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Background: Scalp micropigmentation (SMP) is becoming increasingly popular. Accordingly, complications of the procedure are on the rise. However, the results of improperly performed SMP are exceedingly challenging to rectify and ultimately lead to severe mental stress and feelings of inferiority in patients. Aims: This retrospective study aimed to explore various aspects of unsatisfactory SMP outcomes and examine corrective measures available after the procedure. Materials and methods: A total of 120 patients who underwent corrective surgery or procedures due to unsatisfactory outcomes after SMP were enrolled in the study. Their photographs and medical charts were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Out of 120 participants, 76 were women and 43 men. In total, 107 patients (89.2%) had been treated at a tattooing or cosmetic facility at a beauty salon performing permanent makeup, 12 (10.0%) at another clinic, and one (0.8%) at an oriental medicine clinic. Of 120 patients, hair transplant surgery was performed on 74 patients (61.7%). Twenty‐five (20.8%) underwent both hair transplant surgery and complementary SMP. Sixteen (13.3%) patients received laser tattoo removal and underwent SMP anew. Five patients (4.2%) had a previous tattoo removed without additional treatment. Patients' subjective satisfaction scores averaged 4.5/5. The physician's objective satisfaction score was 4.6/5. Conclusion: In cases where SMP is inadequately performed, satisfactory results can be achieved through appropriate revisions, such as tattoo removal, repeated SMP, or hair transplant surgery to conceal the tattoo by highly experienced medical professionals. Level of evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos have always been in the human culture, and besides tattoo removal is still a painful procedure carried out over several sessions. The development of techniques for painless, minimally invasive, and minimal side effects of tattoo removal was the proposal of this preliminary study. Piglets (n = 3) were tattooed on the lateral pelvic thighs (right and left) using blue ink. After 30 days, the tattoos (n = 21) were divided into four groups: Control (n = 3), Ozone (n = 6), Ultrasound (n = 6), and Hybrid (n = 6). The protocol consisted of 10 sessions, spaced 7 days, totaling 70 days. Macroscopic and microscopic (biopsies) evaluations of the skin were performed. The results suggested a reduction in pigmentation of the dermis with the use of ozone and ultrasound separately, the hybrid group did not have better results, however, the study showed the potential of ozone and ultrasound for tattoo removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose In recent years, there has been notable progress in the role of light-emitting technologies, including lasers and other energy-based devices, across various medical disciplines. Dermatology stands out as one of the prominent fields where laser treatments have gained significant popularity. In the clinical setting, a variety of laser types are utilized. A fundamental aspect of ensuring the safe use of laser devices involves comprehending their mechanisms at the tissue level. This knowledge enables practitioners to attain the desired outcomes effectively while minimizing the risk of complications. Lasers have demonstrated effectiveness in treating cutaneous vascular conditions because of their capacity to selectively target intravascular oxyhemoglobin. Rosacea, juvenile hemangioma, and port wine stains are among the vascular skin conditions for which laser therapy has shown notable success. Laser therapy is employed in treating hypertrophic scars, keloids, and acne scars because it facilitates the restructuring of the skin's architecture at the scar site, with the goal of minimizing its size and visibility. Laser therapy stands as the gold standard for removing tattoos. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: “lasers”, “intense pulsed light”, “dermatology”, “rosacea”, “acne”, “scars”, “tattoo removal”. Conclusions Laser dermatological treatments are gaining popularity worldwide, driving new innovations and clinical applications. This review highlights the significant role and diverse clinical applications of lasers and intense pulsed light in dermatological practice. Improving the quality of skin in patients suffering from skin diseases can significantly increase their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos have been a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout history. Now, the demand for tattoo removal for aesthetic or practical reasons is growing rapidly. This study outlines the results of field investigations into the chemical and biological removal of tattoo inks (Hexadecachlorinate copper phthalocyanine—C32Cl16CuN8—CAS no° 1328-53-6). FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and NMR analyses yielded intriguing profiles pertaining to the primary chemical constituents, along with others of an ambiguous nature. A bioremoval protocol was developed on a pork rind surface to simulate human tattooing. Two previously studied microbial strains were included in this analysis: (i) a bacterial culture of Pseudomonas stutzeri 5190 DSMZ viable cells and (ii) a fungal culture of Alternaria infectoria strain NIS4, the latter already isolated and identified. A combination of physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses, along with microscopic observations, was conducted. In our experimental conditions, inocula from environmental samples (soil and compost) were capable of inducing changes in even trace organic matter (glycerin and additives in pigments) used as a binder in emulsifiers in tattoo inks. Furthermore, the two microbial strains demonstrated promising potential for removing green tattoo ink. Finally, wastewater effluents containing green ink were recovered via electrochemical treatment, and the environmental impact in terms of the CO2 equivalent of our experiments was assessed. The results are promising and warrant further investigation into the innovative biological