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Hepatocellular carcinoma represents a major global health burden. Its treatment is often complicated by the anatomical location of tumors, which can lead to adverse outcomes. Radiofrequency ablation has recently gained attention as a safe method for treating hepatocellular carcinoma, but only in tumors that are not adjacent to bile ducts. Here, we report a new method for cooling the bile duct during radiofrequency ablation therapy, in which the outer jacket of an elastor needle was fixed and flash-cooled with chilled saline. This method was applied in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma tumors near the main bile duct. The patient underwent successful radiofrequency ablation with bile duct cooling. The advantages of this method include low medical cost, simpler securing of nonexpanded bile ducts, and simultaneous removal upon termination of the radiofrequency ablation therapy. Bile duct complications associated with radiofrequency ablation typically have delayed onset. Computed tomography examination 2 months after treatment showed no bile duct injury in this case.

Recently, treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have expanded due to the development of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor ramucirumab and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization is the standard therapy for intermediate-stage HCC; however, in cases with anatomical problems, normal approaches are not possible. In such rare cases, direct hepatic puncture may be considered as an effective therapy and an indispensable treatment. We report our novel method of direct hepatic artery puncture in this case report. In 2011 and 2017, we reported 2 cases in the journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology in Japanese. This therapy is difficult and is associated with a high risk of complications; however, we succeeded in both cases in a similar way. We believe this method may provide an alternative treatment when standard treatment is not possible or when urgent therapy is required. In case 1, direct hepatic artery puncture was performed under ultrasonographic guidance, and we were able to control the disease with percutaneous lipiodol chemotherapy. Case 2 was an emergency case of ruptured HCC. Direct hepatic puncture successfully stopped tumor bleeding; furthermore, tumor necrosis also occurred, as seen on the enhanced computed tomography image. Our new method requires advanced puncture techniques and is not the treatment of choice if there are other safe alternatives available. However, it can be considered as an option if there are no other viable, effective treatments.

application/pdf, The body surface area (BSA) of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying the k value by the measured body weight (BW) raised to the power of 2/3 (Meeh’s formula). In mathematical terms, the assumption that the density and body shape of animals are essentially constant means that the BSA is proportional to BW2/3. In this study, we measured the BSA and volume of 50 male Japanese White rabbits (JW) at 10 to 54 weeks of age using a computed tomography scanner, then calculated the k value, density, and sphericity. The variations in these parameters were then analyzed in relation to growth. The obtained results indicated that the k value was negatively correlated to BW, and that this negative correlation was mainly due to the variation in density. Based on the regression analysis, we propose the following linear regression equation for calculating the k value in male JW at 10–54 weeks of age: the k value = 14.602 − 0.959 × BW [kg]. The calculated values ranged from 10.9 to 12.7 (working BW range: 1.98 to 3.81 kg). The k value of male New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) determined in our previous study and that of male JW in the present study were compared. It was revealed that the k value of male JW was larger than that of male NZW. We concluded that different breeds of rabbits express different k values.

The body surface area (BSA) of animals is generally estimated by multiplying the k value (constant) by the measured body weight (BW) raised to the power of 2/3 (Meeh's formula). Computed tomography (CT) scanners generate detailed 3-dimensional (3D) images of objects, and image analysis does not depend on operator skill. Therefore, the analysis of CT images provides accurate and reproducible BSA measurements. In this study, we measured the BSA of 25 male Hartley guinea pigs from 3 to 36 weeks of age (working BW range: 0.233 to 1.160 kg) using a CT scanner and 3D analysis software. We concluded that the k value for male Hartley guinea pigs was 8.37, based on the mean k value of the 25 animals.

