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Background Utilization of quantitative proteomics data on the network level is still a challenge in proteomics data analysis. Currently existing models use sophisticated, sometimes hard to implement analysis techniques. Our aim was to generate a relatively simple strategy for quantitative proteomics data analysis in order to utilize as much of the data generated in a proteomics experiment as possible. Results In this study, we applied label-free proteomics, and generated a network model utilizing both qualitative, and quantitative data, in order to examine the early host response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). A weighted network model was generated based on the amount of proteins measured by mass spectrometry, and analysis of weighted networks and functional sub-networks revealed upregulation of proteins involved in translation, transcription, and DNA condensation in the early phase of the viral life-cycle. Conclusion A relatively simple strategy for network analysis was created and applied to examine the effect of HIV-1 on host cellular proteome. We believe that our model may prove beneficial in creating algorithms, allowing for both quantitative and qualitative studies of proteome change in various biological and pathological processes by quantitative mass spectrometry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2990-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniomycetes) are obligate ectoparasitic fungi of arthropods with a worldwide distribution. Their effects on host physiology and behaviour as well as their ecology have recently gained wider attention. One aspect that is virtually unknown regarding Laboulbeniales and arthropod-associated fungi in general, is how abiotic factors shape the distribution of these parasites. We used ant- and bat fly-associated Laboulbeniales to study whether climatic elements play a role in the distribution of fungal species. We collected uninfected and Laboulbeniales-infected insects belonging to three species: bat flies Nycteribia schmidlii and Penicillidia conspicua (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) and the ant Myrmica scabrinodis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We used climatic variables and performed statistical analyses to explain the distribution of Laboulbeniales infection. Our results show a higher likelihood of Laboulbeniales presence in habitats with low annual mean temperature and humidity, suggesting that climatic elements can considerably shape the distribution of Laboulbeniales species.

Monolithic structured TiO2/aerogel composites were prepared from resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer aerogel (RFA) and its carbon aerogel (RFCA) derivative. A resorcinol-formaldehyde hydrogel was synthesized in a sol-gel reaction and transformed into polymer aerogel by supercritical drying. The RFA was converted to carbon aerogel by pyrolysis at 900 °C in dry N2. Amorphous and crystalline TiO2 layers were grown from TiCl4 and H2O precursors by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 80 °C and 250 °C, respectively, on both RFA and RFCA. The substrates and the composites were studied by N2 adsorption, TG/DTA-MS, Raman, SEM-EDX and TEM techniques. Their photocatalytic activity was compared in the UV catalyzed decomposition reaction of methyl orange dye.

Understanding climate change and revealing its future paths on a local level is a great challenge for the future. Beside the expanding sets of available climatic data, satellite images provide a valuable source of information. In our study we aimed to reveal whether satellite data are an appropriate way to identify global trends, given their shorter available time range. We used the CARPATCLIM (CC) database (1961–2010) and the MODIS NDVI images (2000–2016) and evaluated the time period covered by both (2000–2010). We performed a regression analysis between the NDVI and CC variables, and a time series analysis for the 1961–2008 and 2000–2008 periods at all data points. The results justified the belief that maximum temperature (TMAX), potential evapotranspiration and aridity all have a strong correlation with the NDVI; furthermore, the short period trend of TMAX can be described with a functional connection with its long period trend. Consequently, TMAX is an appropriate tool as an explanatory variable for NDVI spatial and temporal variance. Spatial pattern analysis revealed that with regression coefficients, macro-regions reflected topography (plains, hills and mountains), while in the case of time series regression slopes, it justified a decreasing trend from western areas (Transdanubia) to eastern ones (The Great Hungarian Plain). This is an important consideration for future agricultural and land use planning; i.e. that western areas have to allow for greater effects of climate change.

