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The present study investigates the thermodynamics analysis of a trigeneration system using a gasifier system. An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system is used to heat recovery and consequently, supplying the cooling demand. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are used to energy and exergy analysis of the system. Some thermodynamic parameters which affect the system performance including combustion temperature, gasifier temperature, compressor isentropic efficiency, gas turbine isentropic efficiency, compressor pressure ratio, and ORC pressure are parametrically analysed and their contribution in improving the efficiency and economy of the system is investigated. To the sustainable performance of the combined system, we need an evolutionary algorithm to identify the optimum values of thermodynamic parameters that have an impact on system performance. Hence, the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used to find the best values of decision variables. The most striking result to emerge from the optimisation.optimisation is that implementing the MOPSO algorithm improves the exergy efficiency by 5.17% and reduces the total cost of the system by 1.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradient concentration in nature has garnered significant attention as a promising source for energy harvesting. Researchers have explored various methods to harness electricity from gradient‐concentration‐induced flows, including evaporation‐driven nanogenerators and humidity‐gradient‐based power generators. However, their low current and power density are the main obstacles toward practical applications. Herein, a Bilayer Hydrogel Electricity Generator (BHEG) is presented to enable efficient energy harvesting through the synergy between ion gradient concentration and galvanic effects. A BHEG unit employing identical materials for both electrodes demonstrates an open‐circuit voltage of 0.7 V and a short‐circuit current of 4.34 mA—surpassing the currently reported average by over 73 times—and achieves a maximum power density of 72.2 mW m−2. Moreover, another BHEG unit using Zn─C electrode materials exhibit an open‐circuit voltage of 1.86 V and a short‐circuit current of 92 mA. Furthermore, the versatility of the BHEG extends beyond power generation, effectively providing passive thermal management for electronics, resulting in a maximum temperature reduction of ≈20 °C. Consequently, the study contributes insights into the design and fabrication of efficient hydrogel‐based power generators, providing a promising avenue for leveraging natural‐flow‐induced energy for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing apprehensions regarding climate change and the rising levels of carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel usage, in conjunction with the upsurge in plastic waste attributable to population expansion, have catalyzed a heightened consideration of alternative energy carriers as substitutes for fossil fuels. Methanol (MeOH) is emerging as a promising contender for mitigating the challenges encountered by hydrogen in the realms of storage and transportation. This study investigates the application of waste polyethylene gasification with steam for the production of syngas and methanol, utilizing the thermal integration of biogas-fueled chemical looping combustion (CLC). A noteworthy feature of this proposed system is its capability to generate methanol, power and heating without the emission of carbon dioxide into the environment. The powerful software Aspen Plus is utilized for an extensive process simulation. The simulation results reveal that the optimal molar ratio of the oxygen carrier to the biogas in the CLC is 2.6 (At air reactor temperature of 1000 °C). The operational performance evaluation reveals that the suggested system achieves energy efficiency of 69.5% and exergy efficiency of 64.2% The most significant energy destructors are related to the components of the air reactor, combustion chamber, and fuel reactor, respectively. Additionally, the production rate of methanol is 466.2 kg/h, and the minimum selling price of methanol is calculated to be 0.7 USD/kg. • Integration of chemical looping combustion and Plastic waste gasification paves the way for carbon-free energy production. • Over 98% CO 2 separation is achieved by decentralized energy. • Energy system to produce power, methanol and heat. • Overall energy and exergy efficiencies obtained 69.5 % and 64.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a novel trigeneration system for the simultaneous production of desalinated water, electrical energy, and cooling, addressing the challenges of water scarcity and climate change through an integrated and efficient approach. The proposed system combines an 8-stage Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) process with a 6-effect Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) process, complemented by an expander-generator to optimize steam utilization. Cooling production is achieved through a dual ejectocondensation mechanism, which enhances energy recovery and expands operational flexibility. The system's performance was analyzed using Aspen Plus simulations, demonstrating technical feasibility across a broad operating range: 28.3 to 0.8 kPa and 68 to 4 °C. In cogeneration mode, the system achieves a Performance Ratio (PR) of 12.06 and a Recovery Ratio (RR) of 54%, producing 67,219.2 L/day of desalinated water and reducing electrical consumption by 12.03%. In trigeneration mode, it achieves a PR of 17.81 and an RR of 80%, with a cooling capacity of 1225 kW, generating 99,273.6 L/day of desalinated water while reducing electrical consumption by 3.69%. These results underscore the system's capability to significantly enhance the efficiency and capacity of thermal desalination technologies, offering a sustainable and high-performing solution for coastal communities worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar desalination has a significant potential for addressing the increasing water scarcity of the world. Solar stills offer a sustainable solution for desalination of brackish water. Integration of Phase Change Material (PCM) in the still is one of the options for enhancing its productivity. Integration of PCM in solar stills has gained attention due to its capability to efficiently store and release thermal energy thereby enhancing its productivity. The present work proposes a modeling framework for the performance assessment of simple double slope solar stills integrated with PCM. The methodology is based on energy and exergy balance of the overall system. The exergy destruction associated with the still has been evaluated for the basic still and is compared with the case of PCM integrated still. The developed mathematical modeling framework is validated based on comparisons with the experimental observations for the south Indian location of Kozhikode. Lauric acid is considered as the representative PCM due to its favorable thermal properties for the application in solar stills. There is a reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental observations. With the incorporation of lauric acid as the PCM in the system, daily yield, daily thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency were found to be increased by 8.9%, 10.6%, and 3% respectively. A generic modelling framework for energy and exergy-based performance assessment of a PCM integrated still has been presented, which will be a useful tool for system optimization. Integration of different PCM with enhanced thermal properties are planned as future work for overall system optimisation for maximum energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar-driven high-temperature steam electrolysis is promising for efficient large-scale H 2 production. In this study, a comprehensive component-to-system model and optimization framework is developed to investigate the performance of a zero-emission H 2 production system based on solar power plant and protonic ceramic electrolysis cell. Compared to previous system studies, the detailed description of cell internal operating characteristics is realized by integrating multi-physics simulation and artificial neural network. After parametric analyses, it is found that the system energy/exergy efficiency and co-generation performance are complicated by each subsystem. And the optimal system performance (η th = 50.63 %, Z = 179.63 $·h−1 and η ex = 33.03 %, Z = 178.94 $·h−1, with LCOE = 0.172 $·kWh−1 and Z H2 = 6.497 $·kg−1) is obtained considering cell operating features and system energy-exergy-economic factors through multi-objective optimizations. Besides, the tradeoff between system maximum H 2 production capacity and cell internal thermal conditions is revealed. This study can facilitate the development of zero-emission green H 2 production driven by renewable energy. • A novel SPT-PCEC based integrated system is proposed for green H 2 