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Cadmium (Cd) can adversely damage plant growth. Therefore, understanding the control molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation will benefit the development of strategies to reduce Cd accumulation in plants. This study performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on the roots of a Cd-tolerant Tartary buckwheat cultivar following 0 h (CK), 6 h (T1), and 48 h (T2) of Cd treatment. The fresh weight and root length were not significantly inhibited under the T1 treatment but they were in the T2 treatment. The root's ultrastructure was seriously damaged in T2 but not in T1 treatment. This was evidenced by deformed cell walls, altered shape and number of organelles. A total of 449, 999 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and eight, 37 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the CK versus T1 and CK versus T2 comparison, respectively. DEGs analysis found that the expression of genes related to cell wall function, glutathione (GSH) metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis changed significantly during Cd stress. Several WRKY, MYB, ERF, and bHLH transcription factors and transporters also responded to Cd treatment. Our results indicate that Cd stress affects cell wall function and GSH metabolism and that changes in these pathways might contribute to mechanisms of Cd tolerance in Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Plant Cell, Tissue & Organ Culture is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Tartary buckwheat is a plant recognized for its resistance to various environmental stresses. Due to its valuable source of phenolic compounds, Fagopyrum tataricum is also characterized as a medicinal plant; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the drought stress for the levels of phenolic compounds in the morphological parts of the plant. Methods: This experiment was conducted in 7 L pots under laboratory conditions. Phenolic compounds were identified using a UHPLC–MS chromatography system. Antioxidant activity was assessed using well-known methods, including the DPPH scavenging activity and ferrous ion chelating activity. Results: In Tartary buckwheat leaves, stems, seeds, and husks, 57 phenolic compounds were identified, with a predominance of quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, kaempferol, and derivatives of coumaric acid. It was observed that the Tartary buckwheat samples subjected to drought stress exhibited a slight decrease in the majority of individual phenolic compounds. Conclusions: The measurement of biological parameters indicated that plant regeneration after drought stress demonstrated a rapid recovery, which can be a positive response to the progression of climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulatory mechanisms underlying the 'source–sink' relationship in Tartary buckwheat remain largely unexplored. This study selected an early-maturing, high-yield variety, 'Zhukuzao1' (ZKZ1), to delve into the 'source–sink' relationship and the regulatory mechanisms of phosphorus utilization. Compared with Jinqiao2 (JQ2), ZKZ1 matured approximately 10 days earlier, with significantly reduced chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and down-regulated PSI-III and GBSSI, indicating a reduced 'source'. However, ZKZ1 maintained soluble sugar levels in upper leaves and increased sugar transport to seeds, promoting plant growth and yield formation. Under varying phosphorus conditions, ZKZ1 exhibited significantly higher total phosphorus content in lower (3.9~4.5-fold) and upper (1.4~1.6-fold) leaves of seedlings, along with increased phosphorus transport to upper leaves and seeds, and up-regulated PHO1 (2.4~3.0-fold), SPX3 (1.8~2.8-fold), PAP2 (2.8~7.7-fold), and 5PTase2 (1.4~3.5-fold) in leaves, indicating improved phosphorus absorption, transport, and remobilization. At maturity, ZKZ1 achieved yields comparable to JQ2, with superior quality traits, including significantly increased contents of protein (glutenin, prolamin, and globulin) and flavonoids under normal phosphorus conditions. Notably, the efficient phosphorus-regulated sugar metabolism in ZKZ1 maintains yield via enhanced 'flow' despite photosynthesis decrease. This study highlights the potential of optimizing the 'source–sink' relationship and phosphorus utilization in early-maturing, high-yield Tartary buckwheat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fagopyrum tataricum, commonly referred to as tartary buckwheat, is a cultivated medicinal and edible crop renowned for its economic and nutritional significance. Following the publication of the buckwheat genome, research on its functional genomics across various growth environments has gradually begun. Auxin plays a crucial role in many life processes. Analyzing the expression changes in tartary buckwheat after IAA treatment is of great significance for understanding its growth and environmental adaptability. Methods: This study investigated the changes in auxin response during the buckwheat seedling stage through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and the identification and annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across three treatment stages. Results: After IAA treatment, there are 3355 DEGs in leaves and 3974 DEGs in roots identified. These DEGs are significantly enriched in plant hormone signaling, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. This result suggests a notable correlation between these tissues in buckwheat and their response to IAA, albeit with significant differences in response patterns. Additionally, the identification of tissue-specific expression genes in leaves and other tissues revealed distinct tissue variations. Conclusions: Following IAA treatment, an increase in tissue-specific expression genes observed, indicating that IAA significantly regulates the growth of buckwheat tissues. This study also validated certain genes, particularly those in plant hormone signaling pathways, providing a foundational dataset for the further analysis of