Glycogen phosphorylase enzymes (GP) catalyse reversible reactions; the glucose transfer from glycogen to inorganic phosphate (Pi, phosphorolysis) or the reverse glucose transfer from glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) to glycogen (synthesis). Rabbit muscle GPb (rmGPb) was used as a model enzyme to study the reversible enzyme reaction. To follow both directions of this reversible reaction, we have developed a novel isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) method for the determination of the direct reaction rate. The preference of forward or reverse reaction was ensured by the 0.1 or 10 concentration ratios of G-1-P/Pi, respectively. Substrate specificity was studied using different maltooligosaccharides and glycogen. Based on the KM values, glycogen and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside (CNP-G7) were found to be analogous substrates, which allowed to optimize the method by taking advantage of the CNP chromophore being detectable in HPLC. In case of CNP-G7, substrate inhibition was observed and characterised by Ki of 23 ± 7 mM. Inhibition of human GP is a promising strategy for the treatment of diabetes. Our ITC measurements have confirmed that caffeine and glucopyranosylidene-spiro-thiohydantoin (GTH), as known GPb inhibitors, inhibit the rmGPb-catalysed reversible reaction in both directions. Ki values obtained in the direction of synthesis (1.92 ± 0.14 mM for caffeine and 11.5 ± 2.0 μM for GTH) have been shown to be in good agreement with the Ki values obtained in the direction of phosphorolysis (4.05 ± 0.26 mM for caffeine and 13.8 ± 1.6 μM for GTH). The higher difference between the inhibition constants of caffeine was explained by the non-competitive mechanism. The described ITC method using the developed experimental design and reaction conditions is suitable for activity measurements of different phosphorylase enzymes on various substrates and is applicable for inhibition studies as well.

International scientific collaboration, a fundamental phenomenon of science, has been studied from several perspectives for decades. In the spatial aspect of science of science, cities have been considered by their publication output or by their citation impact. In this visualization, we go beyond these well-known approaches and map international scientific collaboration patterns of the most prominent science hubs considering both the quantity and the impact of papers produced in the collaboration. The analysis involves 245 cities and the collaboration matrix contains a total number of 7,718 international collaboration links. Results show that US-Europe co-publication links are more efficient in terms of producing highly cited papers than those international links that Asian cities have built in scientific collaboration., 4 pages, 1 figure

Overproduction of toxic cyanobacteria is a type of harmful algal blooms (HABs). The heptapeptide microcystins (MCs) are one of the most common cyanotoxins. There is increasing research concerning the effects of MCs on growth and physiology of vascular plants, however there is a lack of studies on their direct effects on aquatic macrophytes in the real environment. Here we report the occurrence of a MC producing HAB in Lake Bardos, Hungary in 2012 with harmful effects on cytological, histological and biochemical parameters of Ceratophyllum submersum (soft hornwort) plants naturally growing at the blooming site. Blue-Green Sinapis Test (BGST) showed high toxicity of HAB samples. Cell-free water samples contained a significant amount of MCs (7.31 ± 0.17 μg L−1) while C. submersum plants contained 1.01 ± 0.21 μg g DW−1 MCs. Plants showed significant increases of protein content and decreases of anthocyanin content and carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, indicating physiological stress- as compared to plants from the control (MC free) sampling site of the same water body. Histological and cytological studies showed (i) radial swelling and the abnormal formation of lateral buds at the shoot tip leading to abnormal development; (ii) the fragmentation of nuclei as well as accumulation of phenolics in the nucleus indicating that the HAB induced cell death and stress reactions at the nuclear level. The most relevant effect was the increase of histone H3 phosphorylation in metaphase chromosomes: since MCs are strong inhibitors of protein phosphatases, this alteration is related to the biochemical targets of these toxins. The HAB decreased peroxidase activity, but increased nuclease and protease activities, showing the decreased capacity of plants to face biotic stress and as the cytological changes, the induction of cell death. This study is one of the first to show the complex harmful changes in aquatic plants that co-exist with HABs.

