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Respiratory failure occurs more frequently after thoracic surgery than abdominal surgery. Although the etiology for this complication is frequently attributed to underlying lung disease present in patients undergoing thoracic surgery, this notion is often unfounded because many patients with normal preoperative pulmonary function often require prolonged oxygen supplementation even after minimal resection of lung tissue. Using a murine model of pulmonary resection and peripheral blood samples from patients undergoing resection of the lung or abdominal organs, we demonstrated that lung surgery initiates a proinflammatory loop that results in damage to the remaining lung tissue, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and even death. Specifically, we demonstrated that resection of murine lung tissue increased concentrations of the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7, which led to local and systemic activation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. This process activated lung-resident eosinophils and facilitated stress-induced eosinophil maturation in the bone marrow in a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–dependent manner, resulting in systemic eosinophilia in both mice and humans. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung-resident eosinophils led to tissue nitrosylation, pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and, at times, death. Disrupting this activation cascade at any stage ameliorated deleterious outcomes and improved survival after lung resection in the mouse model. Our data suggest that repurposing US Food and Drug Administration–approved eosinophil-targeting strategies may potentially offer a therapeutic intervention to improve outcomes for patients who require lung resection for benign or malignant etiology. Editor's summary: Respiratory failure frequently occurs after lung resection and may not be fully explained by underlying respiratory disease or the size of the resection. Here, Mei and colleagues used patient samples and mouse models of pneumonectomy to show that lung resection specifically leads to increased percentages of eosinophils through a mechanism involving production of IL-7 by γδ T cells, leading to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells, ultimately resulting in increased eosinophil maturation, activation, and production of reactive oxygen species that injure the remaining lung. Targeting different points in this pathway reduced lung damage and improved survival of mice after lung resection, suggesting that perioperative administration of agents that target eosinophils or neutralize nitric oxide synthase could potentially reduce the risk of respiratory failure after lung resection. —Melissa L. Norton [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting actionable mutations in oncogene‐driven cancers and the evolution of immuno‐oncology are the two prominent revolutions that have influenced cancer treatment paradigms and caused the emergence of precision oncology. However, intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity are the main challenges in both fields of precision cancer treatment. In other words, finding a universal marker or pathway in patients suffering from a particular type of cancer is challenging. Therefore, targeting a single hallmark or pathway with a single targeted therapeutic will not be efficient for fighting against tumor heterogeneity. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess favorable characteristics for cellular therapy, including their hypoimmune nature, inherent tumor‐tropism property, straightforward isolation, and multilineage differentiation potential. MSCs can be loaded with various chemotherapeutics and oncolytic viruses. The combination of these intrinsic features with the possibility of genetic manipulation makes them a versatile tumor delivery vehicle that can be used for in vivo selective tumor delivery of various chemotherapeutic and biological therapeutics. MSCs can be used as biofactory for the local production of chemical or biological anticancer agents at the tumor site. MSC‐mediated immunotherapy could facilitate the sustained release of immunotherapeutic agents specifically at the tumor site, and allow for the achievement of therapeutic concentrations without the need for repetitive systemic administration of high therapeutic doses. Despite the enthusiasm evoked by preclinical studies that used MSC in various cancer therapy approaches, the translation of MSCs into clinical applications has faced serious challenges. This manuscript, with a critical viewpoint, reviewed the preclinical and clinical studies that have evaluated MSCs as a selective tumor delivery tool in various cancer therapy approaches, including gene therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Then, the novel nanotechnology and bioengineering approaches that can improve the potency of MSC for tumor targeting and overcoming challenges related to their low localization at the tumor sites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-associated, progressive, and common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The involvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis in PD has been confirmed and probiotics also have the ability to regulate the mentioned mechanisms. Here, we assessed probiotics supplementation effects on experimental model of PD. Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups for a 14-day treatment. It was shown that a mixture of probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus fermentum could improve rotational behavior, cognitive function, lipid peroxidation, and neuronal damage in the group received probiotic supplementation compared to the other groups (P < 0001, P <.001, and P =.026, respectively). Taken together, these findings revealed that probiotics supplementation could be an appropriate complementary treatment for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate some physical properties of celery seed at various moisture levels. The average length, width, thickness and 1000-seeds mass were 0.571, 0.429, 0.295 mm and 0.792 g, respectively, at moisture content of 5.24% (d.b). Length, width and thickness distributions of the seeds were modeled using Generalized Extreme Value, lognormal and Weibull distributions. Results showed that to model length of the seeds, lognormal distribution had the best performance while to model the width of the seeds Weibull distribution had the best performance. True density has increase from 892.02 to 931.42 kg/m3 when the moisture content increased from 5.24% to 20.25% (d.b). The angle of static friction increased from 28.45 to 39.66°, 25.15 to 34.84°, 19.57 to 27.07° and 16.72 to 19.720° for