. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews, observation of nutrition education lessons, participant observation of school lunchtime and review of relevant school documents (e.g. lunch menus, food waste records).Results:Five themes emerged from the analysis: (i) reinforcement of social norms to eat without waste; (ii) menu planning to increase exposure to unfamiliar and/or disliked foods; (iii) integration of food and nutrition education into the school curriculum; (iv) teacher lunchtime practices related to portion sizes, distributing leftover food and time management; and (v) engagement of students in reducing school lunch waste. Practical and tangible applications to US schools include measuring and reporting lunch waste to influence social norms, teaching students about the importance of reducing food waste, offering flexible school lunch portion sizes and providing students with meaningful opportunities to contribute to solving the problem of school lunch waste.Conclusions:Japan offers a model for minimizing school lunch waste through a holistic approach that includes factors that operate at and interact across multiple levels of society. Modifying and applying such an approach in US schools is worth considering given the urgent need to address food waste in order to support healthy diets and sustainable food systems.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, validity, and accuracy of scores from the Intervention Selection Profile-Function (ISP-Function): a brief functional assessment tool founded upon Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) methodology. Participants included 34 teacher-student dyads. Using the ISP-Function, teachers rated the extent to which students exhibited disruptive behavior, as well as the frequency with which disruptions were met with four consequences. Ratings were completed across three 10-min sessions, during which a research assistant also collected systematic direct observation (SDO) data regarding the same behavior and consequences. Results indicated adequate temporal reliability (≥.70) was attained for the adult attention and peer attention targets across the three ratings; in contrast, up to 8-18 data points would be needed to achieve adequate reliability across the remaining targets. Findings further suggested that while ISP-Function ratings of disruptive behavior, adult attention, and peer attention were moderately to highly correlated with SDO data, correlations were in the low range for the access to items/activities and escape/avoidance targets. Finally, analysis of difference scores showed that on average, mean ISP-Function scores fell within only 0.33 to 1.81 points of mean SDO scores (on the 0-10 DBR scale). Agreement coefficients indicative of exact score agreement were less consistent, suggesting accuracy ranged from poor to substantial. Results are promising, but future research is necessary to support applied ISP-Function use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The purposes of this study were twofold. The first was to use latent class analysis to identify groupings of students defined by the presence or absence of academic or behavioral risk. The second was to determine whether these groups differed across various dichotomous academic and behavioral outcomes (e.g., suspensions, office discipline referrals, statewide achievement test failure). Students (N = 1,488) were sampled from Grades 3-5. All students were screened for academic risk using AIMSweb Reading Curriculum-Based Measure and AIMSweb Mathematics Computation, and behavioral risk using the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS). Latent class analyses supported the fit of a three-class model, with resulting student classes defined as low-risk academic and behavior (Class 1), at-risk academic and high-risk behavior (Class 2), and at-risk math and behavior (Class 3). Logistic regression analyses indicated the classes demonstrated statistically significant differences statewide achievement scores, as well as suspensions. Further analysis indicated that the odds of all considered negative outcomes were higher for both groups characterized by risk (i.e., Classes 2 and 3). Negative outcomes were particularly likely for Class 2, with the odds of negative behavioral and academic outcomes being 6-15 and 112-169 times more likely, respectively. Results were taken to support an integrated approach to universal screening in schools, defined by the evaluation of both academic and behavioral risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Systematic literature reviews have supported the effectiveness of behavioral Tier 2 interventions, with research being particularly plentiful in relation to Check-In/Check-Out (CICO) and social skills training (SST). Though findings indicate either approach is effective in isolation, a recent study suggested these approaches might be particularly effective when integrated. The purpose of the current study was to build upon this initial single-case design study with a larger sample within a randomized controlled trial. Participants included 91 elementary students who had been identified as being at risk of social-emotional and behavioral difficulties. Students were randomized into three intervention conditions: CICO only, SST only, and CICO + SST. Prior to intervention, information was collected regarding the function of student problem behavior and the extent of social skill deficits. Systematic direct observation data were then completed at pre- and post-test regarding student positive and negative social engagement. Multivariate general linear models were then conducted, with pre-test scores serving as covariates and intervention group and behavioral function serving as fixed factors. Results indicated that implementation of CICO, SST, and a combined CICO + SST was functionally related to a reduction in negative social engagement. Follow-up post hoc tests indicated that after adjusting for pre-test responding, the difference between conditions in effectiveness was moderated by behavioral function. Specifically, SST was less effective for students whose behavior functioned to escape social and academic situations. No such differences were noted between students whose behavior functioned to attain adult or peer attention. Implications for practice, methodological limitations, and directions for future research are reviewed.