Two new 14-noreudesmane sesquiterpenes, one new phenylpropane heterodimer, caulilexin C, and uvaol were isolated from the 70% MeOH extract of the fruit peel of Elaeagnus rhamnoides. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by HRESIMS and advanced NMR methods. The absolute configuration of (R)-6,9-dihydroxy-1-oxo-14-noreudesm-5,7,9-triene was determined by the TDDFT-ECD method. The new compounds, together with structurally similar naphthalenes (musizin, musizin-8-O-glucoside, torachrysone-8-O-glucoside) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (2-methylstipandrone), isolated previously from Rumex aquaticus, were investigated for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) using two different methods. Applying the traditional virus yield reduction test, (R)-6,9-dihydroxy-1-oxo-14-noreudesm-5,7,9-triene, 1-[3-methoxy-4-(2-methoxy-4-(1E)-propenyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-propane-1,2-diol, and musizin caused a 2.00 log10, 3.49 log10, and 2.33 log10 reduction of HSV-2 yield, respectively, at a concentration of 12.5 μM. 2-Hydroxy-1-methoxy-6,9-dioxo-14-noreudesm-1,3,5(10),7-tetraene exhibited an antiviral effect at concentration of 50 μM only. Similar results were obtained when the qPCR method was used to test the antiviral activity of the compounds.

Chemical investigation of aerial parts of Helichrysum italicum yielded two new pyrone derivatives (1 and 2) along with ten known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as by HRESIMS data. Compound 1 represented a rare dimer of substituted α- and γ-pyrone units. DFT-NMR and TDDFT-ECD calculations were carried out to determine the absolute configuration of 1 but failed, representing the limitation of TDDFT-ECD calculation for the configurational assignment. All compounds were measured for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activity but proved to be inactive.

Meta-magnetic shape memory alloys (MMSMAs) display an abrupt change in magnetization across the martensitic transformation. Simultaneous detection and statistical analysis of the emitted acoustic and magnetic noises, accompanied with martensitic transformations are important for better understanding of the magneto-structural coupling, and for utilization of well-characterized acoustic and magnetic signals for practical applications. In the present work, characteristics of thermal, acoustic and magnetic noises, detected during martensitic transformation in the Ni45Co5Mn36.6In13.4 MMSMA single crystals, were investigated for the first time. Statistical analysis of the thermal spikes, appeared during the calorimetric measurements at low cooling rates (typically below 1 K/min) showed that the energy distributions followed a power law with e = 2.0 ± 0.3 exponent, which is in good agreement with the exponents of energy distribution of acoustic and magnetic emission events (e = 1.7 ± 0.1 and e = 1.7 ± 0.2, respectively). The above exponents were independent of the external magnetic field between B = 0 and 230 mT. Interestingly, the acoustic and magnetic exponents during cooling and heating were the same in contrast to the expected asymmetry based on the fact that the transformation demonstrates an isothermal character during cooling and an athermal one for heating. Upon interrupting cooling, and dwelling at a temperature above the martensite finish temperature, practically no acoustic and magnetic noises were detected, while upon continued cooling the noise appeared again, with the same critical exponents. This indicates that the main discontinuous events, leading to noise emissions, should be the same before and after dwelling as well as during cooling and heating. In magnetic noise measurements, under zero external field, the magnetic noise packets contained voltage peaks in the detector coils in both (positive and negative) directions. Under small external magnetic fields (between 20 and 230 mT), the activity of magnetic signals increased and the magnetic peaks, during both heating and cooling, appeared more and more unidirectional (i.e. peaks only in one direction were observed) which can be attributed to the increased magnetization of the austenite.

The families of simplest cubic, simplest quartic and simplest sextic fields and the related Thue equations are well known, see G. Lettl, A. Pethő and P. Voutier, Simple families of Thue inequalities, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 351 (1999) 1871–1894, On the arithmetic of simplest sextic fields and related Thue equations, in Number Theory: Diophantine, Computational and Algebraic Aspects, eds. K. Győry et al. (de Gruyter, Berlin, 1998), pp. 331–348. The family of simplest cubic Thue equations was already studied in the relative case, over imaginary quadratic fields. In the present paper, we give a similar extension of simplest quartic and simplest sextic Thue equations over imaginary quadratic fields. We explicitly give the solutions of these infinite parametric families of Thue equations over arbitrary imaginary quadratic fields.