and chemical removal of tattoo inks from human skin and wastewater, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Removal of skin tattoos by Q‑switched (QS) Nd:YAG laser is a common procedure, but its results vary. For successful tattoo removal, laser applications are combined with various methods. In laser tattoo removal, pigments are removed from the region by the lymphatic system after they are broken down into small pieces. It is hypothesized that induction with platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) can increase the total amount of pigments removed in the laser tattoo removal process and possibly reduce the visibility of the remaining pigments by thickening and renewing the skin. For this purpose, a study investigating the combination of laser tattoo removal with PRP was planned. Materials and Methods: The study was planned on rats divided into three groups (with eight rats each). Four rats were used for PRP preparation. All rats were tattooed on both arms and legs. One month after the rats were tattooed, QS Nd:YAG laser and PRP or saline injections were applied to the tattoos. The tattoos were measured, photographed, and evaluated by macroscopy and dermoscopy shortly before laser application and at 1 and 2 months after laser application. Regional lymph node dissection was performed. Results: After laser application, all the tattoos showed some pigment removal. There was no significant difference in tattoo removal with various wavelengths (1064/532 nm) or with a 25% increase in laser power. Although skin quality was found to be better in the PRP‑injected group, the difference was not significant compared with that in the group with saline injections. In all subjects, at least one pigmented lymph node was seen in all dissection areas. Conclusions: Laser application is effective in the removal of tattoos. However, although the combination of PRP and laser has a positive effect on the quality of the skin, it does not provide a significant positive effect on tattoo removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoo removal is considered a challenging field in cosmetic dermatology. Picosecond Q-switched Nd-YAG lasers targeting unique chromophores effectively manage this condition without serious complications. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Picosecond Q-switched Nd-YAG laser in the treatment of black tattoos in the skin of middle eastern mostly skin type IV. The study was carried out on 20 patients with skin type IV the most common in middle eastern area with professional black tattoos. They were treated by Picosecond Nd-YAG laser (2 sessions 8 weeks apart). The percentage of improvement ranged from 20.0 to 95.0 (with a mean of 61 ± 24.6). 8 patients (40%) showed excellent improvement, 4 patients (20%) showed marked improvement, 4 patients (20%) showed moderate improvement, and 4 patients (20%) showed mild improvement. No severe side effects were detected. Picosecond Nd-YAG laser was an effective and safe technique in the treatment of professional black tattoos; with only 2 sessions most patients reached excellent to moderate response with minimal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. A tattoo is a pigment permanently deposited into the skin to create different patterns. The worldwide percentage of tattooed individuals, as well as the level of tattoo regret, complications, and removal, has increased. However, data from Saudi Arabia are lacking. Objective. To determine the rates of tattoo regret, complications, and removal among tattooed individuals in Saudi Arabia. Methods. A cross‐sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A link to the survey was distributed through social media and contained twenty questions about participants' demographics, tattoo practices, regret, removal, and complications. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A total of 181 tattooed individuals participated in the study. Most of them were females (95.6%), and 76.7% had their first tattoo at an age over eighteen years. A total of 47.5% had one tattoo session, and the most common body site was the eyebrows (57.5%). Fifty‐eight percent regretted their tattoo, and 42.5% attempted to remove it. Upper extremity tattoos were significantly associated with regret (72.3%) (P = 0.004) and removal (56.9%) (P = 0.003). Tattoo removal was mostly due to cultural reasons (74%). Local itching (32%), pain (22.7%), and infection (10.5%) were reported and associated with tattoo regret (P < 0.05). Itching was significant in 65.4% of head and neck tattoos and 41.5% of upper extremity tattoos (P < 0.05). Participants were aware that laser is the best method for tattoo removal. Conclusion. Among tattooed individuals in Saudi Arabia, the rate of tattoo regret and removal is high, and the most reported complication is pruritus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as tattoos continue to increase in popularity, many people with tattoos also seek removal, often due to career concerns. Prospective clients interested in laser tattoo removal may do research about the procedure online, as the internet increasingly becomes a resource to get preliminary health information. However, it is important that the online health information on the topic be of high quality and be accessible to all patients. We analyzed 77 websites from a Google search query using the terms "Laser tattoo removal patient Information" and "Laser tattoo removal patient Instructions" to assess this. The websites were evaluated for their readability using multiple validated indices and comprehensiveness. We found that websites had a broad readability range, from elementary to college, though most were above the recommended eighth-grade reading level. Less than half of the websites adequately discussed the increased risk of pigmentary complications in the skin of color clients or emphasized the importance of consulting with a board-certified dermatologist/plastic surgeon before the procedure. Over 90% of the websites noted that multiple laser treatments are likely needed for complete clearance of tattoos. The