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In this paper, we study principal ordered ideals of ordered semirings, and give their descriptions with some properties. The characterization of simple ordered semirings is studied, and a relation between a prime ordered ideal and filter has been developed. Finally, we characterize the ordered semirings which are distributive lattices of simple ordered semirings. Here, we find that the equivalence relations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] induced, respectively, from principal filters and principal ordered ideals coincide as distributive lattice congruence in an ordered semiring [Formula: see text] whenever [Formula: see text] is a distributive lattice of simple ordered semirings.

This paper proposes an integrated layered doped and undoped amorphous silicon thin-film based temperature sensing device. Temperature sensing performance has been measured for thin film p-i-n (p-type- intrinsic-n-type) configuration-based diode. Linear dependency of voltage on the temperature for forward-biased diode at a constant bias current is demonstrated in the temperature range of 30 – 200 °C. Further, the same device has been introduced with double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) to improve the linearity of the sensor. Comparative performance of two configurations p-i-n and p-i-n/DWCNTs for temperature sensing application has been studied. Moreover, this paper discussed the effect of the DWCNTs on the sensor parameters such as sensitivity, S and coefficient of determination, R2. The maximum sensitivity of the sensor, 22.34 mV/ °C for p-i-n configured device and 21.06 mV/°C for p-i-n/DWCNTs configuration in a biasing current range of 10– 60 mA have been found. We achieved a maximum value of the coefficient of determination equal to 0.99889 for a p-i-n configuration and 0.99922 for a p-i-n/DWCNTs configured device.

The microcrystalline hydrogenated-silicon (μc-Si: H) (also called polymorphous silicon) consisting a two-phase mixture of amorphous and structured silicon is being used for electronic or optoelectronic based thin-film devices. The μc-Si: H thin films are deposited using radio frequency (13.56 MHz) Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (RF-PECVD) by varying doping gases (diborane (B2H6) and phosphine (PH3)) flow and hydrogen-silane dilution ratio (R = H2/SiH4) to optimize the crystalline fraction and electrical conductivity. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate these effect on the transition fraction regime from amorphous into micro-structured silicon. Qualitative and quantitative properties have been studied by deconvolution of the micro Raman spectra which allows to determine the crystalline fraction in the film and also some investigation regarding the correlation between electrical and structural properties are presented for different annealing temperature (from 300 to 550 °C) and various film thickness ranges (10–100 nm). In this work, we present the characterization of thin films (both doped and undoped) deposited at the temperature of 250 °C on quartz substrate after annealed at 550 °C in N2-ambient, as a result crystallinity percentage up to 90% for p-type, 96% for n-type and 80% for undoped films are achieved. A detailed characterization of the microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si: H) has been demonstrated in this paper: structural properties through Raman spectroscopy, electrical properties through Four-point probe station and optical properties using Ellipsometer.

We generalize the notion of k-radical of Green’s \({\overline{\mathcal{J}}}\)-relation, study the decompositions of semirings and investigate the semirings on which the powers and transitive closures of k-radicals are distributive lattice congruences.

Boron (B) deficiency is prevalent in the soils of tea growing regions of India. In order to investigate the physico-chemical alterations associated with B deficiency in tea ((Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, cv. T-78) plants, young plantlets were treated with boric acid (H3BO3) at 0, 2.5, and 5 μM for 8 weeks. B-scarcity decreased the photosynthetic rate (P n), stomatal conductance (g s), and transpiration (E) alongside chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoids (Car). Superoxide anion (O 2 ·− ), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and electrolyte leakage were elevated in B-deprived plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) were increased in B-deficient plants. Simultaneously, transcripts of the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated under B deficiency. By and large, the results suggest that B deficiency intensifies ROS generation but the antioxidant system does not provide for an adequate protection from oxidative damage.

Measurement of particulates [respirable particulate matter (RPM or PM10 ), fine RPM ( PM2.5 ) , non-RPM (NRPM), and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM)] were carried out on a campaign basis over a period of 3 years (2003–2006) at Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) inside one of the world’s largest mangrove delta region—“The Sundarbans.” Considering the toxic potential of the particulate fractions, the foremost objective of this study was to determine the particulate concentrations during different parts of the year as well as to ascertain the trend of occurrence of the particulate fractions in an area of rich and unique biodiversity. Moreover, as the area had no past records on particulate data over a decade, the other important objective of the study was to prepare substantial database for the area for the present time. The average range of PM10 , PM2.5 , NRPM, and TSPM for the period from 2003–2006 has been found to be (57–118), (35–80), (10–25), and ( 73–135 ) μg m−3 respectively. The data obtain...