production. • Both PCEC state and system energy-exergy-economic performance are considered. • Effects of each subsystem parameters on system performance are analyzed. • Optimal system performance under different constraints is obtained. • The tradeoff between system H 2 capacity and PCEC thermal conditions is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing energy demand, the reduction of non-renewable resources, and the increase in environmental damage factors have drawn attention to energy supply through multi-generation systems. This study proposes a multi-generation system based on the Allam cycle, integrated with geothermal energy, with the aim of minimizing natural gas fuel consumption. This system includes the main sub-systems: an electrolyzer unit, a reverse osmosis unit, an organic Rankine cycle, a hydrogen engine, an absorption chiller, and a compression chiller. The proposed multi-generation system provides the hourly demands of freshwater, cooling, heating and electricity of a residential building located in the city of St. Petersburg (in Russia). For the purpose of feasibility, the system is studied from the thermodynamic, environmental, and economic points of view. The results of the thermodynamic analysis showed that the system has maximum energy and exergy efficiency of 29.759 and 25.879% respectively. The use of geothermal energy reduced CO2 emissions to a maximum of 1895043 gr. Calculation of the NPV index for interest rates of 15 to 30% showed that this system will be profitable in the twelfth year at most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current work is to explore the most appropriate temperature processing technologies (TPTs) and make their assessment based on the desired performance characteristics (assessment criteria) in the context of Indian cold chain (CC) industries. The assessment criteria and explored TPTs have been framed into a model for their theoretical and empirical assessment. The developed model has been analysed using an integrated approach based on Best Worst Method (BWM) and Evaluation Based on the Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) methods. The key findings of the work show that the criteria 'capability to achieve desired temperature' and 'Compatibility with environmental standards' play a crucial role in selecting a TPT for CC applications. Meanwhile, the refrigeration technologies such as 'solar energy-driven tri-generation refrigeration system' and 'passive cold devices as refrigeration technologies' can be adopted to achieve the optimum performance level of CC. To check the robustness of the results, sensitivity analysis has been performed. In addition, the study offers sound theoretical and managerial implications enriching the literature content into the subject domain and suggesting the most suitable TPT for temperature maintenance in CC, which might help the management to make decisions towards organisational growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel is a five-layer intercalation system material consisting of a UO2 core, a sparse pyrolytic carbon layer (Buffer), an inner dense pyrolytic carbon layer (IPyC), an outer dense pyrolytic carbon layer (OPyC), and a silicon carbide matrix (SiC). At first, this paper researched the thermodynamic models of the materials, including heat conduction coefficient, Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. Then DIGIMAT, the finite element software, was used to establish the equivalent volume element (RVE) for the equivalent analysis of the thermodynamic properties of the FCM fuel pellet. Finally, the thermodynamic equivalent performance model of FCM fuel was obtained by multi-factor fitting analysis. The results show that among these thermodynamic properties of FCM fuel pellets, the Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient and plastic performance are mainly affected by temperature, fast neutron fluence, and UO2 volume fraction; the specific heat capacity is mainly affected by UO2 volume fraction and temperature; the heat conduction coefficient is mainly affected by temperature and UO2 volume fraction. The thermal conductivity is mainly affected by temperature, burnup and UO2 volume fraction. In this study, the equivalent models obtained through the fitting analysis of RVE model parameters can well describe the thermodynamic behavior of FCM fuel particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent effects of climate change and rising global warming levels have increased the need to transition towards clean energy. The use of multi-energy systems is one of the potential solutions to these issues, as validated in the literature. The production of hydrogen from cleaner sources has an integral role in decarbonizing the industrial, building, and transportation sectors. Hence, this study proposes novel multi-energy systems that can produce hydrogen from wind resources. The study is novel as it developed an innovative multi-energy system configuration and also considers hydrogen production as a means to utilize excess wind power production. The intermittency of wind resources has been a major drawback in using this renewable energy as the singular source for multi-generation systems. The multi-energy configuration developed and analyzed in this study proposed a solution for this by integrating a regenerative reheat biomass integrated power cycle as an auxiliary system for the multi-generation system (Wind-Bio-MGS). This system is modeled to produce electricity, heating, hot water, and hydrogen. The energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic approach is adopted in this study to evaluate the steady-state performance of the system, while the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), levelized cost of heating (LCOh), and levelized cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) are also computed. A multi-objective optimization of the overall exergy efficiency and total product unit cost is presented. The parametric analysis of the energy systems is included to show the sensitivity of different parameters to changes and validate the robustness of the modeled system. The results show that the integration of hydrogen with wind-based multi-generation systems is a viable means of reducing carbon emissions and global warming. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the Wind-Bio-MGS system are 69.13% and 31.16%, respectively. The LCOE, LCOh, and LCOH for the system, respectively, are 0.02828 $ kWh−1, 0.004038 $ kWh−1, and 1.311 $ kg−1 s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• For the first time, nanoparticles have been added into the cascade cycles. • An 6.37 % increase in performance was achieved with nano-refrigerant application. • With nano-refrigerant the emission of the CO 2 has decreased by 13.03 %. There is a lack of research in the literature on the application of nanoparticles to different cascade cycle configurations with environmental refrigerants in ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications. This study is the first on the use of nano-refrigerants in cascade refrigeration cycles. In this study, the effect of 2 wt.% of CuO to RE170 and R170-pure refrigerant utilization in cascade vapor compression refrigeration cycle (CVCRC), cascade ejector refrigeration cycle (CERC) and cascade ejector intercooler refrigeration cycle (CEIRC) are investigated to achieve higher performance values in ultra-low temperature applications. For CVCRC, CERC and CEIRC, the increases in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) with the use of nano-refrigerant were found to be 12.77 %, 8.20 %, and 6.37 %, respectively, and 18.55 %, 14.05 %, and 6.07 %, for exergy efficiency. Upon scrutinizing the results with nano-refrigerant in relation to the COP, the analysis revealed that the CEIRC cycle exhibited an improvement ranging from 13.43 % to 20.49 % in comparison to CERC. Additionally, with nano-refrigerant, the CEIRC cycle demonstrated an increase ranging from 42.39 % to 75.41 % when compared to CVCRC in COP. It was observed that the utilization of CEIRC led to a 13.03 % decrease in kg CO 2 emissions in compared to CERC and a reduction of 32.53 % compared to CVCRC with using nano-refrigerant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ground-breaking solution that combines solar thermal energy and lithium-bromide vapor absorption technology to produce energy-efficient cooling and heating is the Intelligent Solar Assist 1kW Lithium Bromide Vapor Absorption system. This cutting-edge system uses the sun’s energy to power the absorption cycle, offering environmentally friendly and economically viable thermal management. Solar thermal collectors, a lithium bromide absorption chiller, a thermal energy storage device, and sophisticated control algorithms comprise the system’s main parts. Sunlight is captured and converted by solar thermal collectors into thermal energy, which is then used to produce the necessary heat for the lithium bromide absorption chiller. This chiller uses the