findings from our study underscore a significant gap in the accessibility and quality of online information for patients considering laser tattoo removal, particularly in addressing specific risks for patients with darker skin tones and emphasizing the need for consulting a board-certified physician before undergoing the procedure. It is important that online resources for laser tattoo removal be appropriately written to allow better decision-making, expectations, and future satisfaction for potential clients interested in the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tattooing has a rich historical presence in various human civilizations, with the earliest physical evidence dating back to around 3258 BC. While acceptance of tattoos is increasing in the Western world, negative associations remain. Short-pulsed lasers, such as Q-Switched (QS) or picosecond lasers, are the gold standard for tattoo removal. Case Presentation: This case report discusses the successful removal of 17 amateur tattoos, which were self-administered by a 19-year-old female patient using black eyeliner ink and sewing needles. The tattoos, distributed across her body, including the face and hands, were partially or completely removed over 10 sessions using the QS Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet 1,064-nm laser. Conclusion: The factors that influence the efficacy of tattoo removal are highlighted, including tattoo type, location, and coexisting fibrosis. The psychological and social importance of effective tattoo removal is emphasized, particularly for young people seeking to disassociate from past experiences or affiliations.

Q-switched (QS) Nd: YAG lasers are frequently utilised light sources for tattoo removal due to their precise micro-confined photo-acoustic interaction with exogenous and endogenous pigments. In order to achieve optimal results, several treatment sessions are usually required. However, the number of sessions depend on tattoo size, design complexity, pigment quantity within dermal layers, and anatomical location. Higher energy settings have often been used to reduce treatment sessions to a minimum however, this approach may lead to possible post-laser skin complications such as pathological wound healing. This case report highlights the importance of recognizing early stages of pathological wound healing encountered after high fluence 1064 nm QS laser tattoo removal. Early implementation of a proportional wound care strategy with anti-neoangiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties through the unconventional use of potent topical steroids applied in a pulsed fashion resulted in positive control of the tissue repair processes. This approach led to effective wound healing re-modulation achieving near normal skin remodelling and optimal tissue healing which in turn, permitted the completion of necessary QS tattoo removal sessions to accomplish successful and safe tattoo fading whilst maintaining overall patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: With nearly 50% of the population in the United States, Italy, and Sweden tattooed with at least one tattoo, the demand for its removal has risen by 32% since 2011. Traditional removal methods, such as Q‐switched (QS) laser‐based tattoo removal, can be lengthy, requiring up to 20 sessions. Aim: This study presents a retrospective clinical evaluation of seven short‐pulsed QS, dual‐wavelength Nd:YAG laser, as an efficient alternative, that can potentially reduce the number of sessions needed as calculated by a founded scale. Methods: The QS modality delivers high‐intensity pulses in four wavelengths, ideal for removing multicolored tattoos, of which two were used. We studied 11 patients who underwent 3–8 treatments (average 5.09) every 2–3 months. Each tattoo was assessed using the Kirby–Desai scale, considering the following factors: location, Fitzpatrick skin type, ink amount, layering, scarring, tissue changes, and tattoo color. Follow‐ups were conducted after 6 months and at 4–5 years following last session. Results: The long‐term follow‐up presented a significantly higher tattoo removal efficiency than the short‐term follow‐up (p < 0.001), indicating a sustained process of ink breakdown and elimination. Notably, the actual number of treatments were significantly lower than that predicted by the Kirby–Desai scale (average 5.09 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001). No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions: In conclusion, the QS Nd:YAG laser offers a safe and effective alternative for tattoo removal, requiring fewer treatments than initially expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the effective clearance and safe treatment for a novel Picosecond Laser with shortest pulse width in treatment sessions with 4 patients. Conclusion: Picosecond lasers with very short pulse length can enable a more effective and painless treatment than nanosecond Lasers for black and colored tattoos and in some cases, it is possible to clear tattoos with fluences of a lesser scale than with nanosecond domain pulses. Our cases show better clearance in less treatment sessions compared to other lasers with which we have gained experience in our practice. The MOA (Mechanism of action) allows a safe and effective treatment with lower fluences, as a result decreasing the thermal energy transfer to surrounding tissues and minimizing the risk of scarring and reducing the patient’s pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser tattoo removal is an effective technique, but multiple rounds of treatment are required to eliminate tattoos, which can be a challenge for patients who do not have the time. Additionally, there is relatively limited research on the mechanisms of laser tattoo removal, necessitating further in-depth studies. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an Er:YAG laser combined with a 755-picosecond laser for tattoo removal and the changes in skin diffuse reflection, pigment particle size, macrophage recruitment, and inflammatory factor levels during combined laser treatment. Our experiments used three sets of lasers—an Er:YAG laser, a 755 nm picosecond laser, and an Er:YAG laser combined with a 755 nm picosecond laser—for tattoo removal. The effects of tattoo removal at different time points were evaluated. Moreover, the mechanisms were explored using HE staining, immunohistochemistry, diffuse reflectance measurements, in vitro gel tests, mass spectrometry, and ELISA experiments. The combined treatment was more effective for tattoo removal in rats. The combined laser treatment effectively reduced diffuse reflection from the skin, thereby increasing the effective laser power, reducing the size of the pigment particles, allowing for easier removal of the pigment, and increasing the recruitment of dermal macrophages and the release of inflammatory factors, thus increasing the rate of tattoo removal in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Inked: Tattooed Soldiers and the Song Empire's Penal-Military Complex" by Elad Alyagon is a book that explores the social dimensions of Chinese military history during the Song dynasty. The author focuses on the use of tattoos as a means of identification and stigmatization among soldiers. The book examines the transformation of the military into a tiered organization with a hierarchy of status and duties, as well as the conscription of soldiers from various social backgrounds. It also delves into the experiences of military families and the resistance faced by soldiers within the penal-military complex. The book sheds light on a lesser-known aspect of Chinese military history and offers a unique perspective on the lives of soldiers during the Song dynasty. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Tattooing has a rich historical presence in various human civilizations, with the earliest physical evidence dating back to around 3258 BC. While acceptance of tattoos is increasing in the Western world, negative associations remain. Short-pulsed lasers, such as Q-Switched (QS) or picosecond lasers, are the gold standard for tattoo removal. Case Presentation: This case report discusses the successful removal of 17 amateur tattoos, which were self-administered by a 19-year-old female patient using black eyeliner ink and sewing needles. The tattoos, distributed across her body, including the face and hands, were partially or completely removed over 10 sessions using the QS Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet 1,064-nm laser. Conclusion: The factors that influence the efficacy of tattoo removal are highlighted, including tattoo type, location, and coexisting fibrosis. The psychological and social importance of effective tattoo removal is emphasized, particularly for young people seeking to disassociate from past experiences or affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of tattoo removal using caustic products that resulted in complications with erysipelas, a bacterial infection. The patient experienced fever and pain in the forearm after the removal procedure, which was performed by a non-medical professional. Treatment with oral antibiotics and topical cream led to the resolution of symptoms and healing of the affected area. The article highlights the importance of proper tattoo removal procedures to avoid complications like infections. [Extracted from the article]

Q-switched lasers have undeniably revolutionized the field of laser dermatology since four decades ago. Just as the first-generation laser emits its photonic signal in a few nanoseconds, the picosecond laser delivers pulse widths of at least ten times shorter. These devices offer a powerful tool for treating a wide range of skin conditions with a minimal downtime for visible improvement. For the current study, a literature research was performed on the dermatological applications of picosecond laser. The literature searched on this topic between 1999 and 2023 accessible through various platforms produce a result of 62 articles. The included studies have discussed the application of picosecond laser technology in tattoo removal, treatment of epidermal and dermal pigmentation, and collagen remodeling. After sifting the data from the articles into tables, the results were discussed in detail. The study shows a lot of evidence towards the efficacy of picosecond laser, yet it draws attention to its downsides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 150 ps at different laser parameters. The effects on multiple-colored tattoos with such ultrashort pulses has not been previously described in the literature. In vivo experiments were conducted on porcine skin to analyze the fragmentation efficiency of five different tattoo colors using different wavelengths, pulse energies, and spot sizes. The results showed that the optimal tattoo clearance to safety ratio for blue, green, red, and yellow tattoos with a 532 nm wavelength was 0.96–2.39 J/cm2. The laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm demonstrated the highest efficacy in eliminating black tattoos, with positive results observed for green and blue pigments at a fluence of 3.02 J/cm2. The study provides valuable insights into the efficacy of laser treatment with 150 ps for removing tattoos of different colors using different laser parameters. This information can help dermatologists and practitioners perform more efficient and effective tattoo removal with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to discuss the use of laser for the treatment of eyebrow microblading and cosmetic tattoo complications through a review of the literature. Our research question is whether quality-switched or picosecond laser is superior for the removal of eyebrow tattoos. This structured review was conducted using a PubMed search using the search terms "laser tattoo removal" AND "cosmetic tattoo" AND "eyebrow" with the article type filtered to "case reports," "clinical trial," and "randomized controlled trial" ranging from dates 1994–2023. All case reports or series evaluating the effect of laser on eyebrow cosmetic tattooing pigment were included. We summarize the results of 11 studies evaluating the use of