Although consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of disease, many Americans do not eat the recommended quantity or variety. This is especially true for low-income populations, who may face significant barriers to accessing fresh produce, including cost. Community-supported agriculture (CSA) Partnerships for Health is a subsidized community-supported agriculture program designed to reduce barriers to accessing fresh produce in a low-income population. This Photovoice study gave participants ( n = 28) an opportunity to take photos representing how the program affects their lives. The aim was to understand the program’s impact from the perspective of CSA members. Participants had 2 to 4 weeks to take photographs, and then selected a few to discuss during a subsequent focus group. Through this discussion, we learned that participants see the program as (a) supporting positive changes to their physical and social health and (b) facilitating learning about new foods, cooking, and agriculture. The study suggests that a reduced-cost CSA membership that incorporates cooking education supports participants’ ability to try new foods, build skills, and improve health outcomes.

Students with dyslexia demonstrate reading difficulty in early literacy skills (e.g., phonemic awareness, word recognition, decoding), and administering screeners is a necessary step to implement effective intervention. There are several commonly used reading screeners, but the decision accuracy and predictive value between them varies. In the current study, scores on two different reading screeners, the Shaywitz DyslexiaScreen (SDS) and Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Next (DIBELS Next) were compared for 115 K-3 students with specific reading deficits using the Phonological Awareness Composite of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing as the criterion. Tests of sensitivity, specificity, and post-test probabilities were used to evaluate the decision accuracy of the data. Results suggested that the decision accuracy for DIBELS Next (78%) was better than SDS (45%), and both sensitivity (DIBELS Next = 90%, SDS = 35%) and positive post-test probability (DIBELS Next = 71%, SDS = 42%) favored DIBELS Next. Thus, the DIBELS Next measures demonstrated acceptable decision accuracy in identifying students with low phonological awareness, but the SDS did not.

Safety-net clinic patients are at risk for food insecurity, which is associated with poor diet quality and negative health outcomes. Research on the impact of interventions addressing food insecurity in health care settings is limited. The primary aim of this study was to determine the preliminary effectiveness of Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) Partnerships for Health, a 23 week grant-subsidized CSA program, in improving dietary behaviors, self-efficacy to eat vegetables, food security, and overall health among safety-net clinic patients. This single-group pretest-posttest study used interviewer-administered surveys. Study participants were 48 safety-net clinic patients. Outcomes included fruit and vegetable intake, frequency of dark green and orange vegetable intake, self-efficacy to eat vegetables, eating habits, food security status and ability to afford to eat healthy meals, emotional health, social health, and general health status. Differences in values at postintervention versus preintervention were examined using two-sided paired t-tests, McNemar's tests, and generalized estimating equation models. The difference between postintervention versus preintervention values was statistically significant for a number of outcomes, including vegetable intake (p = .030), orange vegetable intake (p = .004), eating habits (p = .039), food security (p = .039), ability to afford to eat healthy meals (p = .003), and general health status (p = .039). Generalized estimating equation models showed similar associations. CSA Partnerships for Health may have the potential to improve dietary behaviors, reduce food insecurity, and improve overall health among safety-net clinic patients.

