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New iron(ii) complex exhibiting the proton transfer coupled spin transition and easy single crystal formation was developed. The change of nuclear position with the spin transition was successfully detected by the neutron diffraction measurement.

The crystallization of a complex having electron transfer properties in a polar space group can induce the polarization switching of a crystal in a specific direction, which is attractive for the development of sensors, memory devices, and capacitors. Unfortunately, the probability of crystallization in a polar space group is usually low. Noticing that enantiopure compounds crystallize in Sohncke space groups, this paper reports a strategy for the molecular design of non-ferroelectric polarization switching crystals based on the use of intramolecular electron transfer and chirality. In addition, this paper describes the synthesis of a mononuclear valence tautomeric (VT) cobalt complex bearing an enantiopure ligand. The introduction of enantiomer enables the crystallization of the complex in the polar space group (P2

A proton-electron coupling system, exhibiting unique bistability or multistability of the protonated state, is an attractive target for developing new switchable materials based on proton dynamics. Herein, we present an iron(II) hydrazone crystalline compound, which displays the stepwise transition and bistability of proton transfer at the crystal level. These phenomena are realized through the coupling with spin transition. Although the multi-step transition with hysteresis has been observed in various systems, the corresponding behavior of proton transfer has not been reported in crystalline systems; thus, the described iron(II) complex is the first example. Furthermore, because proton transfer occurs only in one of the two ligands and π electrons redistribute in it, the dipole moment of the iron(II) complexes changes with the proton transfer, wherein the total dipole moment in the crystal was canceled out owing to the antiferroelectric-like arrangement.

The study of transition metal clusters exhibiting fast electron hopping or delocalization remains challenging, because intermetallic communications mediated through bridging ligands are normally weak. Herein, we report the synthesis of a nanosized complex, [Fe(Tp)(CN)3]8[Fe(H2O)(DMSO)]6 (abbreviated as [Fe14], Tp−, hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide), which has a fluctuating valence due to two mobile d-electrons in its atomic layer shell. The rate of electron transfer of [Fe14] complex demonstrates the Arrhenius-type temperature dependence in the nanosized spheric surface, wherein high-spin centers are ferromagnetically coupled, producing an S = 14 ground state. The electron-hopping rate at room temperature is faster than the time scale of Mössbauer measurements (, Fast intermetallic electron transfer is expected in principle in nanozised transition metal complexes, but has been prevented by the bridging ligands. Here the authors synthesize a mixed-valence iron metal-ligand nanocluster with cyanide bridges, showing extended delocalized electronic structure

An important technique to realize novel electron- and/or proton-based functionalities is to use a proton-electron coupling mechanism. When either a proton or electron is excited, the other one is modulated, producing synergistic functions. However, although compounds with proton-coupled electron transfer have been synthesized, crystalline molecular compounds that exhibit proton-transfer-coupled spin-transition (PCST) behavior have not been reported. Here, we report the first example of a PCST Fe(II) complex, wherein the proton lies on the N of hydrazone and pyridine moieties in the ligand at high-spin and low-spin Fe(II), respectively. When the Fe(II) complex is irradiated with light, intramolecular proton transfer occurs from pyridine to hydrazone in conjunction with the photoinduced spin transition via the PCST mechanism. Because the light-induced excited high-spin state is trapped at low temperatures in the Fe(II) complex-a phenomenon known as the light-induced excited-spin-state trapping effect-the light-induced proton-transfer state, wherein the proton lies on the N of hydrazone, is also trapped as a metastable state. The proton transfer was accomplished within 50 ps at 190 K. The bistable nature of the proton position, where the position can be switched by light irradiation, is useful for modulating proton-based functionalities in molecular devices.

Pyroelectricity plays a crucial role in modern sensors and energy conversion devices. However, obtaining materials with large and nearly constant pyroelectric coefficients over a wide temperature range for the practical uses remains a formidable challenge, because in conventional ferroelectric materials the pyroelectric effect promptly declines upon cooling from the transition temperature. Attempting to discover a solution to this obstacle, we combined molecular design of labile electronic structure with the crystal engineering of the molecular orientation in lattice resulting in the electronic pyroelectricity of purely molecular origin. Here, we report a polar crystal of an [FeCo] dinuclear complex exhibiting a peculiar pyroelectric behavior (a substantial sharp pyroelectric current peak and an unusual continuous pyroelectric current at higher temperatures) which is caused by a combination of Fe spin transition and redistribution of electron density between redox isomers of high-spin Fe through a charge transfer between the Fe atom and redox active ligand. As a result, temperature dependence of the pyroelectric behavior reported here is opposite and originates from the interconversion between three distinct electronic states. The obtained pyroelectric coefficient is comparable to that of polyvinylidene difluoride at room temperature.