laser for cosmetic tattoo removal, with 129 patients treated specifically for eyebrow pigment. Most studies (8/11) report Fitzpatrick skin type or race. Seven studies utilize quality-switched (QS) neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), alexandrite or ruby, three used picosecond (PS) Nd:YAG or alexandrite, and three used carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. We report laser energy, spot size, and pulse duration, as well as treatment outcomes and adverse events. Historically, methods of pigment removal included dermabrasion, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, radiofrequency, infrared light, intense pulsed light, and surgical excision; however, these methods often led to poor cosmetic outcomes including scarring and further dyspigmentation. QS laser treatments provided superior cosmetic outcomes and thus were considered the gold standard treatment option for pigment removal. However, the advent of PS lasers has challenged this given their increased selectivity, lower fluence requirements, and reduction in surrounding thermal damage. Our review demonstrates that PS Nd:YAG is quicker and more effective that QS Nd:YAG in the treatment of eyebrow tattoos. Additionally, the paradoxical darkening seen with QS lasers is less common with PS lasers. We also demonstrate that CO2 laser may be a helpful adjunct to QS or PS laser. This review focuses on Fitzpatrick skin type and race, providing a unique perspective on the use of laser treatment in skin of color, which often poses an additional treatment challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited data about the tattoo removal process in formerly gang-involved and incarcerated people of color. This single center retrospective study was conducted on patients treated at Homeboy Industries' Ya'Stuvo Tattoo Removal Clinic between January 2016–December 2018. It reviewed data on 2,118 tattoos, and a representative sample of 502 patients was used to conduct our analysis. Treatment on 118 of the tattoos (5.57%) resulted in at least one complication (hypo-or hyper-pigmentation, keloids, or scarring). Patients who experienced tattoo removal complications (7.3%) were less likely to return to complete the removal process. More complications were experienced with higher fluences of energy, on tattoos placed by professional artists, on colored tattoos, and tattoos on clients who had a greater number of treatments. The study highlights complications and best practices in tattoo removal in people of color, a process critical to the reintegration and gang disengagement of this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving high‐performance luminescence for underwater bonding remains a significant challenge in materials science. This study addresses this issue by synthesizing a luminescent material based on an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) monomer and copolymerizing it with lipoic acid (LA) to create an AIE supramolecular polymer. The resulting copolymer exhibits strong fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 365 nm due to the AIE of TPEE and enables underwater adhesion. The P(LA‐TPEE) polymer demonstrates potential for digital encryption and decryption of quick response (QR) codes underwater. Furthermore, it can dissolve well in anhydrous ethanol, producing an environment‐friendly and super waterproof adhesive. Most notably, the P(LA‐TPEE) solution can be sprayed on human skin, creating an invisible tattoo that only became visible under UV light due to the hydrogen bond (H‐bond) and π–π structures. This smart tattoo can be quickly wiped away with alcohol, avoiding the painful and harmful process of tattoo removal. It can also be repeatedly applied to draw the preferred tattoo pattern. This AIE supramolecular polymer shows great potential in underwater adhesion and repair, underwater message encryption, and non‐toxic and painless invisible tattooing. Overall, this study provides a valuable approach for material design in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, tattooed migrants face discrimination and are at high-risk of incarceration, thus, we assessed whether receiving laser tattoo removal affected the likelihood of incarceration. In 2015-2016, 89 adults ages ≥ 18 years with visible tattoos were recruited at a free-clinic to receive laser tattoo removal or assigned to the wait-list; all completed baseline and 6-month questionnaires. Overall, 97.8% of participants ever migrated to the USA. In multivariate analyses restricted to migrants (n = 87), those receiving laser tattoo removal [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 0.27, 95% CI 0.07-0.89] and possessing a Mexican Voting card (AOR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03-0.58) were significantly less likely than wait-list participants to be incarcerated at 6-months. Previously incarcerated participants were significantly more likely to be incarcerated at follow-up. Tattoo removal may reduce incarceration among Mexican migrants. Future studies can assess other health and social benefits of tattoo removal for migrants/deportees returning to Mexico.

A 31-year-old male patient with exogenous ochronosis, caused by long-term use of hydroquinone, underwent three sessions of picosecond 755 nm alexandrite laser treatment. The treatment resulted in significant resolution of pigmentation after 6 months, with no observed complications. The use of this laser for exogenous ochronosis is a novel and effective approach, offering promising results for patients seeking to reduce hyperpigmentation in visible facial areas. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND Cosmetic facial tattoos have proven difficult to remove despite advancements in laser technology. OBJECTIVE Review safety and efficacy of picosecond laser removal of cosmetic facial tattoos. METHODS & MATERIALS Retrospective chart review from January 2015 to January 2022 of patients undergoing tattoo removal of facial cosmetic tattoos. RESULT A total of 33 patients were included in the review. The average number of treatments to obtain satisfactory results was 3. Sixty 6 percent of subjects were rated as "very much improved" with 76% to 100% of the tattoo removed and 34% of subjects were rated "much improved" with 51% to 75% of the tattoo removed. Thirty percent of subjects experienced unexpected changes in the tattoo color after initial treatment with 1,064-nm picosecond laser. CONCLUSION Picosecond laser is an effective and safe treatment for cosmetic tattoos, and it highlights the underreported unmasking of an orange color postlaser treatment that can be successfully treated with a 532-nm PS laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Femtosecond lasers represent a novel tool for tattoo removal as sources that can be operated at high power, potentially leading to different removal pathways and products. Consequently, the potential toxicity of its application also needs to be evaluated. In this framework, we present a comparative study of Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser irradiation, as a function of laser power and exposure time, on water dispersions of Pigment Green 7 (PG7) and the green tattoo ink Green Concentrate (GC), which contains PG7 as its coloring agent. The treated samples were subsequently analyzed via UV‒Vis spectroscopy, gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS), SEM imaging and associated statistical analysis. We found that, on average, the discoloration efficacy of femtosecond laser treatment was comparable to that of nanosecond lasers as were the decomposition products. In fact, two primary types of fragments are produced, both of which are potentially harmful, resulting either from the decomposition of chlorinated phthalocyanine (i.e., PG7) or from the active chlorination of naphthalene impurities. However, the outcomes for the PG7 and GC treatments differed significantly from each other from several points of view. The spectral intensity patterns of GC and PG7 were distinct, depending on the treatment conditions, and showed linearity with power only in the case of GC. Additionally, the relative ratios of the fragment products differed significantly, with the production rate showing a linear dependence on power only in the case of GC and no discernible trend for PG7. Shape and size distribution of the generated particles were highly dependent on the type of sample. Femtosecond laser irradiation of GCs primarily produces nanoparticles with a homogeneous size distribution, which are typically considered nontoxic. Large aggregates also formed, exhibiting a regular shape. In contrast, PG7 yielded rods and needles with aspect ratios similar to those of toxic fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Tattooing in Contemporary Society: Identity and Authenticity" by Michael Rees. The book explores the prevalence of tattooing in Western societies, particularly among people under 40, and examines how tattooing is used to construct individual identities. Rees utilizes Norbert Elias' figurational/process sociology to understand the social structures and influences surrounding tattooing. The book includes historical overviews, academic literature reviews, and interviews with tattooed individuals and artists. It also discusses various aspects of tattooing, such as its perception by employers, its development as an art form, and its use in managing grief and mental health issues. The book concludes by examining the quest for authenticity and the evolving social norms surrounding tattooing. While the book focuses on English-speaking contexts, it provides valuable insights into contemporary Western tattooing and enriches the field of Tattoo Studies. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Cosmetic tattoos in the periocular area, including microblading, have become increasingly popular. More patients have been seeking laser tattoo removal. OBJECTIVE: A retrospective chart review for the laser treatment of eyeliner and eyebrow tattoos and a discussion of treatment experiences can better inform physicians. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed over ¬five years with patients who had eyeliner and/or eyebrow tattoos and had laser removal. RESULTS: Overall, 76 patients were treated. Mean age was 47 years, and 98.7 percent were women. Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-VI were represented. Of all cases, 55.3 percent included eyebrows, 43.4 percent eyelids, and 1.3 percent both. There was a mean of 2.8 treatments. Common colors included black (73.7%), black/red (7.9%), black/orange (5.3%), black/yellow (3.9%), and red (3.9%). Most cases were treated with 755nm picosecond laser or high peak-powered 532nm/1064nm picosecond laser. After initial treatment, 26.3 percent of cases involved unmasking of colors, such as red, orange, yellow, green, and blue, which were not previously visualized. There were no documented adverse events related to scarring, hypotrichosis, necrosis, and burns. CONCLUSION: Laser removal of eyeliner and eyebrow tattoos can be safe and effective. There should be consideration for eye and hair protection, pain control, and pigment unmasking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos are increasingly gathering attention in the young population, especially in second to fourth decade of life. With such trends, rate of its removal also has been on the rise. Treatment options for tattoo removal besides lasers are surgery, radiofrequency, infrared light, cryotherapy, dermabrasion and salabrasion. Unfortunately, none of these procedures are associated with satisfactory cosmetic results due to adverse effects such as scarring and dyspigmentation. Although laser treatment has become the gold standard for tattoo removal, it is also associated with some limitations. Some tattoo inks are resistant to laser, and multiple sessions and multiple wavelengths may be required for its complete removal. Considering these limitations, other treatment modalities for tattoo removal must be explored. This article highlights the non‐laser treatment options for tattoo removal. We reviewed all published literature identified from electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) till August 2021 to highlight the non‐laser treatment options for tattoo removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no method that can guarantee effective, quick, and noninvasive removal of tattoo dyes. Laser methods are considered to be the method of choice. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the in vitro spectral characteristics of selected dyes used in permanent makeup and tattoos and to analyze the obtained parameters in terms of laser treatments optimization. Materials and methods: Hyperspectral analysis was performed to determine the spectral characteristics of the dye on the entire surface of the slide. Seven dyes used in permanent makeup and tattoos were analyzed in vitro. The maximum reflectance and the wavelength for a given dye were determined for the maximum reflectance in the studied wavelength range: 400–1000 nm. The optical properties of the dyes were determined based on visible light imaging using camera. Results: The maximum radiation reflectance ranges from 634 to 732 nm for the tested dyes. Visually very similar colors may differ significantly in the wavelength for which the maximum absorption of the radiation occurs. White and yellow dyes are characterized by the highest reflectance value. The black dye is characterized by the lowest reflectance coefficient. Low reflectance of black dye results in more safe and effective removal treatments. Conclusion: The homogeneity of radiation absorption can be identified using methods of analysis and processing of images in visible light. Optimization of the wavelength of which the maximum absorption/reflectance of radiation occurs may allow us to increase the effectiveness of laser treatments for removing permanent makeup and tattoos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to describe reasons for desiring removal of unwanted tattoos and self-reported outcomes among justice-involved adults (JIA) receiving free laser tattoo removal in Southern California. Between 2016 and 2021, JIA completed voluntary anonymous surveys at baseline (n = 53) and follow-up (n = 113) visits. Descriptive analyses were generated for quantitative items. Themes were identified from open-ended questions. Patients were predominantly male (74%) and most (81%) reported tattoo-related discrimination. Adjusted multivariate analyses showed that a higher number of domains in which patients reported tattoo-related discrimination was associated with having more tattoos to remove and citing reasons for removal related to employment and stigma by association (e.g., gang membership and police interactions). At follow-up, 48% of patients felt they were treated better in their community, and nearly a quarter of patients (25%) reported greater confidence and self-esteem. JIA seek tattoo removal due to stigma and discrimination. While JIA reported diverse benefits, tattoo removal should likely be considered as one element of comprehensive programing that addresses JIA's diverse emotional, social, and economic needs. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of tattoo removal for JIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six Sigma and DMAIC methodology are potent quality improvement tools that can significantly improve healthcare processes. This article provides an overview of the DMAIC framework and demonstrates its application in improving procedures for physicians performing laser resurfacing and tattoo removal procedures. This methodology begins with defining clear objectives and assembling a dedicated team, followed by measuring and analyzing Critical-to-Quality variables using statistical tools. Improvement strategies are then developed and tested, with control measures implemented to ensure successful outcomes are maintained over time. By systematically following the DMAIC phases, teams can identify areas for improvement, proactively implement changes, and ultimately minimize adverse outcomes associated with medical laser procedures. Adapting the DMAIC framework for dermatological laser procedures offers a structured approach to enhance treatment effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and standardize care, ultimately reducing the risks and side effects associated with these procedures., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Systems that analyse faces have seen significant improvements in recent years and are today used in numerous application scenarios. However, these systems have been found to be negatively affected by facial alterations such as tattoos. To better understand and mitigate the effect of facial tattoos in facial analysis systems, large datasets of images of individuals with and without tattoos are needed. To this end, we propose a generator for automatically adding realistic tattoos to facial images. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of the generation by using a deep learning-based model for removing tattoos from face images. The experimental results show that it is possible to remove facial tattoos from real images without degrading the quality of the image. Additionally, we show that it is possible to improve face recognition accuracy by using the proposed deep learning-based tattoo removal before extracting and comparing facial features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of patient satisfaction following tattoo removal often varies and frequently diverge from clinical objectivity. This study assesses how much social media can influence patient satisfaction after picosecond laser (PSL) tattoo removal, in light of the growing influence they have on consumers. Twenty-seven patients were treated with PSL for removal of professional black tattoo. Two groups of patients were identified: those who were already being treated at our institute or had been referred by other physicians (group 1) and those who found us through social media (group 2). Clinical improvement was evaluated 8 weeks after the final laser session and patients' satisfaction was assessed. In both groups, clinical results were homogeneous; however, Group 2 