buckwheat growth and tissue development and laying the groundwork for understanding buckwheat growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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SUMMARY: Tartary buckwheat is known for its ability to adapt to intricate growth conditions and to possess robust stress‐resistant properties. Nevertheless, it remains vulnerable to drought stress, which can lead to reduced crop yield. To identify potential genes involved in drought resistance, a genome‐wide association study on drought tolerance in Tartary buckwheat germplasm was conducted. A gene encoding pectin methylesterase inhibitors protein (FtPMEI13) was identified, which is not only associated with drought tolerance but also showed induction during drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Further analysis revealed that overexpression of FtPMEI13 leads to improved drought tolerance by altering the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmotically active metabolites. Additionally, FtPMEI13 interacts with pectin methylesterase (PME) and inhibits PME activity in response to drought stress. Our results suggest that FtPMEI13 may inhibit the activity of FtPME44/FtPME61, thereby affecting pectin methylesterification in the cell wall and modulating stomatal closure in response to drought stress. Yeast one‐hybrid, dual‐luciferase assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that an ABA‐responsive transcription factor FtbZIP46, could bind to the FtPMEI13 promoter, enhancing FtPMEI13 expression. Further analysis indicated that Tartary buckwheat accessions with the genotype resulting in higher FtPMEI13 and FtbZIP46 expression exhibited higher drought tolerance compared to the others. This suggests that this genotype has potential for application in Tartary buckwheat breeding. Furthermore, the natural variation of FtPMEI13 was responsible for decreased drought tolerance during Tartary buckwheat domestication. Taken together, these results provide basic support for Tartary buckwheat breeding for drought tolerance. Significance Statement: Our study identifies the drought‐resistant gene FtPMEI13 in Tartary buckwheat through GWAS during the seed germination stage and demonstrates its significant role in enhancing drought tolerance. Our findings enhance the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying drought resistance in Tartary buckwheat and provide valuable genetic resources and strategies for drought resistance breeding, and this information helps for the gene selection of Tartary buckwheat varieties for further use in Tartary buckwheat breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartary buckwheat is characterized by its numerous inflorescences; however, the uneven distribution of resources can lead to an overload in certain areas, significantly limiting plant productivity. Plant growth regulators effectively modulate plant growth and development. This study investigated the effects of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (EBR) on the Tartary buckwheat cultivar with high seed-setting rates, specifically Chuanqiao No. 1 (CQ1), and low seed-setting rates, namely Xiqiao No. 1 (XQ1), through field experiments. The goal was to investigate how EBR regulates buckwheat grain-filling, enhancing the seed-setting rates, and to understand the physiological mechanisms behind this improvement. The results indicated that EBR treatment followed the typical "S" type growth curve of crops, resulting in an increase in the Tartary buckwheat grain-filling rate. Varieties with high seed-setting rates demonstrated a greater capacity for grain-filling. EBR was observed to regulate hormone content, enhance the photosynthetic capacity of Tartary buckwheat, and increase yield. This was accomplished by enhancing the accumulation of photosynthetic products during the grain-filling period. Specifically, EBR elevated the activity of several key enzymes, including pre-leaf sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), seed sucrose synthase (SS), late grain-filling acid invertase (AI), grain-filling leaf SPS, and grain SS. These changes led to an increased accumulation of sucrose and starch from photosynthetic products. In summary, the G2 concentration of EBR (0.1 mg/L) demonstrated the most significant impact on the seed-setting rates and yield enhancement of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Effect of ingredients addition amounts on the dough printing quality were examined. RSM analysis was used to optimize the sensory-acceptance of TB biscuits formula. Key printing parameters were examined and optimized to print a see-though cube. A series of models was applied to verify the reproducibility of optimal printing process. Cereal-based or starch-based materials are commonly used ingredients for three-dimensional (3D) food printing to fabricate customized products. Tartary buckwheat (TB) is recognized as a nutrition-sensitive and climate-resilient crop that supports sustainable agri-food systems. In this study, we investigated the rheological and printing properties of TB-based dough inks formulated with varying amounts of sugar, butter and milk. The addition of milk had a more significant impact on dough printability compared to sugar and butter. Then, the formula of TB-based dough was optimized via response surface analysis to achieve the optimal dough recipe comprising 50 g of TB flour, 15.86 g of sugar, 15.88 g of butter, and 49.29 g of milk. Based on the optimized dough formula, we explored the effects of variations in key printing parameters, including printing speed (10 mm/s, 30 mm/s, 50 mm/s, 70 mm/s and 90 mm/s), nozzle diameter (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.2 mm), and infilling density (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75%). The best printing performance was achieved using a 0.8 mm nozzle diameter, 30 mm/s printing speed, and 45% infilling density. Furthermore, a series of complex models were implemented, in conjunction with the optimized dough formula to validate the reproducibility of the optimal printing