absorption refrigeration cycle to efficiently cool or heat the specified area or process. When intelligent control algorithms are incorporated, the system performs and operates more effectively and efficiently. These algorithms regulate the thermal energy storage unit and optimize the use of solar energy, delivering a constant and dependable supply of cooling or heating as needed. Advanced monitoring and diagnostics features are also built into the system, allowing for remote control and in-the-moment performance evaluation. Disadvantages are ethical issues, lack of generalization, interpretability and complexity, scalability and processing resources, and scientific agreement. A novel Chimp-based recurrent model (CbRM) has been planned to be designed to predict the desired efficiency from the Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC) to overcome this issue. Comparing the Intelligent Solar Assist system to conventional heating and cooling systems, several benefits must be had. It minimizes greenhouse gas emissions, lessens reliance on traditional energy sources, and promotes a more sustainable future. The system also saves money using solar energy, lowering power costs and enhancing energy efficiency. Moreover, the proposed system implementation is done in Matlab. The method achieves the high efficiency of ETC in the range of about 0.9% which increases by 0.3% and the higher rate of COP was about 9.5% which increases up to 6%, as the increased concentration level of the strong solution was about 6.5% it was nearly 5% increase. The parameters in the suggested model were compared to the current parameters for the comparison analysis, and it was discovered that the proposed model had superior presenting efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system has attracted increasing attention due to its potential outstanding performance in thermodynamics, economics, and the environment. However, the conventional CCHP systems are carbon-intensive. To solve this issue, a low-carbon-emission CCHP system (LC-CCHP) is firstly proposed in this work by integrating a sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) process. In the LC-CCHP system, CO2 is continuously captured by the calcium loop so that low-carbon energy can be generated. Then, the LC-CCHP system thermodynamic model, mainly consisting of a dual fluidized bed reactor which includes the SE-SMR reactor and a CaCO3 calcination reactor, a hydrogen gas turbine, a CO2 reheater, and a lithium bromide absorption chiller, is built. To prove that the LC-CCHP model is reliable, the system major sub-unit model predictions are compared against data from the literature in terms of thermodynamics and economics. Finally, the effects of reforming temperature (Tref), the steam-to-carbon mole ratio (S/C), the calcium-to-carbon mole ratio (RCC), the equivalent ratio for gas turbine (RAE), and the hydrogen separation ratio (Sfg) on total energy efficiency ( η t e n ), total exergy efficiency ( η t e x ), and carbon capture capability ( R c m ) are detected. It is found that the minimum exergy efficiency of 64.5% exists at the calciner unit, while the maximum exergy efficiency of 78.7% appears at the gas turbine unit. The maximum energy efficiency and coefficient of performance of the absorption chiller are 0.52 and 1.33, respectively. When T r e f = 600 °C, S / C = 4.0 , R C C = 7.62 , R A E = 1.20 , and S f g = 0.27 , the η t e n , η t e x , and R c m of the system can be ~61%, ~68%, and ~96%, and the average specific cost of the system is 0.024 USD/kWh, which is advanced compared with the parallel CCHP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, trigeneration is one of the best technologies that allows achieving significant energy saving indicators, increasing the thermal efficiency of the energy complex to 80% or more, minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as other contaminations into the atmosphere. Trigeneration is the most usable in areas where it is necessary to use cooling in technological processes. First of all, this is the food industry. The cold generated by a trigeneration unit is used to cool raw materials or finished products. Trigeneration is also effective in enterprises where refrigeration capacity is expected to be used yearround. A trigeneration unit, as a more profitable and effective alternative to classic sources of heat, cold and energy supply, is also used in metallurgy, the chemical, oil industries and other industries. Trigeneration is a fairly independent direction in the development of small-scale energy. It is characterized by individualism, since it is oriented towards meeting the needs of a specific facility in energy resources. The article considers the use of trigeneration systems in the production of low-temperature natural products. Carbon dioxide is a liquid product obtained from flue gases formed after the combustion of natural gas. The analysis shows that it is more profitable to first produce electricity and heat in a cogeneration plant operating on natural gas. Problems arise when creating such systems: the combustion products after the cogeneration unit contain 8-10% oxygen; the potential of the heat received is low. Several options for eliminating these shortcomings are proposed. This made it possible to create autonomously and effectively operating autonomous multi-purpose complexes that use only natural gas to produce electricity, heat, liquid low-temperature carbon dioxide and pure gaseous nitrogen. These complexes realize the high energy potential of the fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of freshwater in many countries pushes authorities to utilize desalination units. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have shown promising results to provide the power to establish a multi-generation system using hydrogen as a renewable source. In this article, to better improve the efficiency of the suggested integrated system, the waste heat of the SOFC is recovered through the application of a Kalina power cycle and Humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination unit. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) cold stream also utilizes the waste heat of the Kalina cycle (KC) to provide cooling and power simultaneously. As all the considered cycles of Kalina, LNG cold stream, and SOFC can produce power and as this amount of electricity would be higher than the grid's demand, a further Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit is utilized to increase the output amount of freshwater in the proposed system. The main focus of this study is to perform the thermodynamic analysis of this tri-generation system, which can generate power, cooling, and freshwater. Results indicate that the exergy and energy efficiencies of the current suggested system when the current density of the SOFC is 550 (A/ m 2), is around 55% and 60%, respectively. • Suggesting a novel system to produce freshwater, electricity, and cooling. • Thermodynamic analysis of the proposed novel tri-generation system. • Having energy and exergy efficiencies of 60% and 55%, respectively. • Parametric study considering the changes in the SOFC's current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are worldwide growing concerns about environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. Moreover, it is expected that there will be regional differences in environmental issues. Therefore, this study focuses on a tri-regional comparison: America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Previous literature has paid less attention to exploring regional comparisons while considering regional heterogeneity. Against this backdrop, this study delves into the dynamic relationship between fossil fuel utilization, economic growth, globalization, urbanization, and CO2 emissions to understand the environmental implications of these interconnected factors. The study period spans from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, it employed rigorous tests to confirm cross-sectional dependence and data heterogeneity, following methodologies proposed by Pesaran (2004, 2015) and Pesaran (2007), utilizing the CS-ARDL panel cointegration methodology by Chudik and Pesaran (2015). The results confirm long-term significant relationships among OC, NGC, FDI, and UR variables in both combined panels, with and without regional dummies. However, GDP and COC become insignificant in the long run in the dummy variables regression. Furthermore, the regional dummies were found to be negative but remain insignificant, possibly due to heterogeneous effects or unobserved factors influencing each region independently. Analysis by region reveals predominant coal consumption in Asia, higher oil consumption in America, and greater gas consumption in Europe. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are positive in Asia and America but negative in Europe, aligning with theories prioritizing growth over environmental concerns in Asia and America, and advocating for renewable energy adoption in Europe. Urbanization increases energy demand and emissions, supporting the environmental revolution theory, while FDI holds the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, as per the endogenous growth theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved the utilization of novel developed six distinct fuel, denoted as, PG5, PG10, PG15, PG20, PG25, and PG30 and G100 (pure gasoline). These fuels were derived from various blends of gasoline and phthalocyanines. Experimental investigations were conducted to assess the internal combustion engine's performance in terms of both energy and exergy. The mixtures underwent testing across a range of engine speeds, spanning from 1400 rpm to 3000 rpm. Notably, optimal performance across all fuels and engine speeds was consistently observed at 2600 rpm. In terms of energy and exergy efficiency assessments for all fuels and engine speeds, PG25 fuel demonstrated the highest efficiency levels, with 35% energy efficiency and 33% exergy efficiency at 2600 rpm. Conversely, G100 fuel exhibited the lowest energy and exergy efficiency at the same engine speed, registering values of 27% and 24%, respectively. Meanwhile, with regard to exhaust exergy, G100 fuel demonstrated the highest exhaust energy at 10.69 kW, occurring at 3000 rpm, whereas PG25 fuel exhibited the lowest exhaust exergy, measured at 3.09 kW. It has been observed that N2 gas, one of the exhaust components that affects the exergy of exhaust gases, affects the exhaust exergy to a large extent and this ratio is approximately 50%. In addition, the sustainability index value for all fuels was found to be at most 2600 rpm. It was calculated as 1.50 for PG25 fuel and 1.32 for G100 fuel. • The exergy of phthalocyanine as a fuel examined in internal combustion engines. • To increase efficiency of new fuels in the internal combustion engine. • The newly developed fuel has been shown to be more efficient than gasoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, the growing demand for energy has been largely met through power cycles utilizing fossil fuels. Combined cycles, which integrate a gas turbine with a steam cycle, prove to be the best alternative due to their power generation capacity and high efficiencies. This efficiency is primarily attributed to the ability to harness exhaust gases to generate steam in the heat recovery boiler, allowing additional power generation through the steam turbine. Currently, there is a quest for the integration of low-temperature power cycles to maximize the utilization of residual thermal energy flows for power generation. Therefore, this work conducts an exergetic optimization of a power trigeneration system aimed at maximizing exergetic efficiency. This system includes a gas turbine and a steam cycle coupled with three different configurations of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): a simple ORC, a supercritical ORC, and an ultracritical ORC. The ORC configurations are analyzed using eight organic working fluids, namely R1234yf, R290, R134a, R1234ze, R152a, R600a, R245fa, and R123. The results show that the maximum exergetic efficiency is achieved by using R152a in the ultracritical ORC configuration coupled with the combined cycle, achieving an exergetic efficiency of 55.79%. Furthermore, the maximum power generated is attained by the steam cycle with 85,600.63 kW and 3101.21 kW for the ultracritical ORC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While proposing dual carbon strategy goals, research on carbon reduction in integrated energy systems (IESs) has become a focus of attention. Traditional IES carbon emission flow is mostly based on energy flow, without considering the differences in energy quality. Exergy can be used as a reasonable measure of energy quality. Combining the theory of exergy flow and carbon emission flow, a modeling and analysis method for IES carbon emission flow considering energy quality is proposed. First, exergy flow models for electric and natural gas systems, equivalent exergy flow models for heat systems, and exergy hub models are introduced. Afterward, the exergy branch losses are allocated to the nodes at both ends. A networked modeling method for the carbon emission flow of energy stations is proposed. A unified matrix calculation model for IES carbon emission flow considering energy quality is established. On this basis, an IES carbon emission flow calculation method considering energy quality is proposed. Finally, this method is applied to the test IES, and the results show that the carbon emission flow calculation results reflect the distribution of carbon emissions borne by the effective energy supplied by the source and consumed by the load in the system, taking into account both the quantity and quality of energy. The reasonable allocation of new energy is conducive to synchronously improving the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and cleanliness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to develop a process design and integration of a tri-generation system for simultaneous production of electricity using renewable resources, hydrogen (H2) and green ammonia (NH3). Ammonia being a vital raw material, is gaining recognition as a sustainable fuel, particularly for heavy transport and as a significant hydrogen energy carrier. The proposed integrated plant contains an alkaline water electrolysis system for hydrogen production, which is then consumed in the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis. The electricity required for electrolysis process is generated through renewable resources, specifically wind and solar energy. The energy is stored in form of molten salt through thermal energy storage technology. The process design includes detailed material and energy balances for water electrolysis and ammonia production units. Results obtained by rigorous design of equipment such a hydrogen and oxygen separators, heat exchanger, electrolyzer for hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis reactor highlight optimized operational and design parameters. The economic feasibility assessment of the process was made through cost estimation of key components, such as separators, heat exchanger, electrolyzer, compressor and tubular reactor. The findings obtained by this study highlight the potential of this tri-generation system in providing the sustainable solution for energy and climate change crisis, specifically in countries like Pakistan where renewable energy resources are present in abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, thermodynamic/eco/environmental analysis of the relationship between time-dependent particle deposition and thermal-based losses and incident solar radiation intensity on the PV front cover glass during the months with the least precipitation in the city of Samsun (Turkey) was performed. To evaluate the effect of dust accumulation, controlled experiments were carried out where the surface of one set of PV panels was periodically cleaned with water and the other one was left to natural contamination. The results showed that over three months, the difference in energy loss rates between cleaned and uncleaned PV arrays ranged from 2.53% to 8.1%, with the exergy efficiency difference measured at 1.3%–2.44%. According to the energy-based analyzes, August was the most effective month, with cleaned PV arrays reducing CO2 emissions by 401.5 kg and saving $6.02, compared to uncleaned PV arrays which reduced emissions by 362.21 kg and cost $5.43, respectively. Similarly, in the exergy-based evaluation, August was the most efficient month, with cleaned PV arrays decreasing CO2 emissions by 401.5 kg and saving $6.02, compared to uncleaned PV arrays, which dropped CO2 emissions by 362.21 kg and costing $5.43, respectively. While the cleaned surfaces were initially positive, a decrease was observed over time. However, the efficiency of PV decreased with increasing panel temperature. The study concludes that PV surfaces need to be cleaned at certain intervals, depending on the location's weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated energy system (IES) plays a key role in transforming energy consumption patterns and solving serious environmental and economic problems. However, the abundant optional schemes and the complex coupling relationship among each piece of equipment make the optimization of an IES very complicated, and most of the current literature focuses on optimization of a specific system. In this work, a simulation-based two-step decoupling method is proposed to simplify the optimization of an IES. The generalized IES is split into four subsystems, and a two-layer optimization method is applied for optimization of the capacity of each piece of equipment. The proposed method enables fast comparison among abundant optional configurations of an IES, and it is applied to a hospital in Beijing, China. The optimized coupling system includes the gas-fired trigeneration system, the GSHP, and the electric