Main objective of the project is to control the switches, through the microcontroller MSP430 to supply a very high current. Solid state relays are used as switches which energises Contactors to pass the high current using Capacitor discharge system. High current is passed to the sample specimen placed inside the heater which needs to be heated at a very high temperature. The current pulse is generated by the capacitor discharge system. Capacitor discharge heating is an extra amount of heat in the heating element, the power supply for regular heater is suspended for a while and the capacitor is allowed to discharge during this period. This is done using the microcontroller MSP430. Software is written so as to control the operation of solid state relay switches such that the current injection happens at the particular instant. This can be initiated by an interrupt from the computer. By this the interrupt pin of the microcontroller port becomes high and the corresponding operation initiates. Thus computer commands the MSP430 to give this pulse of current for heating whenever required. Feedback control of the solid state relay switches is given to MSP430 to check the SSRs status and this is displayed on the PC. Thus by controlling the SSR switches it is possible to pass the required amount of current to the heater where the sample is placed. PC is interfaced to the supercomputer using RPC, for fast and precise calculations where the result is received back on PC.

The aim of this work is to discriminate various milk samples using Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA) detection technique of pure milk, pure milk adulterated with urea, tap water etc. by forming samples phase data into matrix form at different frequencies in Constant phase (property of electrode-electrolyte interface of Polymer coated copper probe dipped in ionic solution) region as well as data taken at different time. Euclidean distance from any unknown sample with the given known samples has been calculated using LDA algorithm and the sample with shortest distance will show the best maximal characteristics of the unknown sample. The whole calculation and discrimination plotting has been done in MATLAB software.

A simple, externally heated opposed (Bridgman) anvil system has been developed for electrical resistivity measurements up to 8 GPa pressure and 400 degrees C. The whole system is automated, in which the application and measurement of pressure and heating of the sample are undertaken using an IBM PC and associated electronic and mechanical hardware. The system developed has a pressure control of about +/-1% and temperature control better than +/-2%. The setup has been calibrated using the high pressure-high temperature transitions in the electrical resistivity of Bi and Yb. The usefulness of the system developed has been demonstrated, by studying the resistivity behavior of glassy chalcogenide semiconductors at high pressure and high temperature. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)00601-2].

$As_xTe_{l00-x}$ glasses have been found to exhibit interesting thermal crystallization behaviour. Glasses with x < 40 show a single stage crystallization and those with $x \geq 40$ exhibit a double stage crystal- lization. The change in the crystallization behaviour occur at x = 40 in the $As_xTe_{l00-x}$ lasses can be associated with two structural effects namely "rigidity percolation" and "chemical stoichiometric ordering", which coincide at this composition. In the present study, the effect of selenium on the thermal crystallization of $As_xTe_{l00-x}$ glasses has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. These studies indicate that the cross over in the crystallization behaviour may primarily be due to rigidity percolation.

A piston cylinder based high pressure differential thermal analyzer system is developed to investigate phase transformations, melting, glass transitions, crystallization behavior of inorganic materials, glassy systems etc., at ambient to 4 GPa and at room temperature to 1073 K. The pressure is calibrated by the phase transition of bismuth and ytterbium and temperature is calibrated by using thermocouple data chart. The system developed is calibrated using benzoic acid, ammonium nitrate and it has a pressure and temperature control of ± 8.9 x 10 -4 GPa , ± 2 K respectively. The phase transition of Asx Te100-x chalcogenides, ferrous oxide and strontium boride are studied using the indigenously developed system.

The execution of Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a paradigm shift in the history of Indian forest conservation policy. Joint Forest Management is a strategy in which Forest Department and forest fringe dwellers jointly engage in protection of forests as well as sharing of benefits from forests. West Bengal is the pioneer state in India for the successful achievement of Joint Forest Management. The first successful model of Joint Forest Management in India is known as the ARABARI MODEL , started in 1972 in Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal. As on 31 st March 2009, the total forest area under Joint Forest Management in West Bengal has been recorded as 557,063.13 hectares. An attempt has been made in the present paper to analyze the nature of community participation in Joint Forest Management in West Bengal. The conflicting issues emerged from Joint Forest Management in the study area has also been explored in this paper. Finally an endeavor has been made in this paper to formulate effective proposals to resolve these conflicting issues. The study has revealed that the adoption of Joint Forest Management in West Bengal ensures protection of forests through significant community participation in forest conservation and generates rural employment and income. However the Joint Forest Management has achieved limited success in establishing traditional rights of the indigenous people over forest resources.

An expression is developed for the variation of the critical solution temperature of a binary liquid system when a third component (dopant) is added, using an extension of the regular solution theory. The model can be used for UCST, LCST and for closed loop systems and has the correct features in the limiting cases.