application/pdf, The body surface area (BSA) of an organism is one of the important parameters for evaluating physiological functions. In drug development, normalization by BSA is an appropriate method for extrapolating doses between species. The BSA of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying the k value by 2/3 of the power of the body weight (BW) (Meeh’s formula). In mathematics, if it is assumed that the density and body shape of the animals are essentially constant, the BSA is proportional to BW2/3. In this study, we measured the BSA and volume (V) of 72 laboratory rabbits (48 males and 24 females of New Zealand White rabbits [NZW]), using a computed tomography scanner. After BSA and V determination, the k value, density, and sphericity were calculated. We analyzed variations in the k value, density, and body shape of laboratory rabbits. The mean k value of the 72 NZW was 11.0. We advocate using Meeh’s formula, as follows, for estimating BSA of laboratory rabbits (NZW): 100 × BSA [m2] = 11.0 × BW [kg]2/3. © 2018 Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science.

application/pdf, The use of miniature pigs in non-clinical studies for medical drugs or devices has gradually been increasing in recent years. It is anticipated that the use of juvenile miniature pigs in laboratory practice will also increase. Therefore, it is important to investigate various parameters of juvenile miniature pigs. The body surface area (BSA) of an organism is one of the important parameters for evaluating physiological functions. In drug development, normalization by BSA is an appropriate method for extrapolating doses between species. The BSA of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying the k value by 2/3 of the power of the body weight (BW) (Meeh’s formula). To our knowledge, the BSA of juvenile miniature pigs has not as yet been reported. In this study, we measured the BSA of 13 miniature pigs less than 1 month old, using a computed tomography scanner and 3-dimensional analysis software. The measurement results showed the BSAs of these 13 juvenile miniature pigs to be in the range of 386 to 1,672 cm2(working BW range: 278 to 3,200 g). After BSA determination, the k values were calculated from the BSA and the BW. The mean calculated k value was 8.58. We advocate using Meeh’s formula, as follows, for estimating the BSA of juvenile miniature pigs less than 1 month old (before weaning): BSA (cm2)=8.58 × BW (g)2/3. © 2017 Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science.

application/pdf, The body surface area (BSA) of an organism is an important parameter for evaluating physiological functions. In drug development, normalization by BSA is an appropriate method for extrapolating doses between species. The BSA of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying a constant by the power of the body weight (BW). Recently, the use of miniature pigs in non-clinical studies for medical drugs or devices has gradually been increasing. However, verification of their BSA is not as yet sufficient. In this study, we measured the BSAs of 40 laboratory miniature pigs (11 males and 9 females of Göttingen minipig and 14 males and 6 females of Nippon Institute for Biological Science [NIBS] miniature pig) by analyzing computed tomography (CT) images, since measurements using a CT scanner were expected to more precisely determine BSA than classical measuring techniques. The measurement results showed the BSAs of the 20 Göttingen minipigs to range from 0.4358 to 0.8356 m2 (the working BW range: 12.7-37.0 kg) and 20 NIBS miniature pigs to range from 0.2906 to 0.8675 m2 (the working BW range: 7.9-41.5 kg). Since accuracy and reproducibility were confirmed by measuring the surface area of an acrylic cuboid, we concluded the measurement method employed in this study to be very reliable. We propose the following estimating formula for BSA of laboratory miniature pigs: 100 × BSA [m2] = 7.98 × BW [kg]2/3. © 2016, Japanese Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved.

A 36-year-old Japanese man known to have incomplete Behcet’s disease (oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, and esophageal and ileocecal ulcers) was admitted to our hospital in January 2011 for abdominal pain. We administered corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Two months later, we performed an ileocecal resection to control gastrointestinal bleeding from the ileocecal ulcers. High fever persisted after this surgery, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy demonstrated ulcer penetration between the lower and abdominal esophagus. Eighteen days after the initial ileocecal resection, we performed a lower esophagus resection, gastric tube reconstruction and enterostomy, during which we confirmed a 5-mm-dia. perforated site at the posterior wall of the abdominal esophagus. Postoperative anastomotic leakage and empyema occurred, but they were relieved by thoracic drainage and empyema dissection.