parameters, affirming the efficacy of our approach. In summary, this study provides important guidance on optimizing the formula and printing process of food inks derived from sustainable cereal resources and also greatly contributes to the advancement of 3D printing in the customization of healthy snacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is a unique and relatively conserved signaling pathway in eukaryotes, transmitting extracellular signals into cells through successive phosphorylation and eliciting appropriate responses from the organism. While its mechanism in plant immune response has been partially elucidated in Arabidopsis, it has been rarely examined in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Based on the conserved MAPK domain, we identified 16 MAPK family genes in Tartary buckwheat. The FtMAPKs have similar structures and motif compositions, indicating that this gene family is conserved yet functionally diverse. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, we observed significant expression variation in 15 genes across different organs, except for FtMAPK12. FtMAPK9 showed specific expression in vegetative organs, FtMAPK4 in reproductive organs, and FtMAPK1 and FtMAPK10 in leaves and flowers, respectively, indicating their regulatory roles in Tartary buckwheat development. Following drought and salt stress treatments, 12 and 14 FtMAPKs, respectively, showed significantly altered expression in leaves exhibiting notable biological oxidation. Among these, FtMAPK3, FtMAPK4, and FtMAPK8 demonstrated highly significant changes across both treatments. Transcriptome analysis confirmed these findings, suggesting that these three genes play pivotal roles in Tartary buckwheat's response to abiotic stress and hold potential for molecular breeding improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Tartary buckwheat stress-tolerant variety Chuanqiao No.1 and stress-sensitive variety Chuanqiao No.2 were sprayed with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/kg ozonated water, and the physiological indexes such as fresh weight, chlorophyll and nitrogen content, plasma membrane permeability, and SOD activity of seedlings were measured. The results showed that spraying ozonated water with appropriate concentration was beneficial to improve the physiological characteristics and stress resistance of Tartary buckwheat. The appropriate concentrations of ozonated water for Chuanqiao No.1 and Chuanqiao No.2 were 0.6 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg. The expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related gene FtDCL, nitrogen transport-related gene FtAMT1-1 and stress resistance-related genes (FtSOD, FtNHX1, FtSOS1) in Tartary buckwheat could be significantly promoted by spraying ozonated water with appropriate concentration. The maximum expression level of FtDCL, FtSOD and FtSOS1 genes in Chuanqiao No.1 and Chuanqiao No.2 was at 12 h, while that of FtAMT1-1 and FtNHX1 genes in Chuanqiao No.2 was at 24 h and 6 h. The growth rate and stress resistance of Tartary buckwheat may be improved by ozonated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is a coarse grain crop rich in flavonoids that are beneficial to human health because they function as anti-inflammatories and provide protection against cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Flavonoid biosynthesis is a complex process, and relatively little is known about the regulatory pathways involved in Tartary buckwheat. Here, we cloned and characterized the FtMYB163 gene from Tartary buckwheat, which encodes a member of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family. Amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that FtMYB163 is a member of subgroup 7 (SG7) and closely related to FeMYBF1, which regulates flavonol synthesis in common buckwheat (F. esculentum). We demonstrated that FtMYB163 localizes to the nucleus and has transcriptional activity. Expression levels of FtMYB163 in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds of F. tataricum were positively correlated with the total flavonoid contents of these tissues. Overexpression of FtMYB163 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhanced the expression of several genes involved in early flavonoid biosynthesis (AtCHS, AtCHI, AtF3H, and AtFLS) and significantly increased the accumulation of several flavonoids, including naringenin chalcone, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol, and eight flavonol compounds. Our findings demonstrate that FtMYB163 positively regulates flavonol biosynthesis by changing the expression of several key genes in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the influence of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) with different pH and available chlorine contents (ACC) on the germination of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the germination rate was taken as the index, and the germination process of tartary buckwheat sprouts with SAEW was optimized by single factor and response surface experiments. Moreover, to obtain good quality selenium-enriched tartary buckwheat sprouts, the effects of different Na2SeO3 concentrations on tartary buckwheat were studied on the basis of SAEW germination, with the total selenium content and germination rate as indexes. The optimum technological parameters were determined as follows: soaking time 2.3 h, pH6.5, germination temperature 21 ℃ and germination time 108 h. Under these conditions, the germination rate was 84.96%, which was close to the predicted value of the response surface group (85.36%), being 14.3% and 11.71% higher than those of distilled water and tap water groups, respectively. The optimal concentration of Na2SeO3 was 60 mg/L, under which the total selenium content of tartary buckwheat sprouts was 15.5 mg/L, and the germination rate was 85.63%, which were both higher than the predicted and actual values of response surface group. This study provided a theoretical and scientific basis for the development of SAEW and selenium-enriched treatment of tartary buckwheat sprouts.