Water reorientation is essential in a wide range of chemical and biological processes. However, the effects of such reorientation through rotation around the metal–oxygen bond on the chemical and physical properties of the resulting complex are usually ignored. Most studies focus on the donor property of water as a recognized σ donor-type ligand rather than a participant in the π interaction. Although a theoretical approach to study water-rotation effects on the functionality of a complex has recently been conducted, it has not been experimentally demonstrated. In this study, we determine that the magnetic anisotropy of a Co(II) complex can be effectively controlled by the slight rotation of coordinating water ligands, which is achieved by a two-step structural phase transition. When the water molecule is rotated by 21.2 ± 0.2° around the Co–O bond, the directional magnetic susceptibility of the single crystal changes by approximately 30% along the a-axis due to the rotation of the magnetic anisotropy axis through the modification of the π interaction between cobalt(II) and the water ligand. The theoretical calculations further support the hypothesis that the reorientation of water molecules is a key factor contributing to the magnetic anisotropy transition of this complex. Little is known about how the orientation of coordinated water molecules affects the magnetic properties of single molecule magnets. Here the authors combine experimental data and theoretical calculations to study how the rotation of water molecules alters the magnetic anisotropy of a pyrazine-based cobalt(II) complex.

Well-defined, platelet-shaped LiNbO3 single crystals were prepared by a flux-mediated topochemical reaction from platelet K4Nb6O17 crystals with a mixture of LiNO3 solute and alkali metal nitrate (LiNO3, NaNO3, and KNO3) fluxes at 600 °C. Crystallographic structural characterizations revealed that the LiNbO3 crystals inherited the K4Nb6O17 crystal shape with well-developed {012} faces. The topochemical reaction in molten KNO3 promoted smooth surface formation, in contrast to LiNO3 and NaNO3, which formed rough surfaces. We further found that the dissolution and deposition reaction occurs repeatedly in the vicinity of the LiNbO3 crystal and KNO3 flux interface. It is considered that the KNO3 flux hybridized with the LiNO3 solute provides a moderate solubility and dissolution rate suitable for crystal growth. We also achieved reed-shaped LiNbO3 crystal growth by applying the same technique to the KNb3O8 crystal template.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a ski training program, grounded in the“ buddy system,” on the skiing techniques of students at a women’s university. A group of twelve students, serving as the intervention group, participated in the ski training program using the buddy system, while another group of twelve students participated in program lacking the buddy system, as a control group. The measurement of skiing techniques（ parallel turn, stem turn and wedeln） was conducted during of the ski training program by using SIA（ Professional Ski Instructors Association of Japan）’s ski test. All skiing techniques were compared by unpaired Student's t-Tests, using scores from the SIA’s ski test. The results indicated that the scores of the parallel turn and the stem turn differed significantly between the intervention group and the control group. These findings suggested that a ski training program employing the buddy system may lead to enhancement of the skiing techniques of women’s university students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a ski training program, rounded in the “buddy system,” on the social skills of students at a women’s university. A group of twelve students, serving as the intervention group, participated in the ski training program using the buddy system, while another group of twelve students participated in program lacking the buddy system, as a control group. The easurement of social skills was conducted on the first and final days of the ski training program by using the social skills scale（ KiSS-18）. The researchers conducted ２ （group: intervention and control groups） × ２ （time: first and final days of the ski training program） repeated ANOVA tests, using scores from the KiSS-18. The results indicated that the group × time interaction was significant, with relation to “problem solving skills.” The score of intervention group was higher than that of the control group, in terms of problem solving skills, as measured on the final day of the programs. These findings suggested that a ski training program employing the buddy system may lead to enhancement of the social skills of women’s university students.