‘Mittlerer Ring’ is an intermediate ring road in Munich. It was constructed for the 1972 Olympics, and its total length is 28 km. Construction of the underground tunnels was implemented for Mittlerer Ring in the 1980s to improve the habitational environment. This study reviews the effect of the underground tunnels of Mittlerer Ring. First, the change of land prices along Mittlerer Ring and in the Munich area from 1980 to 2010 is observed. Then, by creating a land price function for every 10 years from 1980 to 2010, the change in the effect of the tunnels is examined, and the benefits of the tunnels are estimated. As a result, land prices along Mittlerer Ring were found to be much lower than that in other areas in 1980. Then, the tunnel construction in the 2000s caused prices along Mittlerer Ring in 2010 to match those of similar areas. Thus, tunnel construction may increase land price not only along streets with tunnels but also along the entire Mittlerer Ring. By building a land price model every 10 years from 1980 to 2010, the change of the effect of the tunnels was found and the benefit of the tunnels was estimated. The estimation results of the benefits suggested that an underground tunnel benefitted not only nearby areas but also the surrounding areas. Moreover, it was found that the benefit would cover construction costs within several years.

We have developed the molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) method for CuCl thin films. The crystalline quality has been improved by an electron beam irradiation before the MBE growth. The qualified films show an exceptionally high speed nonlinear response of excitons at room temperature, wherein the excitons decay radiatively before its coherence is destroyed by dephasing. The radiative decay time of the excitonic state in films with a thickness of hundred nanometers reaches the order of 100 fs, which is much faster than the dephasing process. The shapes of the measured degenerate four-wave mixing spectrum and the radiative decay profile closely reflect those of the calculated induced-polarization spectrum and the radiative decay profile obtained by real-time analysis, respectively.

In Japan, the merit of installing LRT (Light Rail Transit) is well known, however the introduction of LRT to urban areas is not making progress. To study effective strategies of LRT adaption, field surveys were conducted at cities where LRT systems were placed in Spain with data collection of urban characteristics adjacent conditions, accommodating spatial conditions, effectiveness of service and project management. This paper aims to clarify the specific requirements to make LRT adaption possible. The results indicate, beyond the need for middle range transportation systems, the importance of the following: potential contribution to inner city revitalization, environmental concerns, land use conditions and spatial composition needed by adjacent businesses.

Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of biexcitons in CuCl quantum dots embedded in NaCl matrix have been measured by two configurations of optical Kerr gate method. As for a backward configuration, a transition from spontaneous to stimulated emission is observed with increase in the excitation density. On the other hand, by a configuration collecting signals from the edge of the sample in the direction of the excitation length, an essential change in the time profile of biexciton luminescence from a conventionally exponential to a pulse-shaped according to the increasing excitation density reasonably suggests a shift from spontaneous emission to superfluorescence of biexciton luminescence.

We have established the newly-developed growth method of high-quality CuCl thin film based on molecular-beam epitaxy. In qualified films, where harmonized coupling between an excitonic polarization wave and a resonant electromagnetic wave over a range of multiple wavelengths is achieved, we have observed an exceptionally high speed nonlinear response of excitons at room temperature, wherein the excitons decay radiatively before its coherence is destroyed by dephasing. A component with extremely large radiative width can be observed in the nonlinear optical spectrum only when the other components with smaller radiative widths disappear by the room-temperature dephasing. The radiative decay time of the excitonic state with the largest radiative width reaches the order of 100 fs, which is much faster than the dephasing process. The mechanism demonstrated by our results contradicts the conventional physical description of light–matter interaction based on the long-wavelength approximation. The shapes of the measured degenerate four-wave mixing spectrum and the radiative decay profile closely reflect those of the calculated induced-polarization spectrum and the radiative decay profile obtained by real-time analysis, respectively.