The effect of germination degree (shoot length) on the content of nutritional and bioactive components, antioxidant activity was investigated in tartary buckwheat whole grain powder (TBWGP). The findings demonstrated that as germination degree increased, the absolute contents of total starch, protein and fat fractions as well as the ratio of straight-chain starch to total starch in TBWGP decreased, and the content of dietary fiber (IDF, SDF, TDF) elevated (P

Abstract Gibberellin (GA3) is an important plant hormone involved in many physiological and developmental processes in plants. However, the physiological mechanism of GA3 on the regulation yield and grain shell thickness of Tartary buckwheat is still unclear. In this study, the thick-shelled cultivar “Jinqiao 2” and thin-shelled cultivar “Miku 18” were used to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) of exogenous GA3 and chlorocholine chloride (CCC, GA3 synthesis inhibitor) on the cellulose content, amylase, and sucrose synthase (SS) activity in grain shell and the yield of Tartary buckwheat. The application of exogenous GA3 can improve the cellulose content and the activity of amylase and SS in the grain shell of the two Tartary buckwheat varieties. It can also increase the main stem node number, main stem branch number, grains per plant, and yield. Compared with the control treatment (CK, 0 mg L−1), the 100 mg/L exogenous GA3 treatment increased the number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, 1000-grain weight, and yield of Jinqiao 2 by 20.1%, 41.9%, 13%, and 34.7%, respectively. These items of Miku 18 were increased by 26%, 15.2%, 10.2%, and 23.8%. The application of CCC reduced the activity of amylase and SS and cellulose content in grain shell. In addition, it decreased the main stem node number, main stem branch number, grains per plant, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. In summary, exogenous GA3 treatment not only improved the yield of Tartary buckwheat but also increased the thickness of grain shell by enhancing the activity of amylase and SS and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of cellulose. The results can provide theoretical references for clarifying the physiological mechanism of the difference in shell thickness between Tartary buckwheat varieties.

Abstract Background Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays an important role in plant resistance to drought, salinity, cold, and pathogens. It is also important for regulating plant growth and development. Pyrabactin resistance/pyr1-like/regulatory components of the ABA receptor (PYL/RCAR) are ABA receptor proteins in plants and the core of ABA signal transduction pathways in plant regulatory factors. At present, there are no reports on the PYL family of Tartary buckwheat. Results In this study, 19 paralogous form PYL genes in buckwheat were identified at the whole-genome level and named FtPYL1-FtPYL19 according to their positions on chromosomes. We further analyzed the gene structure, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, gene duplication, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns under different stress treatments and during grain development of the 19 paralogous form PYL genes in Tartary buckwheat. The FtPYL gene exhibits a single exonic gene structure for about 68.4% of the duplicated forms from the total paralogous forms. The remaining subfamilies, such as I and II, contain three exons and two exons (e.g., FtPYL19), respectively. Nineteen FtPYL genes were evenly distributed across the eight chromosomes, with at least one FtPYL gene on each chromosome. In the FtPYL gene family, there was one tandem repeat event and five gene duplication events. We investigated the gene expression levels of FtPYL gene under four abiotic stresses and different stages of grain development. Under drought stress (PEG6000), the relative expression levels of FtPYL14 and FtPYL15 increased by fourfold. Under high temperature stress (38℃), the relative expression level of FtPYL16 dropped to 0.12, and that of FtPYL17 fell to 0.22. At different stages of grain development, the gene expression level of FtPY15 is extremely high at 19 D. The relative expression level of FtPYL7 in roots and stems reaches up to approximately 450, and the relative expression level of FtPYL10 in 13 D also reaches up to 248. Summary In this study, the PYL gene family of Tartary buckwheat was identified and analyzed based on the whole genome, and 19 paralogous form FtPYL genes of Tartary buckwheat were bioinformatically analyzed. The expression patterns of 19 paralogous form FtPYL genes in Tartary buckwheat cultivars under different stress treatments and during grain development were analyzed. It was found that the FtPYL gene played an important role in grain development.

Dehulling is a necessary step in the processing of Tartary buckwheat products. In this study, the effects of three different dehulling methods on the starch structure and physical and chemical properties of Tartary buckwheat are systematically analyzed. The results show that, first, explosion‐puffing dehulling treatment (EPT) destroys many of the starch granules, increases the average granular size by 261.7%, and decreases the ∆H by 66.5%; steam dehulling treatment (ST) and dry heat dehulling treatment (DHT) have no significant destructive effect on starch granules. Second, EPT increases the brightness and whiteness and decreases the Hausner ratio and Carr index of Tartary buckwheat flour, which gives Tartary buckwheat flour better fluidity and sensory quality. Third, EPT results in lower packed bulk density and smaller solubility changes with varying temperatures (50–90 °C), indicating that EPT is more applicable to the production of buckwheat tea. Fourth, ST achieves lower adhesiveness, higher hardness, and higher springiness, indicating that ST is more suitable for the production of buckwheat gel products. Fifth, DHT maximizes the retention of resistant starch (RS). ST maximizes rutin retention in buckwheat rice. These results can be used as a reference for selecting different dehulling methods for different buckwheat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gibberellin (GA3) is an important plant hormone involved in many physiological and developmental processes in plants. However, the physiological mechanism of GA3 on the regulation yield and grain shell thickness of Tartary buckwheat is still unclear. In this study, the thick-shelled cultivar "Jinqiao 