plywood, rubber, iron and galvanized metal, respectively, as the moisture content increases from 5.24% to 20.25% (d.b). The pouring angle of repose increased from 34.70 to 39.12°, 33.37 to 36.37°, 30.59 to 33.33° and 27.16 to 29.45° for plywood, rubber, iron and galvanized metal, respectively, as the moisture content increases from 5.24% to 20.25% (d.b). The Hele-Shaw angle of repose increased from 32.65 to 35.25°, 30.35 to 32.77°, 27.81 to 30.03° and 24.72 to 26.61° for plywood, rubber, iron and galvanized metal, respectively, as the moisture content increases from 5.24% to 20.25% (d.b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design the planting, separating, threshing, sizing and packing machines for agricultural products, physical and mechanical properties of the products should be known. In this paper, some physical properties of red radish seeds were studied. Dimensional parameters, when moisture content equals to 5.65% based on dry bases (d.b), were measured using image processing technique. Effects of moisture content on gravimetrical and frictional properties of the seeds, including mass of single seed, 1000-unit seed, bulk density, true density, porosity, static coefficient of friction on various surfaces, and angle of repose based on pouring, Hele-Shaw, empting and filling methods were studied. Effects of volume of the container (150, 350, 550 and 750 mL) and height of fall on bulk density and porosity of the radish seeds when moisture content equals to 5.65% (d.b) were studied. Also length, width, thickness and mass distributions of radish seeds were modeled using Gamma, Generalized Extreme Value and Weibull distributions. Results showed that length, width and thickness of the seeds ranged from 0.660 to 0.900 mm, 0.524 to 0.763 mm and 0.490 to 0.759 mm, respectively. With increasing volume of the container from 150 to 550 mL, bulk density of the seeds increased; but with increasing volume of the container from 550 to 750 mL, bulk density of the seeds decreased. With increasing volume of the container from 150 to 550 mL, bulk density of the seeds increased; but with increasing volume of the container from 550 to 750 mL, bulk density of the seeds decreased. With increasing moisture content from 5.65 to 21.71% (d.b), bulk and true density of the seeds decreased from 694.807 to 654.889 kg/m3 and 1141.810 to 1057.795 kg/m3; but with increasing moisture content from 5.65% to 21.71% (d.b), 1000-unit mass increased from 6.98 to 7.17 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design the planting, separating, threshing, sizing and packing machines for agricultural products, physical and mechanical properties of the products should be known. In this work some physical properties of parsley seeds were studied. Dimensional parameters including three principle dimensions, geometric mean diameter, equivalent diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area, projected area, flakiness ratio and elongation ratio were measured using image processing technique. Also length, width and thickness distributions of parsley seeds were modeled using Gamma, Generalized Extreme Value and Weibull distributions. Gravimetrical properties including mass of single seed, thousand seed mass, bulk density, true density and porosity were measured. Effect of the container volume and fall height on bulk density and porosity were studied. Frictional properties of parsley seeds (static coefficient of friction on various surfaces and repose angle of based on bypouring, Hele-Shaw, empting and filling methods) were measured. Results showed that length, width and thickness of the seeds ranged (0.660 - 0.883mm), (0.524 - 0.752mm) and (0.490 - 0.744 mm), respectively. With increasing the container volume from 150 to 550 mL, bulk density of the seeds increased; but from 550 to 750 mL, it was decreased. True density and thousand seed mass of the seeds were 884.658 kg/m3 and 1.390 g. The values of friction coefficient on plywood, rubber, iron and galvanized surfaces were 27.35°, 24.17°, 19.31° and 14.77°, respectively. The values of filling and empting repose angles were 32.64° and 40.16°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of the moisture content on some physical properties of two varieties of melon seed. Results showed that when moisture content increased from 5.64% to 21.42% (d.b), three principle dimensions of the melon seeds and kernels of Samsori and Varami varieties increased; but the percentage of the chances and the rate of the changes for length, width and thickness had different values. True density of Samsori variety increased from 1182.611 to 1219.536 kg/m³ when the moisture content increased from 5.64% to 21.42% (d.b). True density of Varamin variety increased from 1132.058 to 1159. 370 kg/m³ when the moisture content increased from 5.32% to 21.02% (d.b). The angle of static friction of Varamin variety increased from 29.79° to 36.45°, 28.27° to 34.31°, 23.89° to 29.45° and 15.46° to 19.19° for wood, robber, iron and galvanized, respectively, as the moisture content increases from 5.32% to 21.02% (d.b); the corresponding values for Samsori variety increased from 20.71° to 26.63°, 23.95° to 30.79°, 19.51° to 25.09° and 13.81° to 17.76°, respectively. The pouring angle of repose of the Varamin variety increased from 43.79° to 52.63°, 42.27° to 50.51°, 41.75° to 47.00° and 39.11° to 43.87° for wood, robber, iron and galvanized, respectively, as the moisture content increases from 5.32% to 21.02% (d.b); the corresponding values for Samsori variety increased from 41.23° to 46.91°, 43.34° to 49.42°, 38.64° to 43.95° and 36.16° to 41.21°, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, our laboratory has made significant progress in developing and refining vascularized mouse lung transplantation models using an efficient and highly reliable "cuff technique" of transplantation. This article describes a sophisticated and comprehensive method for orthotopic lung transplantation in a vascularized orthotopic lung model, representing the most physiologic and clinically relevant model of mouse lung transplantation to date. The transplantation process consists of two distinct stages: donor harvest and subsequent implantation into the recipient. The method has been successfully mastered, and with several months of sufficient training, a skilled practitioner can perform the procedure in approximately 90 min from skin-to-skin. Surprisingly, once individuals overcome the initial learning curve, the survival rate during the perioperative period approaches nearly 100%. The mouse model allows for the use of multiple commercially available transgenic and mutant strains of mice, enabling the study of tolerance and rejection. Additionally, the unique features of this model make it a valuable tool for investigating tumor biology and immunology.