chiller. Compared with the traditional distributed systems, the emission reduction rate of CO2 and NOX for the coupling system reaches 153.8% and 314.5%, respectively. Moreover, the primary energy consumption of the coupling system is 82.67% less than that of the traditional distributed energy system, while the annual cost is almost at the same level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within an uncertain environment and following carbon trade policies, this study uses the Extended Exergy Accounting (EEA) method for coal supply chains (SCs) in eight of the world's most significant coal consuming countries. The purpose is to improve the sustainability of coal SCs in terms of Joules rather than money while considering economic, environmental, and social aspects. This model is a multi-product economic production quantity (EPQ) with a single-vendor multi-buyer with shortage as a backorder. Within the SC, there are some real constraints, such as inventory turnover ratio, waste disposal to the environment, carbon dioxide emissions, and available budgets for customers. For optimization purposes, three recent metaheuristic algorithms, including Ant Lion Optimizer, Lion Optimization Algorithm, and Whale Optimization Algorithm, are suggested to determine a near-optimum solution to an "exergy fuzzy nonlinear integer-programming (EFNIP)." Moreover, an exact method (GAMS) is employed to validate the results of the suggested algorithms. Additionally, sensitivity analyses with different percentages of exergy parameters, such as capital, labor, and environmental remediation, are done to gain a deeper understanding of sustainability improvement in coal SCs. The results showed that sustainable coal SC in the USA has the lowest fuzzy total exergy, while Poland and China have the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a hybrid absorption chiller was proposed as a part of the energy supply facility for a building with a rooftop greenhouse. Using the exhaust gas and the cooling water from the gas engine, the hybrid absorption chiller supplies the cooling and heating in summer and winter, respectively. Starting from the reference cycle, optimization processes were performed in three steps to maximize the improvements in the cooling capacity and the COP. The COP and the cooling capacity of the finally optimized cycle could be substantially improved compared to those of the initial reference cycle. Additionally, the performance characteristics in off-design conditions were investigated. The hybrid absorption cycle displayed a unique feature, that is, the overall COP decreased with the increasing temperature and the mass flow rate of the hot water due to the crucial role of the single-effect cycle with a low COP. Using the proposed hybrid absorption chiller, a COP of approximately 1.1 can be achieved, which is substantially higher than that of a single-effect absorption chiller. If the present hybrid absorption system is widely applied to places where gas- and liquid-phase waste heat is available, then this system is expected to contribute to energy savings and the reduction of CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Chinese society, there is an increasing demand for emissions reduction and the stable operation of the power grid. Regional comprehensive energy supply systems have entered the public's view owing to their advantages of reducing capacity, unified dispatch, improving efficiency, and reducing energy consumption. This paper focuses on a system under construction in Chongqing, which adopts a combined gas tri-supply (combined cooling, heat, and power, CCHP) and dynamic ice storage cooling system as the research object. By establishing a mathematical model for the simulation research, this study examines the start–stop priority sequence of the gas tri-supply subsystem and the heat pump subsystem under the ice storage priority strategy in winter and summer and proposes corresponding optimization solutions. By comparing the annual operating energy consumption of the system, we conclude that the gas tri-supply composite system has good economic efficiency and peak-shaving capability, indicating that regional gas tri-supply composite systems have great application potential in the future. The proposed optimized operation strategy and simulated energy consumption calculation provide theoretical guidance for the construction and operation of both this project and similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation and optimization was conducted with Aspen Plus on the distillation process for light components in 300,000 tons peryear methylchlorosilane unit. Firstly, WILSON model was selected based on root-mean-square errors (SEs) and absolute average deviation by the experimental data of gas-liquid equilibrium for methylchlorosilanes and the predictions of different thermodynamic models. By comparative analysis of simulation results in different tower sequence, a preferred scheme was that using the original azeotropic tower to prioritize the separation of trimethylchlorosilane, and then the original hydrogen tower and trimethyl tower were connected in series to separate methyl dichlorosilane. The results show that the purity of the methyldichlo-rosilane stream reaches 99.60% with a yield of 99.59%, while the purity of the trimethylchlorosilane stream reaches 99.80% with a yield of 98.40%, with the residual azeotropic flow rate of 68. 34 kg/h, and the total energy consumption of 2361 kW. Additionally, the result verifiy its feasibility by hydraulic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a novel tri‐level energy market model aimed at addressing the challenges posed by demand side management (DSM) in the electricity distribution company (EDC) is introduced. DSM has emerged as a new strategy employed by EDCs to manage and control electricity demand by encouraging end‐users to modify their electricity consumption patterns. This is achieved through the participation of demand response (DR) aggregators, which play a crucial role in assisting end‐users with strategies and technologies to reduce their electricity consumption during peak hours. The proposed tri‐level energy market model consists of four distinct players: EDC, microgrids, aggregators, customers. The interactions between these four actors are modelled within a tri‐level game framework, where the EDC and aggregators act as leaders, and the micro‐grids and customers are followers. This multi‐level and multi‐player game structure allows for a more realistic representation of the complexities involved in DSM programs within the energy market. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a real case study is utilized, showing that the new model better resembles real‐life market conditions. The results illustrate how the tri‐level energy market model can significantly reduce demand fluctuations during peak hours, leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness within DSM programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8 × 8 tri-arm multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array using novel even–odd mode decouplers is presented. To decouple the directly connected driven ports on the tri-arm antenna pair, a T-shaped stub working as an even-mode decoupler and a narrow strip working as an odd-mode decoupler are elaborately introduced. Therefore, the even-mode and odd-mode impedances cross with the antenna input impedance, and a deep coupling zero is achieved at this cross frequency. Finally, the proposed 8 × 8 MIMO array was developed, fabricated, and measured for further performance verification. The measured results show that the proposed array can have a wide isolation bandwidth of 17.2 % with a compact size of 0.44λ0 × 0.08λ0 and zero clearance requirement on the ground plane. The diversity performances are also investigated with the measured worst envelope correlation coefficient less than 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cement industry is regarded as one of the primary producers of world carbon emissions; hence, lowering its carbon emissions is vital for fostering the development of a low-carbon economy. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies play significant roles in sectors dominated by fossil energy. This study aimed to address issues such as high exhaust gas volume, low CO2 concentration, high pollutant content, and difficulty in carbon capture during cement production by combining traditional cement production processes with cryogenic air separation technology and CO2 purification and compression technology. Aspen Plus® was used to create the production model in its entirety, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted on pertinent production parameters. The findings demonstrate that linking the oxygen-enriched combustion process with the cement manufacturing process may decrease the exhaust gas flow by 54.62%, raise the CO2 mass fraction to 94.83%, cut coal usage by 30%, and considerably enhance energy utilization efficiency. An exergy analysis showed that the exergy efficiency of the complete kiln system was risen by 17.56% compared to typical manufacturing procedures. However, the cryogenic air separation system had a relatively low exergy efficiency in the subsidiary subsystems, while the clinker cooling system and flue gas circulation system suffered significant exergy efficiency losses. The rotary kiln system, which is the main source of the exergy losses, also had low exergy efficiency in the traditional production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a great energy carrier that has the potential to reduce pollution and greenhouse emissions if produced by renewables and clean energy systems. However, moving from dependence on fossil fuels to renewables without emissions is a giant and challenging leap. Therefore, nuclear energy is a well-established technology that can help cut emissions and produce the electricity required for hydrogen production. Electrolysis is a promising technology that uses electricity to produce hydrogen from water. This paper investigates the integration of a large-scale PEM electrolysis with the APR1400 nuclear power plant to produce hydrogen. The two subsystems are, firstly, separately modeled using energy and exergy concepts to conduct parametric analysis on each individually. These subsystems are then integrated into one system to evaluate the system performance, hydrogen production rate, and overall system efficiency. The integrated system is examined with different operation conditions. It is found that the overall thermal-to-hydrogen energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated system are 22.9% and 53.52%, respectively, and the hydrogen production rate is 7.544 kg/s; this makes 651 t per day and 19.5 kt per month. • An APR1400 plant is integrated with a PEM electrolyzer for hydrogen production. • The thermodynamic performance of the integrated system is parametrically analyzed. • The integrated system can produce hydrogen at an optimum exergy efficiency of 53.5%. • The integrated system produces 651 t of H2/day at an energy efficiency of about 23%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article to tackle the main concerns of today's world as fossil fuel shortage, environmental impacts of fossil fuels like global warming and atmosphere pollution as well as water scarcity, a novel power plant is designed. In this regard, the proposed plant comprises of biomass gasification unit, photovoltaic thermal collectors, a proton exchange membrane hydrogen production unit, as well as a reverse osmosis water purification plant. The plant is named as (biomass-fired combined cycle with photovoltaic, thermal collectors, hydrogen production, and reverse osmosis) BCPVHR and to assess its performance, energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses are performed. The varying parameters are compressor pressure ratio and gas turbine inlet temperature. These two parameters' impact on energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, net generated power, fresh water production, total unit product cost as well and environmental index are assessed. The results are useful for adjusting the compressor pressure ratio and gas turbine inlet temperature. Please note that this plant is designed to be used completely or partially in sports facilities and can be a valuable endeavor for managing sports facilities to use renewable energy in their construction. Meanwhile, based on the priories of products different values of parameters can be used. Increasing the compressor pressure ratio raises the total unit product cost and the environmental index until 11.5 decreases and later increases. Increasing the gas turbine inlet temperature decreases the both total unit product cost and environmental index which reach 65 $/GJ and 65 kg/kWh, respectively. • A novel power plant is designed. • Plant comprises of biomass gasification unit and photovoltaic. • Plant uses proton exchange membrane for hydrogen production. • System uses reverse osmosis for water purification. • Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary scope of the present work is the comprehensive investigation of a novel multigeneration system that exploits renewable energy sources, i.e. solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass, and produces four useful outputs, i.e. electricity, heating, cooling, and green hydrogen. Solar irradiation is the primary energy source, which is exploited by parabolic trough collectors and powers a supercritical CO 2 regenerative Brayton cycle, while a biomass boiler serves as an auxiliary energy input. In addition, the whole installation includes a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, a water heater, as well as an absorption chiller, where a geothermal well is used for heat rejection. Apart from the thermal energy storage tank, which is coupled with the collectors, hydrogen production is used as a secondary energy storage method, as the excess produced renewable electricity feeds the electrolyzer. Consequently, the installation is examined parametrically, and optimized on steady-state conditions. Then, a dynamic simulation study is conducted for the climate data of Athens, Greece. According to the results, at the optimum operation point on steady-state conditions, the energy efficiency is determined at 37.89%, and the exergy efficiency at 20.86%. Moreover, the annual energy and exergy efficiencies are defined at 32.52%, and 18.51%, respectively. The economic evaluation analysis indicates that the payback period is about 11 years, while the internal rate of return, and the net present value are determined at 10.62% and 7,753,905 €, respectively. In addition, the system is estimated to save 3072.6 tons of CO 2 equivalent per annum. In conclusion, the proposed multigeneration system can address the various energy needs and recent environmental challenges, as a totally renewable, economically feasible, and environmentally friendly solution. • A multigeneration system that produces four useful outputs is examined. • The unit exploits three renewable sources, solar, biomass, and geothermal. • Both steady-state and dynamic analyses are carried out. • The annual energy and exergy efficiencies are defined at 32.52% and 18.51%. • The system payback period is found at 11 years, while it saves 3072.6 tn CO2-eq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to increase the participation and penetration of renewable energy resources is to bring down the cost of these abundant resources for easy implementation and affordability. In this paper, a generalized reduced gradient (GRG) non‐linear optimization algorithm is implemented to solve a tri‐objective optimal design and sizing of a low‐cost hybrid mix consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, biomass power plant (BPP), and battery energy system for water pumping load applications in the University of Johannesburg, South Africa considering four different hybrids of biomass‐battery, PV‐battery, PV‐biomass, and PV‐biomass‐battery. The optimization model considers available energy and battery state of charge while minimizing least cost of energy (LCOE), carbon dioxide emission (tCO2eq), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP) including carbon tax incentive and penalty. The results when compared against particle swarm optimization (PSO) show the superiority of GRG over PSO with an optimal combination of PV‐biomass‐battery mix with optimal size of the PV power plant as 360.50 kW, the BPP 181.08 kW, and the battery size of 6,553.60 kWh giving a minimal optimal LCOE, CO2 emission and LPSP of 0.018 $/kWhr (with carbon tax), and 0.016 $/kWhr (without carbon tax), 28,067.73tCO2eq tCO2eq, and 1.7%, respectively. These values give a competitive advantage compared to the unit cost and values of CO2 emission and LPSP currently in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the feasibility of municipal sewage sludge utilization as an energy source in a polygeneration system. This system offers distinctive benefits such as contribution to the principled removal of sewage sludge, simultaneous utilization of raw and digested sludge in different parts of the system, and production of renewable hydrogen from bio-waste. 