Martín, S., et al., [Context] The interstellar medium is the locus of physical processes affecting the evolution of galaxies which drive or are the result of star formation activity, supermassive black hole growth, and feedback. The resulting physical conditions determine the observable chemical abundances that can be explored through molecular emission observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. [Aims] Our goal is to unveiling the molecular richness of the central region of the prototypical nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency coverage. [Methods] We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), covering a nearly contiguous 289 GHz frequency range between 84.2 and 373.2 GHz, to image the continuum and spectral line emission at 1.6″(∼28 pc) resolution down to a sensitivity of 30 - 50 mK. This article describes the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We focus on the analysis of the spectra extracted from the 15″ (∼255 pc) resolution ALMA Compact Array data. [Results] We modeled the molecular emission assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium with 78 species being detected. Additionally, multiple hydrogen and helium recombination lines are identified. Spectral lines contribute 5 to 36% of the total emission in frequency bins of 50 GHz. We report the first extragalactic detections of C2H5OH, HOCN, HC3HO, and several rare isotopologues. Isotopic ratios of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon were measured with multiple species. [Concluison] Infrared pumped vibrationaly excited HCN, HNC, and HC3N emission, originating in massive star formation locations, is clearly detected at low resolution, while we do not detect it for HCO+. We suggest high temperature conditions in these regions driving a seemingly "carbon-rich"chemistry which may also explain the observed high abundance of organic species close to those in Galactic hot cores. The Lvib/LIR ratio was used as a proxy to estimate a 3% contribution from the proto super star cluster to the global infrared emission. Measured isotopic ratios with high dipole moment species agree with those within the central kiloparsec of the Galaxy, while those derived from 13C/18O are a factor of five larger, confirming the existence of multiple interstellar medium components within NGC 253 with different degrees of nucleosynthesis enrichment. The ALCHEMI data set provides a unique template for studies of star-forming galaxies in the early Universe.

This research examined the risk and protective factors of responders and nonresponders to a schoolwide implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (SW-PBIS) within an alternati...

In order to understand the evolution and feedback of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and star formation it is important to use molecular lines as probes of physical conditions and chemistry. We use H$_{2}$S to investigate the impact of starburst and AGN activity on the chemistry of the molecular interstellar medium in luminous infrared galaxies. Using the APEX single dish telescope, we have observed the $1_{10}$--$1_{01}$ transition of ortho-H$_{2}$S at 168 GHz towards the centres of twelve nearby luminous infrared galaxies. We have also observed the same line towards the ultra luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Mrk~231 with the NOEMA interferometer. We have detected H$_{2}$S towards NGC~253, NGC~1068, NGC~3256, NGC~4418, NGC~4826, NGC~4945, Circinus, M~83 and Mrk~231. Four galaxies show elevated H$_{2}$S emission relative to HCN. We suggest that the high line ratios are caused by elevated H$_{2}$S abundances in the dense gas. However, we do not find any clear connection between the H$_{2}$S/HCN line intensity ratio, and the presence (or speed) of molecular outflows in the sample galaxies. Therefore H$_{2}$S abundances do not seem to be globally affected by the large-scale outflows. We discuss possible mechanisms behind the suggested H$_{2}$S abundance enhancements in NGC~4418, Circinus, NGC~3256 and NGC~4826. These include radiative processes (for example X-rays or cosmic-rays) or smaller scale shocks. We suggest that $L_{\mathrm{H_{2}S}}$ serves as a tracer of the dense gas content, similar to $L_{\mathrm{HCN}}$, and that the correlation between $L_{\mathrm{H_{2}S}}$ and $M_{\rm outflow}$(H$_2$) implies a relation between the dense gas reservoir and the properties and evolution of the molecular feedback. This potential link requires further study since it holds important keys to our understanding of how the properties of molecular outflows relate to that of their host galaxies., Accepted for publication in A&A.16 pages, 6 figures

Background A large portion of preschool-aged children in the United States (US) do not consume enough fruits and vegetables (FV). It is important for childcare providers to know what food choices children in their care are making at mealtime and how to encourage them to eat more FV. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the relationship between FV preference and plate waste among pre-school aged children in a childcare setting using a rapid assessment tool. Methods The rapid assessment tool was first pilot tested with 23 children and revised. A repeated cross-sectional design was carried out for three days during fall 2016 in one childcare center. Over three days, the research team collected 100 FV plate waste observations from 30 children who were surveyed simultaneously about their preference (did not try, tried, liked, loved) towards FV. Results Food preference for FV by preschool children is significantly (p, Highlights • Food preference for fruits and vegetable by preschool children is inversely related to plate waste. • Plate waste of fruits and vegetables by preschool children is inversely related to age. • The survey can be used as a rapid assessment tool for understanding fruit and vegetable preference among preschool children.