A new cyclic pentapeptide, cotteslosin C (1), a new aflaquinolone, 22-epi-aflaquinolone B (3), and two new anthraquinones (9 and 10), along with thirty known compounds (2, 4 – 8, 11 – 34) were isolated from a co-culture of the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor with Bacillus subtilis. The new metabolites were only detected in the co-culture extract, but not when the fungus was grown under axenic conditions. Furthermore, the co-culture extract exhibited an enhanced accumulation of the known constituents versicolorin B (14), averufin (16), and sterigmatocyctin (19) by factors of 1.5, 2.0, and 4.7, respectively, compared to the axenic fungal culture. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of compounds 3, 9, and 10 was determined by ECD (electronic circular dichroism) analysis aided by TDDFT-ECD (time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism) calculations. Compounds 15, 18 – 21, and 26 exhibited strong to moderate cytotoxic activity against the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y, with IC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 21.2 µM, while compounds 14, 16, 31, 32, and 33 displayed moderate inhibitory activities against several gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 50 µM.

A WRB diagnosztikai elemeit és a felszínborítási adatokat kombinálva a talajokat ért antropogén hatás mértéke szerint négy csoportot alkottunk: 1. nincs talaj, 2. antropogén eredetű talaj, 3. természetes talaj, de lényeges antropogén bélyegekkel, illetve 4. természetes talaj. A négy csoport valamelyikéhez egyértelműen hozzárendelhető a felszínborítási osztályok mindegyike. Az általunk kidolgozott módszer segítségével értékeltük Magyarország talajtakarójának természetességét. Az ország területének 2%-án nem számolhatunk a FAO által definiált értelemben talaj létével, 6%-án antropogén talajok várhatók (Anthrosol, vagy Technosol), 66%-án a természetes talajok antropogén átalakítottsága eléri a WRB diagnosztikai határértékeit, és mindössze 26% azon talajok aránya, amelyekben antropogén hatások a diagnosztikában nem jelennek meg, azaz természetes vagy természetközeli állapotúként értékelhetők. Talajtípusok tekintetében legnagyobb mértékű emberi hatással a csernozjomok, réti és öntés talajok esetében számolhatunk, míg természetközeli állapotú talajok legnagyobb kiterjedésben a kőzethatású és váztalajokon maradtak fenn. A területi különbségek is jelentősek: míg legnagyobb arányban a Hajdúságon és a Körös-Maros közén találunk antropogén hatásokkal érintett talajokat, addig a természetközeli állapotú talajok aránya az Északi-középhegység egyes hegyvidéki területein a legnagyobb. Módszerünk csak becslésre alkalmas, mégis jó áttekintést ad a hazai talajok antropogén átalakítottságának mértékéről, az emberi tevékenység, mint hatodik talajképző tényező jelentőségéről, intenzitásának térbeli eloszlásáról, amely a hazai talajtani adottságoknak egy eddig kevéssé vizsgált aspektusa.

Sputtering of PbTe, SnTe and GeTe compounds having both small and large differences in the individual components’ masses by Ar+ plasma under Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) conditions are investigated. The effect of preferential sputtering and its peculiar features caused by the different ratios between masses of the IVB atoms and tellurium were observed. The method and the empirical relationships for determination of the relative detection factor (RDF) of the intrinsic components of the compounds are suggested. It is shown that RDF of Te and metal species of the investigated samples isn’t a constant, but depends on sputtering energy. These dependences are explained by the changes of the sputtering surface morphology and the impact of mass of the sputtered species on the fraction of the species flux ejected into the solid angle collected by the spectrometer mass analyzer. The limits of applicability of SNMS for quantitative analysis of composite samples with big differences in masses of their constituents are established. A possible solution for such cases is proposed. It is shown that in the sequence of PbTe-SnTe-GeTe compounds the surface binding energy of the metal components decreases in the direction from lighter to heavier atom.

Phenyl 2,3,6,2′,3′,6′-hexa-O-acetyl-4′-S-acetyl-1,4,4′-trithio-β- d -maltoside and its tri-, tetra- and pentasaccharide homologues were prepared by completely regio- and stereoselective photoinitiated thiol-ene coupling reactions of 2-acetoxy-glucal and 4-thioglucose type reaction partners. Complex protecting group strategies could be avoided since all thiols and glucals were prepared from a single starting material, phenyl 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-S-acetyl-1,4-dithio-β- d -glucopyranoside. The method represents a simple alternative to the known syntheses of similar products.