A persistent hole-burning is observed in β-perylene microcrystallites, which were embedded in poly-vinyl alcohol. By laser light excitation at 22,535 cm−1 and at 10 K, the hole is found at the excitation photon energy. The mechanism of the persistent hole-burning is interpreted in terms of the resolution of microcrystallites into smaller microcrystallites. This is a novel observation of the persistent hole-burning in aromatic microcrystallites. When the specimen, which includes a hole, is annealed at high temperatures, the resolved microcrystallites restore back to the old position as had been. The β-perylene microcrystallite specimen that we have grown was as small as 1.5 nm in average diameter. They are one order smaller in number of molecules included, compared to those that have been reported on aromatic microcrystallites, anthracene for example. Due to this, we were able to observe the 0–0 transition energy, which varied according as the number of molecules involved in the microcrystallites. We also observed the 0–0 absorption (excitation) spectrum, which depends on the molecular arrays in the microcrystallites. The 0–0 transition of a single molecule in poly-vinyl alcohol matrix is anticipated to be located at 22,885 cm−1.

We report the observation of anomalous temperature dependences of degenerate four-wave mixing spectra in CuCl thin films with high crystalline quality. The observed temperature dependence is in good agreement with the phase-decay-constant dependence of calculated induced-polarization spectrum. An excitonic state with large radiative width can be observed at high temperatures as superradiance is faster than the dephasing process. We succeeded in observing the DFWM signal up to room temperature based on the extremely large radiative width peculiar to the thickness region beyond the long-wavelength approximation regime.

Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of biexcitons confined in CuCl quantum dots embedded in a NaCl matrix have been measured by an optical Kerr gate method. Ultrashort pulsed emission was observed for resonant two-photon excitation of the biexcitons. The peak intensity of this pulsed emission depended on the fourth power of the excitation density, which indicates that the superfluorescence originates from coherently coupled excited quantum dots. The photon energy of this pulsed emission increased with increasing excitation density. This implies that the superfluorescence efficiently depends on the dot size because biexcitons are directly generated by resonant two-photon excitation for an ensemble of quantum dots with a size distribution (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In order to teach the accumulated knowledge of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology to graduate school students and young scientists with the sense of public engagement, Osaka University started from 2004 to prepare and offer various kinds of education and training programs such as trans-disciplinary graduate-school minor program, evening course refresher program, short-term international research training program, etc. It offers a series of lectures, partly broadcasted live to satellite classrooms. In addition, the students can join intensive hands-on training programs using modern facilities, allowing them to design, fabricate, measure, characterize and functionalize nanomaterials and nanodevices. In addition, there are four specially designed lectures and research training programs aimed for nanocommunication including social, legal and ethical relationship: “Nanotechnology Career-up Lectures”, “Social Engagement on Nanotechnology”, “Road Map Design on Nanotechnology”, and “Project- Aimed Learning and Training Programs (PAL)”. The outline of the whole programs is described together with the specialized programs for nanocommunication.

We report observation of anomalous temperature dependences of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectra in CuCl thin films with high crystalline quality and thicknesses in the order of 10–100 nm. The behavior of temperature dependence can be explained by the change in the relative intensities among component spectra. The excitonic state with large radiative width can be observed at high temperatures due to the superradiance faster than the nonradiative decay process. We succeeded in observing the DFWM signal up to room temperature based on the extremely large radiative width peculiar to the size region beyond the long-wavelength approximation regime.

To clarify the modifying effect of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), which has antioxidative ability, on hepatocarcinogenesis promoted by fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist , male F344/N rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as an initiator followed by administration of a diet containing 3,000 ppm of FF for 16 weeks. Two-thirds partial hepatectomy was performed 1 week after the FF treatment. Additionally, NAC treatments for 14 weeks from 2 weeks after the FF treatment were performed. Although the expression level of tumor protein p53 (Tp53) mRNA decreased in the DEN+FF+NAC group as compared with that in the DEN+FF group, no significant differences between the DEN+FF and DEN+FF+NAC groups were observed in the number of hepatocellular altered foci and activities of hepatocellular proliferation. In addition, the results of an antioxidant enzyme assay and measurement of the amounts of total glutathione in the liver revealed no significant difference between the DEN+FF and DEN+FF+NAC groups; although no significant differences were observed in many genes between the DEN+FF and DEN+FF+NAC groups, only glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2) mRNA increased in the DEN+FF+NAC group as compared with the DEN+FF group. The results under the present experimental conditions indicate no obvious modifying effect of NAC on liver tumor promotion by FF in rats.