The current paper explores recent changes in food insecurity among adolescents and determine if food security concerns are associated with poorer wellbeing. Data were collected as part of two natio...

In remote Alaska Native communities, traditional foods are inextricably linked to health and food security. Degradation of the traditional food system over the past several decades has resulted in a shift in dietary patterns that have contributed to increased rates of chronic diseases and food insecurity among Alaska Native People. Interventions are needed to address this. Our objectives were to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of a school-based intervention—Neqa Elicarvigmun or the Fish-to-School Program—on diet quality, fish intake, and attitudes and beliefs around traditional foods (specifically fish) using a pre–post comparison group design with data collection occurring at three time points. Study participants were 76 middle and high school students in two remote Alaska Native communities (population

The purpose of this study was to support the development and initial validation of the Intervention Selection Profile (ISP)–Skills, a brief 14-item teacher rating scale intended to inform the selection and delivery of instructional interventions at Tier 2. Teacher participants (n = 196) rated five students from their classroom across four measures (total student n = 877). These measures included the ISP-Skills and three criterion tools: Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS), Devereux Student Strengths Assessment (DESSA), and Academic Competence Evaluation Scales (ACES). Diagnostic classification modeling (DCM) suggested an expert-created Q-matrix, which specified relations between ISP-Skills items and hypothesized latent attributes, provided good fit to item data. DCM also indicated ISP-Skills items functioned as intended, with the magnitude of item ratings corresponding to the model-implied probability of attribute mastery. DCM was then used to generate skill profiles for each student, which included scores representing the probability of students mastering each of eight skills. Correlational analyses revealed large convergent relations between ISP-Skills probability scores and theoretically-aligned subscales from the criterion measures. Discriminant validity was not supported, as ISP-Skills scores were also highly related to all other criterion subscales. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses informed the selection of cut scores from each ISP-Skills scale. Review of classification accuracy statistics associated with these cut scores (e.g., sensitivity and specificity) suggested they reliably differentiated students with below average, average, and above average skills. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed, including those related to the examination of ISP-Skills treatment utility.

We report the effect of O concentration in Cldoped ZnTeO on the photovoltaic (PV) properties of intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) with a n-ZnS/ZnTe/Cl-doped ZnTeO/ ZnTe/p-ZnTe structure. With increasing O concentration in ZnTeO, an open circuit voltage does not change largely but a short circuit current density decreases significantly. On the other hands, the photocurrent induced by two-step photon absorption (TSPA) through the IB increases with the increase of O concentration, probably due to the increased density of states in IB.

Farm to preschool connects early care and education settings to local food and/or food producers with the objectives of serving locally grown, healthy foods to young children, improving child nutrition, and providing related educational opportunities. This study systematically reviewed the farm to preschool research literature from 1994 to 2015 and described findings from the 2012 National Farm to Preschool Survey. A wide range of activities was represented in the 14 studies reviewed; most employed participatory research collaborations, assessed process outcomes, and used uncontrolled research designs. Survey findings indicated that programs operate in at least 39 states and Puerto Rico, in many types of communities and settings. Respondents identified types of foods and activities, motivations for participation, and parent engagement. There is still much to be learned about farm to preschool programs, and well-controlled research is necessary.

We are developing superconducting magnets for MRI with $\mbox{Re}_{1}\mbox{Ba}_{2}\mbox{Cu}_{3}\mbox{O}_{7-\delta}$ (Re: rare earth, Y, Gd, Eu, REBCO) tapes. Superconducting magnets for MRI need the uniformity of the produced magnetic field in time and space. The disturbance is mainly caused by the induced shielding current in the wound superconducting tapes, which corresponds to the magnetization of the REBCO superconducting tapes. We have made a test coil with REBCO tapes and evaluated the influence of the shielding current on the produced magnetic field. In this paper, applying external magnetic field perpendicular to the EuBCO superconducting tape face, we investigated the magnetization and its relaxation properties of the tapes at 20–40 K using a saddle-shaped pickup coil. Increasing an applied magnetic field and interrupting the field sweep temporarily at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 T, we observed the variation of the magnetization for each step of magnetic field. The magnetization decayed at a speed of a few to tens of percent per minute. It was faster beyond expectation. The relaxation rate of the magnetization depended on magnetic field, temperature, and the number of stacked tapes. It became faster with increasing temperature and magnetic field and with decreasing number of stacked tapes.