2" and thin-shelled cultivar "Miku 18" were used to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) of exogenous GA3 and chlorocholine chloride (CCC, GA3 synthesis inhibitor) on the cellulose content, amylase, and sucrose synthase (SS) activity in grain shell and the yield of Tartary buckwheat. The application of exogenous GA3 can improve the cellulose content and the activity of amylase and SS in the grain shell of the two Tartary buckwheat varieties. It can also increase the main stem node number, main stem branch number, grains per plant, and yield. Compared with the control treatment (CK, 0 mg L−1), the 100 mg/L exogenous GA3 treatment increased the number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, 1000-grain weight, and yield of Jinqiao 2 by 20.1%, 41.9%, 13%, and 34.7%, respectively. These items of Miku 18 were increased by 26%, 15.2%, 10.2%, and 23.8%. The application of CCC reduced the activity of amylase and SS and cellulose content in grain shell. In addition, it decreased the main stem node number, main stem branch number, grains per plant, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. In summary, exogenous GA3 treatment not only improved the yield of Tartary buckwheat but also increased the thickness of grain shell by enhancing the activity of amylase and SS and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of cellulose. The results can provide theoretical references for clarifying the physiological mechanism of the difference in shell thickness between Tartary buckwheat varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin is one important nutrition composition in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) sprouts, a component missing in its seeds. Although anthocyanin biosynthesis requires light, the mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Tartary buckwheat is unclear. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis of Tartary buckwheat sprouts under light and dark treatments and biochemical approaches were performed to identify the roles of one B-box protein BBX22 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). The overexpression assay showed that FtHY5 and FtBBX22 could both promote anthocyanin synthesis in red-flower tobacco. Additionally, FtBBX22 associated with FtHY5 to form a complex that activates the transcription of MYB transcription factor genes FtMYB42 and FtDFR, leading to anthocyanin accumulation. These findings revealed the regulation mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin synthesis and provide excellent gene resources for breeding high-quality Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is a crop of significant interest due to its nutritional value and resilience to drought conditions. However, drought, particularly following flowering, is a major factor contributing to yield reduction. This research employed two distinct Tartary buckwheat genotypes to investigate the effects of post-anthesis drought on growth and physicochemical characteristics. The study aimed to elucidate the response of Tartary buckwheat to drought stress. The findings indicated that post-anthesis drought adversely impacted the growth, morphology, and biomass accumulation of Tartary buckwheat. Drought stress enhanced the maximum photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) and light protection ability (NPQ) of the 'Xiqiao-2' genotype. In response to drought stress, 'Dingku-1' and 'Xiqiao-2' maintained osmotic balance by accumulating soluble sugars and proline, respectively. Notably, 'Xiqiao-2' exhibited elevated levels of flavonoids and polyphenols in its leaves, which helped mitigate oxidative damage caused by drought. Furthermore, rewatering after a brief drought period significantly improved plant height, stem diameter, and biomass accumulation in 'Dingku-1'. Overall, 'Xiqiao-2' demonstrated greater long-term tolerance to post-anthesis drought, while 'Dingku-1' was less adversely affected by short-term post-anthesis drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays an important role in plant resistance to drought, salinity, cold, and pathogens. It is also important for regulating plant growth and development. Pyrabactin resistance/pyr1-like/regulatory components of the ABA receptor (PYL/RCAR) are ABA receptor proteins in plants and the core of ABA signal transduction pathways in plant regulatory factors. At present, there are no reports on the PYL family of Tartary buckwheat. Results: In this study, 19 paralogous form PYL genes in buckwheat were identified at the whole-genome level and named FtPYL1-FtPYL19 according to their positions on chromosomes. We further analyzed the gene structure, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, gene duplication, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns under different stress treatments and during grain development of the 19 paralogous form PYL genes in Tartary buckwheat. The FtPYL gene exhibits a single exonic gene structure for about 68.4% of the duplicated forms from the total paralogous forms. The remaining subfamilies, such as I and II, contain three exons and two exons (e.g., FtPYL19), respectively. Nineteen FtPYL genes were evenly distributed across the eight chromosomes, with at least one FtPYL gene on each chromosome. In the FtPYL gene family, there was one tandem repeat event and five gene duplication events. We investigated the gene expression levels of FtPYL gene under four abiotic stresses and different stages of grain development. Under drought stress (PEG6000), the relative expression levels of FtPYL14 and FtPYL15 increased by fourfold. Under high temperature stress (38℃), the relative expression level of FtPYL16 dropped to 0.12, and that of FtPYL17 fell to 0.22. At different stages of grain development, the gene expression level of FtPY15 is extremely high at 19 D. The relative expression level of FtPYL7 in roots and stems reaches up to approximately 450, and the relative expression level of FtPYL10 in 13 D also reaches up to 248. Summary: In this study, the PYL gene family of Tartary buckwheat was identified and analyzed based on the whole genome, and 19 paralogous form FtPYL genes of Tartary buckwheat were bioinformatically analyzed. The expression patterns of 19 paralogous form FtPYL genes in Tartary buckwheat cultivars under different stress treatments and during grain development were analyzed. It was found that the FtPYL gene played an important role in grain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TCP is a plant-specific transcription factor that plays crucial roles in plant growth and development. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the complete genome of tartary buckwheat TCP family, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)analysis was conducted to investigate the expression characteristics of TCP gene under drought and salt stresses. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 28 TCP family members were identified in the tartary buckwheat genome, unevenly distributed across its eight chromosomes. (2)Most tartary buckwheat TCP genes contained 1-5 exons. (3)Phylogenetic analysis classified the tartary buckwheat TCP family into five clades, with intraspecific TCP proteins mainly clustering together. (4)Collinearity analysis indicated that there were five tartary buckwheat TCP genes originated from genome-wide replication events. (5)Cis-element analysis revealed that the promoter regions of tartary buckwheat TCP genes predominantly contained two types of cis-response elements as stress response elements and hormone response elements. (6)Transcriptomic data analysis demonstrated that all tartary buckwheat TCP genes were expressed in the examined tissues. (7)qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of FtTCP3, FtTCP6, FtTCP12, and FtTCP13 changed under drought stress and salt stress conditions, with FtTCP3 peaking at 6 h of drought and salt treatments, suggesting that it plays a positive regulatory role in tartary buckwheat's response to drought stress and salt stress. This study provides new insights into the evolution and function of the TCP gene family, and provides a reference for the functional exploration and utilization of the tartary buckwheat TCP gene family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eurotium cristatum (E. cristatum) is the probiotic fungus in Fu-brick tea, with which fermentation brings a unique flavor and taste and health-promoting effects. Tartary buckwheat leaves are rich in functional active substances such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, yet are not effectively utilized. Methods: Tartary buckwheat leaves were processed into raw green tea first and subsequently fermented with E. cristatum to develop a novel fermented leaf tea. The tea quality was evaluated by the aspects of the sensory scores by E-tongue, the volatile compounds by HS-SPME-GC-MS, the non-volatile profile by biochemical and UPLC-MS/MS methods and the antioxidant activity by the colorimetric assay. Results: Fermented leaf tea displayed a golden yellow color, a unique "flower" aroma and a dark-tea taste, with an improved sensory acceptability. Fermentation raised the content of volatile heterocyclic and aromatic compounds, alkenes and other aromatic components, which produced a unique floral flavor. The proportion of sour, bitter and astringency accounting non-volatile compounds such as phenolic acids and amino acids decreased, while the proportion of umami and sweet accounting substances such as responsible amino acids increased. Fermented leaf tea displayed a relative stronger total antioxidant activity against ABTS. Conclusion: E. cristatum fermentation exerted positive effects on Tartary buckwheat leaf tea quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background As a newly class of endogenous phytohormones, strigolactones (SLs) regulate crop growth and yield formation by interacting with other hormones. However, the physiological mechanism of SLs affect the yield by regulating the balance of endogenous hormones of Tartary buckwheat is still unclear. Results In this study, a 2-year field experiment was conducted on Tartary buckwheat (Jinqiao 2) to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 10, and 20 µmol/L) of artificial synthetic analogs of SLs (rac-GR24) and inhibitor of SL synthesis (Tis-108) on the growth, endogenous-hormone content, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. The main-stem branch number, grain number per plant, grain weight per plant, and yield of Tartary buckwheat continuously decreased with increased rac-GR24 concentration, whereas the main-stem diameter and plant height initially increased and then decreased. Rac-GR24 treatment significantly increased the content of SLs and abscisic acid (ABA) in grains, and it decreased the content of Zeatin (Z) + Zeatin nucleoside (ZR). Conversely, Tis-108 treatment decreased the content of SLs and ABA but increased the content of Z + ZR. Results of correlation analysis showed that the content of ABA and SLs, the ratio of SLs/(Z + ZR), SLs/ABA, and ABA/(Z + ZR) were significantly negatively correlated with the yield of Tartary buckwheat, and that Z + ZR content was significantly positively correlated with the yield. Regression analysis further showed that ABA/ (Z + ZR) can explain 58.4% of the variation in yield. Conclusions In summary, by adjusting the level of endogenous SLs in Tartary buckwheat, the balance of endogenous hormones in grains can be changed, thereby exerting the effect on yield. The results can provide a new agronomic method for the high-yield cultivation of Tartary buckwheat.

Abstract This study aimed to clarify the effects of drought during flowering period on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism, growth, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. Tartary buckwheat cultivar Jinqiao 2 was treated with well-watered (CK), slight soil-drought stress (LD), moderate soil-drought stress (MD), and severe soil-drought stress (SD), with the soil water potential maintained at − 0.02 to − 0.03, − 0.04 to − 0.05, − 0.05 to − 0.06, and − 0.06 to − 0.07 MPa, respectively. With prolonged growth period and an increase in drought stress, the antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Tartary buckwheat leaves initially increased and then decreased. Meanwhile, the contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion showed a continuous. LD treatment induced the highest antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism but the lowest contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion in Tartary buckwheat leaves. Compared with CK, LD treatment increased the grain number, 1000-grain weight (MTS), and yield per plant by 6.52%, 17.37%, and 12.35%, respectively. In summary, LD treatment can increase the antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thus enhancing the adaptability of Tartary buckwheat to drought stress and increasing the yield per plant.

Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring toxic heavy metal that adversely affects plant germination, growth, and development. While the effects of Cd have been described on many crop species including rice, maize, wheat and barley, few studies are available on cadmium's effect on Tartary buckwheat which is a traditional grain in China. We examined nine genotypes and found that 30 µM of Cd reduced the root length in seedlings by between 4 and 44% and decreased the total biomass by 7 to 31%, compared with Cd-free controls. We identified a significant genotypic variation in sensitivity to Cd stress. Cd treatment decreased the total root length and the emergence and growth of lateral roots, and these changes were significantly greater in the Cd-sensitive genotypes than in tolerant genotypes. Cd resulted in greater wilting and discoloration in sensitive genotypes than in tolerant genotypes and caused more damage to the structure of root and leaf cells. Cd accumulated in the roots and shoots, but the concentrations in the sensitive genotypes were significantly greater than in the more tolerant genotypes. Cd treatment affected nutrient uptake, and the changes in the sensitive genotypes were greater than those in the tolerant genotypes, which could maintain their concentrations closer to the control levels. The induction of SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the roots and shoots was significantly greater in the tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive genotypes. We demonstrated that Cd stress reduced root and shoot growth, decreased plant biomass, disrupted nutrient uptake, altered cell structure, and managed Cd-induced oxidative stress differently in the sensitive and tolerant genotypes of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rigid hull encasing Tartary buckwheat seeds necessitates a laborious dehulling process before flour milling, resulting in considerable nutrient loss. Investigation of lignin composition is pivotal in understanding the structural properties of tartary buckwheat seeds hulls, as lignin is key determinant of rigidity in plant cell walls, thus directly impacting the dehulling process. Here, the lignin composition of seed hulls from 274 Tartary buckwheat accessions is analyzed, unveiling a unique lignin chemotype primarily consisting of G lignin, a common feature in gymnosperms. Furthermore, the hardness of the seed hull showed a strong negative correlation with the S lignin content. Genome‐wide detection of selective sweeps uncovered that genes governing the biosynthesis of S lignin, specifically two caffeic acid O‐methyltransferases (COMTs) and one ferulate 5‐hydroxylases, are selected during domestication. This likely contributed to the increased S lignin content and decreased hardness of seed hulls from more domesticated varieties. Genome‐wide association studies identified robust associations between FtCOMT1 and the accumulation of S lignin in seed hull. Transgenic Arabidopsis comt1 plants expressing FtCOMT1 successfully reinstated S lignin content, confirming its conserved function across plant species. These findings provide valuable metabolic and genetic insights for the potential redesign of Tartary buckwheat seed hulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rutin, a flavonoid rich in buckwheat, is important for human health and plant resistance to external stresses. The hydrolysis of rutin to quercetin underlies the bitter taste of Tartary buckwheat. In order to identify rutin hydrolysis genes, a 200 genotypes mini‐core Tartary buckwheat germplasm resource was re‐sequenced with 30‐fold coverage depth. By combining the content of the intermediate metabolites of rutin metabolism with genome resequencing data, metabolite genome‐wide association analyses (GWAS) eventually identified a glycosyl hydrolase gene FtGH1, which could hydrolyse rutin to quercetin. This function was validated both in Tartary buckwheat overexpression hairy roots and in vitro enzyme activity assays. Mutation of the two key active sites, which were determined by molecular docking and experimentally verified via overexpression in hairy roots and transient expression in tobacco leaves, exhibited abnormal subcellular localization, suggesting functional changes. Sequence analysis revealed that mutation of the FtGH1 promoter in accessions of two haplotypes might be necessary for enzymatic activity. Co‐expression analysis and GWAS revealed that FtbHLH165 not only repressed FtGH1 expression, but also increased seed length. This work reveals a potential mechanism behind rutin metabolism, which should provide both theoretical support in the study of flavonoid metabolism and in the molecular breeding of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc/iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIP) family acts as an important transporter for divalent metal cations such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and even Cd. However, their condition is unclear in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Here, 13 ZIP proteins were identified and were predicted to be mostly plasma membrane-localized. The transient expressions of FtZIP2 and FtZIP6 in tobacco confirmed the prediction. Multiple sequence alignment analysis of FtZIP proteins revealed that most of them had 8 putative transmembrane (TM) domains and a variable region rich in histidine residues between TM3 and TM4, indicating the reliable affinity to metal ions. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR showed that FtZIP genes were markedly different in different organs, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. However, in seedlings, the relative expression of FtZIP10 was notably induced under the CdCl2 treatment, while excessive Zn2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Cd2+ increased the transcript of FtZIP5 or FtZIP13, in comparison to normal conditions. Complementation of yeast mutants with the FtZIP family genes demonstrate that FtZIP7/10/12 transport Zn, FtZIP5/6/7/9/10/11 transport Fe, FtZIP12 transports Mn and FtZIP2/3/4/7 transport Cd. Our data suggest that FtZIP proteins have conserved functions of transportation of metal ions but with distinct spatial expression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to clarify the effects of drought during flowering period on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism, growth, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. Tartary buckwheat cultivar Jinqiao 2 was treated with well-watered (CK), slight soil-drought stress (LD), moderate soil-drought stress (MD), and severe soil-drought stress (SD), with the soil water potential maintained at − 0.02 to − 0.03, − 0.04 to − 0.05, − 0.05 to − 0.06, and − 0.06 to − 0.07 MPa, respectively. With prolonged growth period and an increase in drought stress, the antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Tartary buckwheat leaves initially increased and then decreased. Meanwhile, the contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion showed a continuous. LD treatment induced the highest antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism but the lowest contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion in Tartary buckwheat leaves. Compared with CK, LD treatment increased the grain number, 1000-grain weight (MTS), and yield per plant by 6.52%, 17.37%, and 12.35%, respectively. In summary, LD treatment can increase the antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of substances and activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thus enhancing the adaptability of Tartary buckwheat to drought stress and increasing the yield per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a newly class of endogenous phytohormones, strigolactones (SLs) regulate crop growth and yield formation by interacting with other hormones. However, the physiological mechanism of SLs affect the yield by regulating the balance of endogenous hormones of Tartary buckwheat is still unclear. Results: In this study, a 2-year field experiment was conducted on Tartary buckwheat (Jinqiao 2) to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 10, and 20 µmol/L) of artificial synthetic analogs of SLs (rac-GR24) and inhibitor of SL synthesis (Tis-108) on the growth, endogenous-hormone content, and yield of Tartary buckwheat. The main-stem branch number, grain number per plant, grain weight per plant, and yield of Tartary buckwheat continuously decreased with increased rac-GR24 concentration, whereas the main-stem diameter and plant height initially increased and then decreased. Rac-GR24 treatment significantly increased the content of SLs and abscisic acid (ABA) in grains, and it decreased the content of Zeatin (Z) + Zeatin nucleoside (ZR). Conversely, Tis-108 treatment decreased the content of SLs and ABA but increased the content of Z + ZR. Results of correlation analysis showed that the content of ABA and SLs, the ratio of SLs/(Z + ZR), SLs/ABA, and ABA/(Z + ZR) were significantly negatively correlated with the yield of Tartary buckwheat, and that Z + ZR content was significantly positively correlated with the yield. Regression analysis further showed that ABA/ (Z + ZR) can explain 58.4% of the variation in yield. Conclusions: In summary, by adjusting the level of endogenous SLs in Tartary buckwheat, the balance of endogenous hormones in grains can be changed, thereby exerting the effect on yield. The results can provide a new agronomic method for the high-yield cultivation of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although plastic film mulching is commonly utilized to enhance crop water use efficiency (WUE) in semi-arid areas, the combined effect of plastic film mulching and fertilizer application on Tartary buckwheat yield is still unknown. To address this gap, a four-year field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2021 to investigate the effect of plastic film mulching and fertilizers on the soil water storage, plant growth, yield, and WUE of Tartary buckwheat in semi-arid environments. The treatments comprised traditional planting without fertilizer (TNF), traditional planting with fertilizer application (N–P2O5–K2O: 40–30–20 kg ha−1) (TF), plastic film mulching with fertilizer application (N–P2O5–K2O: 40–30–20 kg ha−1) (MF), and plastic film mulching without fertilizer (MNF). The results indicated that MF treatment significantly increased leaf area index and SPAD values compared to the other treatments. The yield of Tartary buckwheat under the film mulching increased by 23.3% in comparison to no-mulching treatments, and under fertilizer application it increased by 18.2% compared to no fertilizer. WUE under film mulching exhibited an increase of 3.1% in 2018, 34.9% in 2019, 45.5% in 2020, and 34.6% in 2021, respectively, compared to no mulching. The impact of film mulching on WUE was more significant in years with lower precipitation compared to those with normal or higher precipitation levels. Overall, MF significantly enhanced both the yield and WUE of Tartary buckwheat. This approach proved to be an effective strategy for bolstering drought-resistant yield and optimizing resource efficiency in Tartary buckwheat cultivation in semi-arid regions. Moreover, the positive effects of plastic mulching and fertilizer application on grain yield and water use efficiency were more pronounced in drier years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium has been reported to have positive effects on crop growth and production in various species. However, the impact of titanium on the Tartary buckwheat crops has not yet been studied. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of spraying different concentrations of ionic titanium on the growth, photosynthesis, and uptake of mineral nutrients in Tartary buckwheat. The results showed that the application of titanium significantly improved dry matter accumulation, internode diameter, main stem node, root length, root average diameter, root surface area, root volume, grains per plant, and weight of grains per plant. Additionally, chlorophyll and photosynthetic parameters showed improvement regardless of the concentration of titanium used. The study found that titanium accumulation was mainly in leaves. The content of titanium in leaves showed a significant positive correlation with K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B. This suggests a potential synergistic relationship between titanium and minerals in Tartary buckwheat leaves. Furthermore, the study also observed a significant increase in the total accumulation of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in Tartary buckwheat plants. Overall, this study provides evidence for the positive effects of titanium on Tartary buckwheat and offers a theoretical foundation for practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]