ZnO tower-like structures with hexagonal cross section were fabricated by a thermal oxidation method. Spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity images were employed to correlate the luminescent properties with the investigated structure. Local CL monochromatic images revealed that the bodies of ZnO tower-like structures were the major source for a strong green emission. The depth-resolved UV and green CL emissions were examined by changing the accelerating voltage. A part of reabsorbed UV emission is converted into green emission and partly contributes the enhancement of green emission. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2009.358]

The nanoparticles have been fabricated from CuCl powder by laser ablation in superfluid helium. We found that most of nanoparticles are CuCl nanocrystals with single-crystal quality by means of electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Moreover, we performed cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of single nanoparticle prepared by laser ablation with use of a scanning electron microscope. I1 bound exciton luminescence which is characteristic in the bulk CuCl was clearly observed in the nanoparticle at 15 K. In addition, we found that the cathodoluminescence spectrum changes by the electron beam irradiation. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Polarization memory effect was found in the nonlinear photoluminescence band (hereinafter referred to as the X band) of semimagnetic semiconductor Cd0.8Mn0.2Te. The X band appears only when high-density selective excitation of localized exciton has done. The origin of the X band is proposed as the high-spin state of the dense magnetic polarons: in this state, every spins of electrons (holes) point one direction and this spin alignment leads to enhanced magnetic polaron effect. The inclusion of linearly polarized component of the X band, which is excited by the linearly polarized excitation laser, is confirmed from the analyzer dependence of the intensity of the X band. The characteristic oscillatory structure of the X band under magnetic field was explained by Faraday rotation of the X band and the structure is reproduced with supposition of step function like absorption. Polarization memory effect of the X band is confirmed by the behavior of the peak energy of the oscillatory structure; the structure varies with tilt of the polarization plane of the excitation laser. The polarization memory effect of the X band most likely originates from the sufficiently long phase relaxation time of the photoexcited electrons and holes of the X band. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Photoluminescence spectra of CuCl quantum dots and their corresponding decay times have been measured under an external magnetic field in Voigt geometry. Magnetic-field induced mixing between the singlet and triplet excitons was evaluated by studying the magnetic field dependencies of their decay times. A bound exciton shows a larger degree of mixing than that of a free exciton. In addition, the degree of mixing of the bound exciton increases on decreasing the dot size. It is suggested that the enhancement in the degree of mixing is induced by an increase in the value in the exciton g-factor due to the symmetry breaking of the wavefunction of the bound exciton. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Infrared transient absorption (IRTA) spectra for excitons and biexcitons in CuCl bulk crystal have been measured by pump-probe spectroscopy. The IRTA peak energy of the exciton agrees with the transition energy between Rydberg 1s to 2p states reported in one- and two-photon absorption measurement. On the other hand, the IRTA peak energy of the biexcitons locates in energy higher than that of the excitons, which is reasonable by taking hydrogen molecule model into account. In addition, our results support the enhancement of the transition energy between 1s and 2p states in quantum dots compared to the bulk case. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

We present in this work the results of PL measurement of Si-NC embedded in Si/SiO2 multilayer system. A very intense broad luminescence band was observed in the sample under illumination in vacuum by UV laser line. The PL intensity enhancement and quenching effect observed in different ambients can be attributed to the energy exchange from NC to MO. The storage of the annealed sample in vacuum for a long time drastically changed the PL properties of Si–NC. The origin of these phenomena will be discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