Two NiII compounds forming zigzag chain structures through O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between di­carb­oxy­lic acids and NiII complexes were synthesized, and their structures were determined. They are co-crystals rather than salts., Two isostructural NiII compounds, bis­{N-[1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)eth­ylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazonato-κ2 N′,O}nickel(II)–2,5-di­chloro­terephthalic acid (1/1), [Ni(C13H11N4O)2](C8H4Cl2O4), and bis­{N-[1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)eth­ylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazonato-κ2 N′,O}nickel(II)–2,5-di­bromo­terephthalic acid (1/1), [Ni(C13H11N4O)2](C8H4Br2O4), were synthesized and their crystal structures determined. The pair of N,N′,O-tridentate N-[1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)eth­yl]pyridine-4-carbohydrazonate L ligands result in a cis-NiO2N4 octa­hedral coordination sphere for the metal ions. The asymmetric units consist of two half-mol­ecules of the di­carb­oxy­lic acids, which are completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. In the respective crystals, the 2,5-di­chloro­terephthalic acid (H2Cl2TPA, 1-Cl) mol­ecules form zigzag hydrogen-bonded chains with the [Ni(L)2] mol­ecules, with the hydrogen-bond distances in 1-Br slightly longer than those in 1-Cl. The packing is consolidated by aromatic π–π stacking between the di­carb­oxy­lic acid mol­ecules and terminal pyridine rings in [Ni(L)2] and short halogen–halogen inter­actions are also observed. The qualitative prediction of the H-atom position from the C—N—C angles of the terminal pyridine rings in L and the C—O distances in the carboxyl groups show that 1-Cl and 1-Br are co-crystals rather than salts.

Revitalization of peer learning in university skiing practice classes by introducing buddy system and utilizing learning cards while riding ski lifts. In physical education classes, peer learning among students plays an important role in integrating their awareness of skills and proficiency at techniques, thus promoting autonomous learning and improving communication skills. During skiing classes, training is carried out by instructors with small groups of students. Although there is a communication/receptive manual in place for this type of training, methodologies that promote peer learning among students are still at an early stage of development. This study investigated revitalization of peer learning among students by introducing a method whereby students taught each other during classes utilizing a buddy system. With this system, the students were split into pairs, with the pairs rearranged for each training section, while learning cards were also developed for review while riding the ski lift. Implementation of these methods resulted in promotion of peer learning among students, the effectiveness of which was also verified by positive feedback received from them.

Since adult measles have been found，and outbreaks of measles have sometimes occurred in Japan in re-cent years，so twice vaccinations have been pointed out to be needed to take since 2006. Those who have no or once vaccination received for young generation should take twice of MR vaccine at age of 13 years old and at age of 17 old from 2008 to 2013. Unfortunately，ratio of MR vaccine taking is not so high，so out-breaks of Measles will be apprehensive to be occurring.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the desires for content of school health education among female university students. Two hundred and thirty three Japanese women’s university students participated in this study. They were asked about their elementary school health education， junior high school health education， and high school health education. The results indicated that participants think that learning with early time is more desirable as for the curriculum of“ pregnancy and contraceptive-focused sex education”，“ infection disease and sexually transmitted diseases”， and“ lifestyle-related diseases” rather than a parents thinks. The results offer additional evidence for the content of school health education by survey among female university students. Keywords: School Health Education， Female University Students， Desires， Curriculum

This research of the fourth stage executed mainly the comparison of the basic researches into four years. The chief purpose was clarification of a universal part of four years. The results were summarized as follows: 1．The reason for participation was“Cheap expenditure”and“Course credit”．The expected program was“Observation of constellation”and“Outdoors cooking”．The expectation and the acquisition target were“Enjoyment”，“Safety”and“Peace”． 2．This year’s problem was a discovery of the method of thoroughly improving students’knowledge and technologies. 3．Students’leadership was extent to be able to do“Life guidance”and“Standard program”． 4．The factor analysis has extracted the following six factors.“Mutual guidance and Consideration”， “Impartiality and Democratic”，“Inspiration and Commitment”，“Active collaboration and Device”，“ Pleasant sharing”and“Self management and Health condition”． 5．The attitude to the students’outdoors activities has changed independent and positively.The practice gave the good influence to students’“Standpoint and Attitude”．The practice was effective in“Understanding and Goodwill”to nature. There was a difficulty of controlling the influence by the weather when doing outdoor sports.

In this report, the authors analyzed the relationship between the living environments and the attitudes of residents and the characteristics of apartment buildings through the visual survey of use of common spaces around two apartment buildings of different layouts and the questionnaire survey of residents in the built-up area of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and clarified the necessity of living planning based on the interpenetration of residents, activities and spaces. The trends and characteristics of living spaces in the districts and future subjects were grasped from a comprehensive perspective by making a comparative analysis of the on-site survey results and the answers to the questionnaire.