patients' subjective Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores were lower than those reported by clinicians (p=0.035), while Group 1 was globally more satisfied (p<0.001). We can affirm that the influence of social media on the perceptions and expectations of patients can affect their level of satisfaction. Particularly for people who are influenced by social media, it is essential to provide explanations prior to laser treatments, in order to clarify what may actually be expected from laser sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos have become ingrained in our society and have served varied purposes throughout human civilization. So long as tattoos have existed, there has been demand for their removal. Lasers are currently the modality of choice in the removal of tattoos, as they are more efficacious than previously used methods. The most common lasers are the 532 nm and 1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, the quality-switched 694 nm Ruby laser, and the quality-switched 755 nm alexandrite laser. However, picosecond lasers are rapidly gaining favor in tattoo removal. An in-depth understanding of laser principles and how they can be applied in the setting of tattoo removal is key. Also, a greater understanding of the origin of and colors within a tattoo, the presence of tattoo layering, and a patient's Fitzpatrick skin type increase the odds of satisfactory results. This review provides dermatologists with a comprehensive summary on laser fundamentals, an overview on treatment principles, and recent developments in the field of laser tattoo removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Removal of the unwanted tattoo was initially focused treatment of picosecond laser in the setting of the unfractionated beam, whereas the fractionated 1064‐nm picosecond lasers (Fr‐Pico) has been successfully utilized in various skin conditions, including scar and benign pigmented lesions. However, no studies compared the combination of Fr‐Pico and unfractional 1064‐nm picosecond laser (UFr‐Pico) and UFr‐Pico alone in tattoo removal. Objective: This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of the combination of Fr‐Pico and UFr‐Pico and the UFr‐Pico and in tattoo removal. Materials and methods: Nineteen black tattoos in 11 patients were treated with UFr‐Pico on one half and in combination with Fr‐Pico on another half over three sessions with 4‐week intervals and 4‐week follow‐up after the last session. Treatment efficacy was assessed using digital photographs, skin imaging analysis, and patient satisfaction. Results: After three treatments, tattoo clearance scores revealed that greater than 50% clearance was achieved in 11 (84.6%) tattoos treated with combination side and 9 (69.2%) tattoos with UFr‐Pico alone. Significant differences were observed between the groups at 8 and 12 weeks. Skin textural changes also demonstrated significant improvements in the combination side at Week 12. Adverse events, such as blistering and textural changes, were fewer in the combination side. Conclusion: The combination of 1064 nm Fr‐Pico and UFr‐Pico may be more effective and safer in tattoo removal than UFr‐Pico alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tattoos are less prevalent in Mexico and tattooed persons are frequently stigmatized. We examine the prevalence and correlates of interest in receiving tattoo removal services among 278 tattooed Mexican adults living in Tijuana, Mexico who responded to interviewer-administered surveys, including open-ended questions. Overall, 69% of participants were interested in receiving free tattoo removal services, 31% reported facing employment barriers due to their tattoos, and 43% of respondents regretted or disliked some of their tattoos. Having a voter identification card, reporting moderate/severe depression symptoms and believing that tattoo removal would remove employment barriers were independently associated with interest in tattoo removal. Our findings suggest that there is substantial interest in tattoo removal services. Publicly financed tattoo removal services may help disadvantaged persons gain access to Mexico's labor market and it may positively impact other life domains such as mental well-being and interactions with law enforcement.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new combined method of Q-S laser-assisted tattoo removal. Ten patients with 13 professional, mostly mono-chromatic black tattoos were recruited. All tattoos received the same Q-S laser treatment sequence. An objective evaluation of tattoo clearing was assessed by careful analysis of a standardized collection of digital images taken from each tattoo, 2 months after each laser session, with the help of a custom-made pigment-fading percentage photographic ruler. The percentages of pigment clearance and side effects were evaluated by 4 independent dermatologists. Patient satisfaction and perceived discomfort during and post-procedure were evaluated according to specific scales. Clinical evaluators confirmed an average photographic pigment clearance of 97% after a median 4.85 treatment sessions. The Frac-Tat® method required 40% fewer sessions compared to those calculated by Kirby-Desai estimates. Photographic assessment of laser-exposed skin quality performed 2 months after tattoo clearing was considered almost comparable with untreated peripheral skin, confirming a very low side effect score. The Frac-Tat QS laser-assisted tattoo removal sequence used in our study showed a high degree of safety and efficiency, clearing exogenous pigments in a relatively few number of sessions. Preliminary ablative photo-acoustic fractional 1064-nm Q-S laser micro-drilling was considered an essential step in optimizing tattoo removal, increasing wavelength-independent micro-columnar clearing of deeper dermal exogenous pigments. Our preliminary observations also confirmed a significant improvement of tattoo procedure-induced micro-textural changes thanks to a tissue remodeling effect induced by the 1064-nm Q-S fractional laser photo-acoustic ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]