The development of fully superconducting motors using $\text{Re}_{1}\text{Ba}_{2}\text{Cu}_{3}\text{O}_{7-\delta}$ (REBCO, Re: rare earth such as Y, Gd, or Eu) superconducting tapes has begun with the support of the Japan Science and Technology Agency. In this study, as the first step, the optimum arrangement of the rotating field winding for a 20-kW 600-r/min fully superconducting motor was evaluated in terms of torque. The ac loss and critical current properties of currently developed REBCO superconducting tapes were first investigated using a pickup coil method. Taking these properties into account, 20-kW fully superconducting motors with four types of ironless two-pole rotors were designed. The ac loss reduction technique for REBCO superconducting tapes, which was successfully adopted for a 66-kV 2-MVA transformer, was applied to the fixed armature winding. By numerically simulating the actual operation of the respective motors, the torque and ac loss properties were investigated. The torque, i.e., the output power of the motor, and the torque ripple were found to strongly depend on the arrangement of the field winding, despite the different arrangements having the same ampere-turn. The torque ripple becomes smaller as the rotating field winding approximates a 2-D dipole, which is indicated by the uniformity of the magnetic field inside the rotor.

We are developing superconducting magnets for MRI with $\mbox{Re}_{1}\mathrm{Ba}_{2}\mbox{Cu}_{3}\mbox{O}_{7-\delta}$ (Re: Rare Earth, Y, Gd, Eu, REBCO) superconducting tapes. We intend to operate them in subcooled liquid nitrogen at 65 K. Superconducting magnets for MRI need uniformity of magnetic field in time and space. The disturbance should be mainly caused by the shielding current induced in the wound tapes. To investigate this, we made small test coils with a laser-scribed four-filament EuBCO tape and a nonscribed GdBCO tape. After cooling down to 65 K with subcooled liquid nitrogen and applying a dc bias magnetic field, transport current was applied step by step to the test coil and the magnetic field variation at the coil center was observed. The actual magnetic field followed the variation of transport current with a delay. We derived the fitting expression for the observed field variations. The magnitude and the decay time constant of the shielding current increased with transport current. However, when further increasing transport current close to the critical current, the shielding current decayed quickly. Using this tremendous knowledge, we proposed a new operating method so that the magnetic field reached to the target one in a short time. In addition, the comparison between both coils demonstrated that not only the magnitude of shielding current but also the decay time constant was drastically reduced by scribing.

Superconducting magnets for MRI need uniformity of produced magnetic field within ppm order in time and space. To develop the superconducting magnets for MRI operating in subcooled liquid nitrogen at 65 K, two pieces of small test coils were fabricated with Re 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (REBCO, Re: Rare Earth such as Y, Gd, and Eu) superconducting tapes. One was wound with a nonscribed tape and the other was with a laser-scribed tape into a four-filament structure. Each test coil was inserted inside a NbTi superconducting magnet. After bath cooling, the test coil with subcooled liquid nitrogen and applying a dc bias magnetic field of 0.5-2 T, transport current was applied step by step, and the variation of magnetic field at the coil center was observed by a Hall probe with high accuracy. Although magnetic field followed the variation of transport current with a delay in the respective coils, the drastic difference between them was revealed. It was demonstrated that the influence of the induced shielding current on the produced magnetic field was drastically reduced by scribing. Not only the magnitude of shielding current but also the decay time constant was reduced by scribing. The produced magnetic field of the test coil with the scribed tape reached to a target one in a short time as programmed. Scribing REBCO tapes brought about faster relaxation of magnetization.

We have implemented laser Thomson scattering for local plasma measurement of electron and ion temperatures, electron density, flow velocity, and charge state. The electron density increases by two times in the interaction of two plasma flows, indicating collisionless interaction. The density and velocity show fluctuations only at t = 40 ns, and the density suddenly decreases, indicating the plasma ejection from the interaction region, which can be explained by a magnetic reconnection. The electron temperature in the double-flow is larger than that in the single flow. This may be explained by the energy transfer from the plasma kinetic energy to thermal energy. The ion temperature is much larger than electron temperature in the double-flow, and this may be explained by collisional effects between two plasmas, and/or possibly interpreted as a thermalization due to magnetic reconnection.