Flutamide, which has antiandrogenic properties, was administered to pregnant rats, and effects on male offspring were examined. Crj: CD (SD) IGS (SPF) females were administered flutamide (0.15, 0.6, 2.5, 10.0, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) from gestation Day 14 to post parturition Day 3. The number of pups, body weights, clinical features, anogenital distance (AGD), nipple retention, testicular descent, and urogenital malformation in F1 males were examined. Hormone measurement, necropsy and histopathological examination were carried out at post-neonatal Day 4 (PND 4) and PND 60. Sperm analysis was also carried out at PND 60. Decrease in body weight was seen in the 100 mg/kg group and the AGD was decreased at 2.5 mg/kg and above. Retention of nipples, hypospadia, vaginal pouches, penis malformation, unilateral ectopic testis, and decrease of organ weights (prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani muscle plus bulbocavernosus muscle, testis) were observed at 10 mg/kg and above. Testicular testosterone (T) was increased significantly with 100 mg/kg at PND 4 and tendencies for increase were observed in serum T, LH and FSH at 10 mg/kg and more at the same time point. In contrast, elevated levels of LH and FSH were seen with 100 mg/kg at PND 60. Histopathological examination revealed defects or hypoplastic changes of genital organs (or = 10 mg/kg), squamous metaplasia (10 mg/kg) or mucification (100 mg/kg) of the urethral diverticulum epithelium and inflammation of genital organs (100 mg/kg). Though only undescended testes lacked spermatogenesis at 10 mg/kg, atrophic change of seminiferous tubules and azoospermia were observed in the 100 mg/kg group, despite testicular descent. Perinatal administration of flutamide affected F1 male rats at 2.5 mg/kg and above. In addition to urogenital malformation, 100 mg/kg flutamide caused high LH and FSH levels at PND 60. This study indicates that the most sensitive parameter is AGD, whereby reduction was observed at 2.5 mg/kg. A clear no-effect level (NOEL: 0.6 mg/kg) was obtained in this perinatal study of an antiandrogenic chemical.

Many molecular machines with controllable molecular-scale motors have been developed. However, transmitting molecular movement to the macroscopic scale remains a formidable challenge. Here we report a single crystal of a Ni complex whose shape changes abruptly and reversibly in response to thermal changes at around room temperature. Variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystalline shape change is induced by an unusual 90° rotation of uniaxially aligned oxalate molecules. The oxalate dianions behave as molecular-scale rotors, with their movement propagated through the entire crystalline material via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the subnanometre-scale changes in the oxalate molecules are instantly amplified to a micrometre-scale contraction or expansion of the crystal, accompanied by a thermal hysteresis loop. The shape change in the crystal was clearly detected under an optical microscope. The large directional deformation and prompt response suggest a role for this material in microscale or nanoscale thermal actuators.

The potential of purple corn color (PCC), a natural anthocyanin, to modify colorectal carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344/DuCrj rats, initially treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), receiving 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the diet. After DMH initiation, PCC was given at a dietary level of 5.0% in combination with 0.02% PhIP until week 36. No PCC-treatment-related changes in clinical signs, body weight and food consumption were found. Incidences and multiplicities of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas in rats initiated with DMH were clearly increased by PhIP. In contrast, lesion development was suppressed by PCC administration. Furthermore, in the non-DMH initiation groups, induction of aberrant crypt foci by PhIP tended to be decreased by the PCC supplementation. The results thus demonstrate that while PhIP clearly exerts promoting effects on DMH-induced colorectal carcinogenesis, these can be reduced by 5.0% PCC in the diet, under the present experimental conditions.

Potential modifying effects of epoprostenol sodium administration on liver carcinogenesis were investigated in male F344/DuCrj rats initially treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). Two weeks after a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), rats daily received subcutaneously epoprostenol sodium at doses of 0, 1, 10 and 100 microg/kg, or were fed phenobarbital sodium (PB) at a dietary level of 500 parts per million (ppm) as positive control for 6 weeks. All animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy at week 3, and were killed at week 8. Prominent flushing of extremis and signs of behavioural depression occurred after injection and lasted for 1 h in rats given 100 microg/kg epoprostenol sodium. Such clinical signs were slight in rats treated with 10 microg/kg, but not observed with 1 microg/kg. Marked decrease in body weight gain was noted in rats given 100 microg/kg. Statistically significant changes in relative liver weights were not found in any group given the test chemical. Epoprostenol sodium did not significantly increase the quantitative values for glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive liver cell foci observed after DEN initiation, in clear contrast to the positive control. The results thus demonstrate that epoprostenol sodium lacks modifying potential for liver carcinogenesis in our medium-term bioassay system.