In a model of staphylococcal pneumonia initiated during systemic endotoxemia in BALB/c mice, a significant reduction of the number of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and NK cells, as well as lung-resident total T- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes was demonstrated. Staphylococcus aureus exposure only induced a similar decrease of lymphocyte subsets in the blood. However, the number of lung-resident total T- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes was increased. More viable bacteria were recovered from the lungs of S. aureus-infected mice than from those animals previously treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by a staphylococcal challenge. These results indicate that LPS-induced reduction in the number of circulating lymphocyte subsets and lung-resident total T- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes do not increase susceptibility to staphylococcal respiratory infection. Moreover, LPS challenge prior to S. aureus exposure significantly improves clearance of the bacteria in the lung.

Chemical and Liquid Fuel Division, Central Fuel Research Institute. Dhanbad-828 108, Jharkhand, India E-mail : tkm_001@rediffmail.com Fax : 91-0326-2209589 Department of Chemistry, p. K. Roy Memorial College, Dhanbad-826 001, Jharkhand, India Manuscript received 23 March 2003, revised 27 July 2006. accepted 2 August 2006 4-Cyanopyridine has been prepared using silica/zeolite based catalysts, The reaction was carried out at 340- 370º with V2O5 :P2O5 : MoO3 : SiO2 (1 : 0.05 : 0.30 : 13 mole ratio} and at 340-425" with V2O5 : P2O5 : MoO3 H-ZSM-5 (1 : 0.125 : 3.209 : 1.683 wt. ratio} catalyst systems. &nbsp

Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India E-mail : c_r_sinha@yahoo.com Manuscript received 18 May 2006, accepted 26 May 2006 Zinc(II) complexes of 1-alkyl-2-(naphthyl-α/β-azo)imidazoles (azoimine function, -N=N-C=N-) and α/β-naphthyl-(2- pyridylmethylene)amine (diimine function, -N=C-C=N-) are described in this article. The complexcs arc spcctroscopically characterized (IR, UV-Vls, NMR). The composition of the complex depends on the counter ions used; the reaction of ZnCl2 with ligand gives tctrahedrol Zn(ligand)Cl2; Zn(NO3)2 prepares -O-NO2 coordinated octahedral [Zn(ligand)2(ONO2)2) compound while Zn(ClO4)2isolates tetrahedral [Zn(ligand)2)(ClO4)2complex.Single crystal X-ray structure of [Zn(β-naphthyl- (2-pyridylmethylcnc)aminc)2(ONO2)2] has suggested coordination of O-NO2unit.Zinc(u)-diimine complexes arc luminescent while7inc(II)-azoiminc system arc nonlumincsccnt. Emission is of ligand centered π-π* origin and of good quantum yield (reference to coumarin-120).

Iron(III) has been estimated spectrophotometrically at 425 nm following its quantitative extraction from Cl– medium by Cyanex 301 in redistilled colorless kerosene. Beer’s law is valid provided (i) a 10-min phase agitation is allowed in extraction, (ii) [HCl] in the aqueous phase during extraction is kept at 0.10 mol/l or less, (iii) [Cyanex 301] is kept over 0.5% (v/v). It is observed that the linearity range of Beer’s plot is increased with increasing (v/v)% of the Cyanex 301 used; the optimum ([Fe(III)], mg/l)/[Cyanex 301] in ((v/v)%) is 20:1. The color is stable for at least 10 days. The molar extinction coefficient e is 7111 l/mol⋅cm. The method has been applied in the analysis of some metallurgical samples.

A new dinuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni(2)(LH(2))(H(2)O)(2)(OH)(NO(3))](NO(3))(3) (1), of an "end-off" compartmental ligand 2,6-bis(N-ethylpiperazine-iminomethyl)-4-methyl-phenolato, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The X-ray single crystal structure analysis shows that the piperazine moieties assume the expected chair conformation and are protonated. The complex 1 exhibits versatile catalytic activities of biological significance, viz. catecholase, phosphatase, and DNA cleavage activities, etc. The catecholase activity of the complex observed is very dependent on the nature of the solvent. In acetonitrile medium, the complex is inactive to exhibit catecholase activity. On the other hand, in methanol, it catalyzes not only the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) but also tetrachlorocatechol (TCC), a catechol which is very difficult to oxidize, under aerobic conditions. UV-vis spectroscopic investigation shows that TCC oxidation proceeds through the formation of an intermediate. The intermediate has been characterized by an electron spray ionizaton-mass spectrometry study, which suggests a bidentate rather than a monodentate mode of TCC coordination in that intermediate, and this proposition have been verified by density functional theory calculation. The complex also exhibits phosphatase (with substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate) and DNA cleavage activities. The DNA cleavage activity exhibited by complex 1 most probably proceeds through a hydroxyl radical pathway. The bioactivity study suggests the possible applications of complex 1 as a site specific recognition of DNA and/or as an anticancer agent.