Typical inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas have ultra-high energy density state (UHEDs) with an energy density exceeding 1 × 108 Jcm−3, which corresponds to a pressure of beyond 1 Gbar. In previous investigation, it is suggested that such an UHEDs condition could be generated with a tabletop ultrahigh intensity laser, by irradiating onto a nanowire array. In this research, we have developed to observe the laser energy absorption and transport mechanism in nanowire array samples with x-ray free electron laser facility SACLA. We obtained time-resolved snapshots of x-ray shadowgraph image with very high temporal resolution. From the measured images, however, the UHEDs might be generated only on very thin portion of the target surface because the mean density of the nanowire array was large. On the other hand, we observed significant rear surface expansion in late timing, suggesting that large laser energy deposition was achieved for the nanowire array samples.

Objectives. We assessed 2 pathways through which dietary antioxidants may counter adverse effects of exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) on blood pressure (BP): main (compensatory) and modifying (protective) models. Methods. We used 2002 to 2003 data from the Detroit Healthy Environments Partnership community survey conducted with a multiethnic sample of adults (n = 347) in low- to moderate-income, predominantly Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan. We used generalized estimating equations to test the effects of ambient exposure to PM2.5 and dietary antioxidant intake on BP, with adjustment for multiple confounders. Results. Dietary antioxidant intake was inversely associated with systolic BP (b = −0.5; P 2.5 remained significant after accounting for antioxidant intakes. Exploratory analyses suggested potential modifying effects of antioxidant intake on associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and BP. Conclusions. Interventions to improve access to antioxidant-rich foods in polluted urban areas may be protective of cardiovascular health. However, efforts to reduce PM2.5 exposure remain critical for cardiovascular health promotion.

Thin films of Bi-2223 fabricated on SrTiO3(100) substrates by dc sputtering were found to have a transition temperature $(T_\mathrm{c})$ as low as that of bulk-phase Bi-2223. Subsequent annealing of these precursor films in the presence of Bi,Pb-2223 pellets increased this $T_\mathrm{c}$ value from 72 to 105 K, making it comparable to bulk-phase Bi,Pb-2223. Strong (00 $l$ ) peaks and a sharp quadrupole were observed in this annealed film, indicating a main phase of Bi,Pb-2223 with a $c$ -axis orientation by the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) measurements. A maximum critical current density $(J_\mathrm{c})$ of 3.3 × 105 A/cm2 at 77 K was also obtained with the Bi,Pb-2223 thin film, which is a value that is much higher than that of commercial Bi,Pb-2223 tapes. $J_\mathrm{c}$ values of thin films were strongly dependent on the annealing temperatures between 854 °C and 866 °C. In this temperature range, XRD data show that the thin films were not a single phase of Bi,Pb-2223, suggesting only a slight interruption of the supercurrent. Although, the films have a good $c$ -axis and $ab$ -axis alignments. Thus, although the films were not perfect, the improvement in microstructure allows for a much higher $J_\mathrm{c}$ value.

For long-distance operation of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables, evaluations of heat transfer and fluid flow dynamics of liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) flowing in the HTS cable is important. However, the LN 2 flow is complicated when the cable core is positioned at an eccentric position to the center of the cryostat pipe. A computer simulation analysis is effective in evaluating these characteristics with the complicated LN 2 flow. In the computer simulation analysis, design of an appropriate simulation model, which is considering the cable configuration and LN 2 flow conditions, is necessary. In this paper, at first, the accuracy of the computer simulation model was evaluated by comparison of the theoretical arithmetic analysis model for a simplified cable configuration, which is assumed that the cable core is positioned at the center. As a result, the value of computer simulation analysis showed a good agreement with that of the theoretical analysis. Then, using this computer simulation model, the effects of the eccentric arrangement on the pressure drops and the temperature rise of the flowing LN 2 were simulated. As a result, the pressure drop of the eccentric configuration became to about two-third as compared with that of the central core configuration, and no significant temperature difference of the HTS conductor of each configuration was confirmed.