By means of the nonlocal transient-response theory, we elucidate the characteristics of the femtosecond transient response of thin films with a thickness beyond the long wavelength approximation (LWA) regime. In this regime, the contribution of higher excitonic states with a nondipole-type spatial structure becomes dominant and the interplay between the spatial structures of excitonic wavefunction and the radiation field plays an important role, causing an anomalous enhancement of nonlinear signal at specific size-energy resonant conditions. In addition, in the femtosecond pulse excitation, the interference of the signals from the multiple excitonic states, which are excited simultaneously by the incident pulse with a wide spectral width, can generate a greater diversity of optical response than expected by the steady-state analysis. This suggests the possibility that we can control the optical function of the nano-materials by the selective excitation of the aimed excitonic states using the laser pulse. This study serves as a theoretical basis for the nonlinear transient response by ultrashort pulse excitation of excitons confined in nano-structures.

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of excitons and biexcitons confined in CuCl quantum dots have been measured under two-photon resonant excitation of the biexcitons in order to examine size-selective excitation of the biexcitons. Although the PL energy of the biexciton does not exhibit an obvious dependence on the excitation photon energy, the PL energy of the exciton clearly reveals the size of the quantum dots in which the biexcitons are generated under the two-photon resonant excitation. As a result, the possibility of the size-selective excitation of the biexcitons was confirmed. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In order to examine whether the in vivo initiation activity of a new quinolone antimicrobial agent – norfloxacin (NFLX) – results in the induction of hepatocellular tumors, F344 male rats were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy and oral administration of 1500 or 750 mg/kg BW of NFLX or the vehicle once daily for 3 weeks. From 2 weeks after the completion of NFLX treatment, the rats were given 500 ppm phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water for 51 weeks. After the promotion treatment with PB for 17, 34, or 51 weeks, the rats were euthanized under ether anesthesia, and the NFLX-induced hepatic tumors were examined macroscopically by thoroughly sectioning the liver at 5-mm intervals. The liver slices, one each from all liver lobes, were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for immunohistochemical examination of glutathione S -transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci. NFLX increased neither the incidence of macroscopic hepatic tumors nor the mean number or area of GST-P positive foci. These results suggest that under the present study conditions, the initiation activity of NFLX does not result in the induction of hepatocellular tumors in rats; thus, the initiation activity of NFLX is extremely weak.

Many body effects among electron–hole pairs and exchange interaction of spins between electron/hole and Mn2+ ions have been investigated in a semimagnetic semiconductor of CdMnTe under the selective excitation of high-density localized excitons with use of a picosecond pulse laser. A new nonlinear luminescence band (X band) has been found on the high-energy side of conventional exciton magnetic polaron band and its peak energy shows a pronounced red shift with the increase of excitation power and/or with the application of magnetic field. Time-resolved luminescence without magnetic field has revealed the characteristic behaviour of the X band with a longer rise time for the higher energy side. However, this tendency disappears with the application of magnetic field. As the origin of the X band, we propose the high-density spin-polarized electron–hole pairs interacting with microscopic Mn2+-ion spins aligned through the exchange interaction. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In order to prepare the optimal condition for the resonant optical manipulation, a lot of CuCl particles with a broad size-distribution ranging from 10 nm to 10 μm have been directly fabricated from a bulk sample by laser ablation in superfluid helium. We irradiated these particles with the laser light covering the excitonic resonance levels of particles smaller than 100 nm in order to transport them onto a target silicon substrate by using resonant radiation force. As a result, we have observed that many particles of from 10 to 50 nm diameters adhere to the substrate. This means that these nanoparticles are transported by the resonant radiation force much stronger than the gravitational force. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectra of CuCl thin films with high crystalline quality and with thicknesses in the order of hundreds of nanometers have been investigated. We found that the several components appear with the enormous radiative shift below the transverse exciton energy in the DFWM spectrum and succeeded in demonstrating that the energy of each component is in good agreement with the eigenenergy for the mode structure of a size-dependent exciton–radiation coupled system. The ultrafast response time of DFWM around 100 fs is observed in a thin film with a thickness of 187 nm, which reflects the theoretically predicted and extremely large radiative width. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)