4E (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental) analyses, are performed to understand the system performance comprehensively. Then, parametric studies are examined the impact of changing the values of main parameters on the system operation. Afterward, a multi-objective optimization based on a genetic algorithm is carried out to achieve optimal values, considering a trade-off between the exergy efficiency and the total cost rate. Meanwhile, this work harnesses the potential of artificial neural networks to expedite complex and time-consuming optimization processes. According to the results, the gasifier exhibits the highest rate of exergy destruction, and the primary cost of consumption is attributed to its heat supply. The multi-objective optimization findings show that the optimum point has an exergy efficiency of 38.26 % and a total cost rate of 58.17 M$/year. The hydrogen production rate, energy efficiency, and net power generation rate for the optimal case are determined as 1692 kg/h, 35.24 %, and 4269 kW, respectively. Also, the unit cost of hydrogen in the optimal case is obtained 1.49 $/kg which offers a cost-effective solution for hydrogen production. [Display omitted] • 4E analysis and optimization performed on a bio-waste driven polygeneration system. • Plant optimized using artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm. • The feasibility of integrating a membrane for hydrogen separation investigated. • The optimum exergy efficiency and total cost rate obtained 38.26 % and 58.17 M$/year. • Hydrogen and electricity cost of 1.49 $/kg and 0.0145 $/kWh achieved for optimal case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass fuel utilization is a crucial energy supply task for sustainable development due to its renewable and high energy density nature. Considering an innovative thermal design for a biomass combustion process, this study proposes an innovative multigeneration system for generating combined cooling, heating, power, and freshwater. The proposed system comprises a biomass combustor, an organic Rankine cycle, a multi-effect desalination, an absorption chiller, and a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification unit. The system is simulated using the Aspen HYSYS software, and its energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects are analyzed comprehensively. According to the simulation, the system produces 10403 kW of electricity, 4927.4 kW of cooling, 1743 kW of heat, and 19.83 kg/s of freshwater. Hence, the energy and exergy efficiencies are computed as 67.1% and 37.15%, respectively. Based on the simulation condition, the total cost rate and product unit cost associated with the proposed system are 568 $/h and 14.89 $/GJ, respectively. The study also incorporates a comprehensive sensitivity study based on two principal parameters; i.e., LNG stream rate and temperature of the combustion gas leaving the evaporator of organic Rankine cycle, on the production capacity of products, energy and exergy efficiencies, primary energy saving, and product unit cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal power plants are pivotal in meeting global energy demands, yet enhancing their efficiency and sustainability remains an enduring challenge. While previous studies have scrutinized energy and exergy analyses of distinct plant components, there's a scarcity of comprehensive reviews integrating findings across diverse plant types. This paper bridges this gap by presenting a comprehensive synthesis of recent advancements in energy and exergy studies across coal, gas, biomass, oil, and combined cycle plants. The review focuses on critical aspects: optimizing operations through modeling and advanced controls, economic evaluations encompassing costs and revenue, and assessing environmental impacts such as emissions and water use. Achieving a balance between performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental responsibility is crucial for sustainable thermal power generation worldwide. It requires an integrated approach that considers technical, economic, and environmental factors to ensure efficiency, profitability, and minimal adverse effects on health and climate. Key findings emphasize that, in most cases, the boiler emerges as the primary source of exergy destruction, accounting for over 50% of losses across varied plant configurations. Turbines and condensers also significantly contribute to energy losses. Supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants exhibit higher efficiencies compared to subcritical counterparts. Integrating waste-to-energy technologies with coal plants holds promise, offering efficiency improvements and reduced environmental impact. Optimizing parameters such as pressure and temperature, along with component advancements, shows potential in curbing losses. These optimization endeavors have showcased a notable up to 6% enhancement in exergy efficiency. This review underscores the critical role of ongoing thermodynamic modeling and assessments in steering towards more sustainable thermal power generation. In summary, this paper delivers valuable insights into performance benchmarks and delineates effective strategies for augmenting thermal power plant efficiency through exhaustive energy and exergy analyses. [Display omitted] • Exergy analysis provides a broader perspective than energy analysis alone. • Boiler subsystem is a major source of exergy destruction (52-85% of total losses). • Supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants display higher efficiencies than subcritical ones. • Optimization of parameters like temperature and pressure can boost exergy efficiency by up to 6%. • Advanced combined cycles achieved over 50% efficiency, indicating potential for lower CO2/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering biogas upgrading to feed energy systems and its significant impact on the biogas energy density, a novel polygeneration system utilizing biogas from landfill waste is designed, simulated, and studied in this paper. The primary innovation is to design a biogas upgrading technology for a novel multigeneration system using a thermal matching approach. This system is capable of simultaneously generating power, providing heating, producing fresh water, and extracting liquid carbon dioxide in an environmentally sustainable manner, thus resulting in reduced environmental impacts. For this purpose, a cryogenic separation system based on liquefied natural gas cold utilization is employed for biogas upgrading and biomethane separation. The proposed process also consists of a Kalina cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, a multi-effect desalination technology, and a heating provider unit. This system is simulated within the Aspen HYSYS software and is undergone a comprehensive analysis from the viewpoints of energy, exergy, environmental, and economic. The results indicate that the proposed structure achieves energy and exergy efficiencies of 80.91% and 43.76%, respectively. Environmental assessment reveals that the emission intensity is 90.43% lower in polygeneration mode compared to power generation mode, and the system's net emission is equal to 23,041.51 kg/h. The economic evaluation demonstrates that the total unit cost of products is minimized in polygeneration operation (1.84 $/GJ), while it is highest in power generation condition (7.564 $/GJ). The investigations show that when a system is modified from a single generation to polygeneration, all thermodynamic, economic, and environmental indicators face an improvement. [Display omitted] • Design of a new trigeneration system using biogas upgrading and LNG regasification. • Sustainable scheme for producing power, heating, fresh water, and liquid carbon dioxide. • Aspen HYSYS is used for simulation and thermo-enviro-economic analysis is done. • Energy and exergy efficiencies of the whole system equal 80.91% and 43.76%. • Net emission and total unit cost of products equal 23,041.51 kg/h and 1.84 $/GJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A naked eye and fluorescence turn-on 1,8-naphtahlimide based chemosensor,1, possessing Schiff base linkage was utilized for the rapid detection of highly toxic triphosgene. The proposed sensor selectively detected triphosgene over various other competitive analytes including phosgene with the detection limit of 6.15 and 1.15 µM measured using UV-vis and fluorescence spectrophotometric techniques, respectively. Colorimetric changes observed in solution phase were processed by image analysis using smartphone leading to on-site and inexpensive determination of triphosgene. Further, solid phase sensing of triphosgene was carried out by 1 loaded PEG membranes and silica gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant high-quality heat is wasted in the vacuum thermionic generator (VTIG), which can be efficiently utilized as a prime mover of a bottoming system for cogeneration applications. For this purpose, a new environmental-friendly hybrid system composed of a heliostat solar field, VTIG, and looped multi-stage thermoacoustically driven cryocooler (LMTC) is established, in which the high-temperature heat source of the solar receiver runs the VTIG to generate power, and the LMTC recovers the waste heat of the VTIG to produce a cooling load. Thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses of the system are carried out based on exergy and emergy concepts. Moreover, a parametric study is performed to assess the effect of design parameters on the system's thermodynamic, economic, and environmental criteria. Finally, the multi-criteria salp swarm optimization algorithm and decision-making procedures are conducted to improve the exergetic performance and decrease the system's cost and monetary emergy rates along