The modifying effects of carrageenan administration on colonic carcinogenesis were investigated in male F344/DuCrj rats subcutaneously injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) 4 times at weekly intervals. Starting one week after the final injection of DMH, the rats were given carrageenan at dietary levels of 0, 1.25, 2.50, or 5.0% until week 36. Animals given cholic acid at a dietary level of 0.2%, served as a reference group. All rats were killed at the end of week 36, and the colons were carefully examined for preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. No treatment related changes in clinical signs and body weights were found. Detailed histopathological examination did not demonstrate any enhancement by carrageenan of carcinogenesis with regard to the incidence of lesions in the colon. The results thus demonstrate that carrageenan does not possess any promoting activity at the highest dietary level of 5.0% for colorectal carcinogenesis under the present experimental conditions.

Gastroesophageal reflux（GER）with sliding hernia can cause chronic cough or bronchial asthma. In late years，these reports of pulmonary disease with GERD（gastroesophageal reflux disease）are increasing in Asia. We experienced older aged woman with bronchial athma complicated with GERD. However increasing reports of asthma with GERD，the cause of brobchoconstriction complicated with sliding hernia is stil unclear. Previous researchers found a significantly higher incidence rate for GERD in those with a previous diagnosis of asthma than in controls，indicating that patients with asthma were 1.8 times more likely to evelop GERD than those without asthma. In this study，we reviewed the association between gastro-esophageal reflux disease and sthma.

This paper is the first report of the comparative study on subject-type and non-subject-type ski practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the evaluation of students, who participated in a ski intensive course as a practice in the curriculum of the department of Physical education (subject-type ski practice). This evaluation was compared with that of participants in a ski intensive course as a service program of the student's association (non-subject-type ski practice). The results were summarized as follows: 1. In the ski experience and the preliminary learning quantity, there was no difference in both groups before participating in each practice. 2. The improvement of the ski skill was the major motive and expectations of the participants in subject-type ski practice. On the other hand, it was the human alternating current through the sport in non-subject-type ski practice. 3. It was found in both practices that the will, which continues a ski, is proportional to the comprehensive satisfaction of participating in a practice. Some improvements were pointed out to both practices.

The purpose of this study was to make clear the effect of the Group Rotation Teaching in the medium grade class of Ski Intensive Course. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Through the Group Rotation Teaching, students have received more various helpful advice than the beginner's class. Students are content with the Group Rotation Teaching, because they meet many teaching methods and teachers in this class. But their skill of skiing isn't superior to the beginner. 2) For teachers, the Group Rotation Teaching is valuable to exchange their views and information about teaching skiing. Through the meeting about Group Rotation Teaching, They talk about not only teaching skiing, but about themselves.

This paper is the 2nd report of the comparative study on subject-type and non-subject-type ski practice. In the preceding studies, the structures of the student evaluation and determinant factors of the satisfaction in the ski practice as a curriculum of the department of Physical education (subject-type ski practice) were reported. The purpose of this study was to clarify the determinant factors of the satisfaction to the ski practice as a service program of the student's association (non-subject-type ski practice) and the contribution degree of the factors. The participants responded to 45 questions. Their data were analyzed by applying factor analysis and multiple regression analysis and compared with the preceding study. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The both practices were evaluated very well. As for the recognition level of the purpose and the goal of the practice, the participants in subject-type ski practice were higher. 2. Five factors were extracted as the determinant factors of the comprehensive satisfaction in each practice. The first 3 factors were the same in both type of ski practice. These were "instruction in ski exercise", "alternating current among participants" and "motivation". 3. Only one factor, "motivation", was contributory to the comprehensive satisfaction in non-subject-type ski practice.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the evaluation of students, who participated in a five-day ski intensive course, and to clarify the determinant factors of the satisfaction to the ski course and the contribution degree of the factors. The subjects were 170 university female students. They responded to 45 questions. Their data were analyzed by applying factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results were summerized as follows: 1) The ski course was evaluated "very good" or "good" by 95% of participants. 2) Five factors were extracted as the determinant factors of the comprehensive satisfaction. These were "instruction in ski exercise", "motivation", "communication among participants", "theory and teaching materials" and "improvement of skill". 3) Three factors were contributory to the comprehensive satisfaction. These were "motivation", "improvement of skill" and "instruction in ski exercise".

The purpose of this study was to make clear the effect of the Group Rotation Teaching in Ski Intensive Course. Results are summerized as follows: 1) Through the Group Rotation Teaching, students have received various helpful advice by many teachers. 2) By the Group Rotation Teaching, student's skill of skiing achieve the same level as student's learned by fixed teaching. 3) Teachers accept the Group Rotation Teaching, because they promote their communication by this teaching method. 4) Students content with the Group Rotation Teaching, because they meet many teaching methods and teachers in this class. Thus we conclude that the Group Rotation Teaching is an effective method to teach skiing.