with the environmental impact and ecological emergy rate. Findings depict that at the reliable, optimal operation of the system, the exergetic efficiency can reach 29.36% with a maximum power of 17.2 MW and cooling load of 0.260 MW. The system's cost and monetary emergy rate can be reduced to 0.059 $/s and 5.94 × 1010 seJ/s, with 10.6% and 10% reductions, respectively. Moreover, the environmental impact and ecological emergy rates decline by 6% and 7.4%, respectively. The theoretical findings may offer guidance for the optimum designing and practical running of such a solar solid-state cogeneration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity grid with high-penetration renewable energy sources has urged us to seek means to solve the mismatching between electricity supply and demand. Energy storage technology could accomplish the energy conversion process between different periods to achieve the efficient and stable utilization of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a hybrid energy storage system based on compressed air energy storage and reversible solid oxidation fuel cell (rSOC) is proposed. During the charging process, the rSOC operates in electrolysis cell (EC) mode to achieve the energy storage by converting the compression heat to chemical fuels. During the discharging process, the cell operates in fuel cell mode for electricity production and the gas turbine is conducted to recover the waste heat from cell. To evaluate the comprehensive performance of the proposed system, the energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic studies are conducted in this paper. Under the design condition, the results indicated that the proposed system is capable of generating 300.36 kW of electricity and 106.28 kW of heating; in the meantime, the energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and total cost per unit exergy of product are 73.80%, 55.70%, and 216.78 $/MWh, respectively. The parametric analysis indicates that the increase in pressure ratio of air compressor, steam utilization factor of rSOC stack under EC mode and current density of the rSOC stack under EC mode reduce exergy efficiency and total cost per unit exergy of product simultaneously, while the increment of operating pressure of rSOC stack under FC mode enhances the exergy efficiency and decreases total cost per unit exergy of product. The multi-objective optimization is carried out to improve the comprehensive performance of the proposed system, and the results expressed that the best optimal solution has the exergy efficiency and total cost per unit exergy of product of 65.85% and 187.05 $/MWh, respectively. Compared to the basic operating condition, the improvement of the proposed system has led to the maximum enhancement of 20.32% in exergy efficiency and 18.60% in total cost per unit exergy of product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to fulfill consumer demand, energy storage may provide flexible electricity generation and delivery. By 2030, the amount of energy storage needed will quadruple what it is today, necessitating the use of very specialized equipment and systems. Energy storage is a technology that stores energy for use in power generation, heating, and cooling applications at a later time using various methods and storage mediums. Through the storage of excess energy and subsequent usage when needed, energy storage technologies can assist in maintaining a balance between generation and demand. Energy storage technologies are anticipated to play a significant role in electricity generation in future grids, working in conjunction with distributed generation resources. The use of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, marine, geothermal, and biomass, is expanding quickly across the globe. The primary methods of storing energy include hydro, mechanical, electrochemical, and magnetic systems. Thermal energy storage, electric energy storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, biological energy storage, compressed air system, super electrical magnetic energy storage, and photonic energy conversion systems are the main topics of this study, which also examines various energy storage materials and their methodologies. In the present work, the concepts of various energy storage techniques and the computation of storage capacities are discussed. Energy storage materials are essential for the utilization of renewable energy sources and play a major part in the economical, clean, and adaptable usage of energy. As a result, a broad variety of materials are used in energy storage, and they have been the focus of intense research and development as well as industrialization. This review article discusses the recent developments in energy storage techniques such as thermal, mechanical, electrical, biological, and chemical energy storage in terms of their utilization. The focus of the study has an emphasis on the solar-energy storage system, which is future of the energy technology. It has been found that with the current storage technology, the efficiency of the various solar collectors was found to be increased by 37% compared with conventional solar thermal collectors. This work will guide the researchers in making their decisions while considering the qualities, benefits, restrictions, costs, and environmental factors. As a result, the findings of this review study may be very beneficial to many different energy sector stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a cogeneration system of heating, cooling and power used with the solar flat plate collectors (FPCs) and photovoltaic panels (PVs) integrates with a multi‐effect distillation through thermal vapor compression (MEE‐TVC), investigated as the first system to meet the loads of heating, cooling, electricity and fresh water. As an innovation, the combination of the first system with cooling and thermal storage tanks have been investigated. The systems are optimized with MATLAB and single‐objective genetic algorithm. The total annual cost considered as the objective function to compare the two systems and 36 and 61 design variables are obtained for the first and second systems, respectively. The design parameters considered for optimization included the capacity of the diesel engine as the prime mover, electrical chiller capacity, absorption chiller capacity, size of the boiler, partial loads of the diesel engine for each hour of the 2 days (1 day for hot months and 1 day for cold months), partial loads of the chillers for each hour of the first days (second day has no cooling load), number of FPCs and PVs, number of effects in the desalination unit, driving steam pressure, feed water flow rate, driving steam flow rate, and electric cooling ratio. The optimization aimed to fulfill the heating, cooling, electricity, and fresh water requirements of a residential town situated in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province, Iran. The second system's optimization results were compared with first system. The results have shown that the objective function for the first system was 2.6549×106$/year$$ 2.6549\times {10}^6\ \$/\mathrm{year} $$ and the initial investment cost was 9.1845×106$$$ 9.1845\times {10}^6\ \$ $$, and for the second system the objective function was 2.3549×106$/year$$ 2.3549\times {10}^6\ \$/\mathrm{year} $$ and the initial investment cost was 10.8790×106$$$ 10.8790\times {10}^6\ \$ $$. Therefore, by using energy storage, the objective function was reduced by 11.30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing electricity demand, conventional centralized power generation systems encounter numerous challenges, including transmission and distribution losses, limited capacity, and high operational costs. In response, distributed energy systems have emerged as a promising solution by enabling electricity generation in close proximity to consumption points. These systems leverage renewable energy sources and minimize energy losses during transmission, presenting a more sustainable and efficient alternative. By utilizing diverse energy sources such as solar thermal panels, photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, distributed energy systems enhance overall efficiency, and reduce power losses during transmission as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This research endeavor presents a novel approach employing mixed-integer linear programming to optimize distributed energy systems. The proposed model facilitates the determination of optimal dimensions of technologies, including combined heat and power systems, boilers, electric chillers, and absorption chillers, while simultaneously minimizing total costs and greenhouse gas emissions and adhering to real-world constraints. The findings of this study are validated through a real-world numerical example, confirming the model's efficiency in configuring and planning distributed energy systems optimally, thereby enhancing their operational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]