Veneering ceramics should be strongly bonded to zirconia core in order to achieve successfully long-term clinical practice. Indeed, to pursue the high zirconia core–veneering ceramic bonding is still a concerned issue. In this regard, this study was to treat zirconia surface using a 3 wt% Si3N4 solution in 4 M NaOH and to investigate the effect of soaking time (5, 10, and 20 days) on the surface properties of zirconia and shear bond strength between zirconia and veneering ceramics. The residual veneering ceramics on zirconia surfaces and failure modes were also examined after fracture. The results showed that the phase composition of zirconia before and after surface modification was not changed. The elemental mapping and depth profiling consistently revealed the soaking-time-dependent Si content on the zirconia surface. The surface roughness of zirconia was significantly (P

In addition to the well-known 1 1 Σ + and 2 1 Σ + electronic states which are nonadiabatically coupled and responsible for the ionic-covalent transition in lithium fluoride (LiF), the lowest-lying Π state is included in the present dynamical treatment. Although this purely repulsive 1 1 Π state lies energetically close to the 2 1 Σ + one and has a remarkable transition dipole moment with the 1 1 Σ + ground electronic state in the Franck-Condon region, it is often excluded in studies on the photodissociation of LiF. Here we demonstrate the important role of 1 1 Π by comparing two-state ( 1 1 Σ + and 2 1 Σ + ) and three-state ( 1 1 Σ + , 2 1 Σ + and 1 1 Π ) nuclear dynamical simulations focusing on the electronic state populations. Both for short (τ = 20 fs) and long (τ = 100 fs) laser pulses in the energy interval of ℏ ω = 6.2 eV – 7.35 eV we find that the population of 1 1 Π can significantly exceed that of 2 1 Σ + . Furthermore we consider rotating molecules and reveal a faster dissociation compared to the case where only the vibration of the molecules are treated (recently found in J. Chem. Phys. 144 (2016) 044107).

Floodplains are valuable scenes of water management and nature conservation. A better understanding of their geomorphological characteristic helps to understand the main processes involved. We performed a classification of floodplain forms in a naturally developed area in Hungary using a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of aerial laser scanning. We derived 60 geomorphometric variables from the DTM and prepared a geomorphological map of 265 forms (crevasse channels, point bars, swales, levees). Random Forest classification was conducted with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) on the objects (mean pixel values by forms) and on the pixels of the variables. We also evaluated the classification probabilities (CP), the spatial uncertainties (SU), and the overfitting in the function of the number of the variables. We found that the object-based method had a better performance (95%) than the pixel-based method (78%). RFE helped to identify the most important 13–20 variables, maintaining the high model performance and reducing the overfitting. However, CP and SU were not efficient measures of classification accuracy as they were not in accordance with the class level accuracy metric. Our results help to understand classification results and the specific limits of laser scanned DTMs. This methodology can be useful in geomorphologic mapping.

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The in vitro susceptibility of gentamicin fractions against Fusarium growth was the subject of this retrospective study. Fusariosis was earlier an exceptionally rare human disease and an unrealistic idea to treat soil saprophytes and plant pathogens with expensive antibiotics such as gentamicins or their minor components. Disseminated fusariosis is now the second most frequent lethal fungal infection after aspergillosis especially in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancy. Results of this study obtained between May and November 1973 were interesting but not practicable and remained unpublished. Seven Fusarium and 28 other fungal strains were tested for their susceptibility to gentamicin B1. The anti-Fusarium activity of gentamicin B1 was between 0.2 and 3.1 μg/ml minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The MIC values of clotrimazol and amphotericin B against Fusarium species were significantly higher, 3.1-12.5 μg/ml and 3.1-50 μg/ml, respectively. Gentamicin B1 and its structurally related congeners including hygromycin B, paromomycin, tobramycin (nebramycin factor 5'), nebramycin (nebramycin factor 4), and sisomicin exerted strong in vitro inhibition against Fusarium species between 0.2 and 12.5 μg/ml concentrations. The antibacterial MIC concentration of gentamicin B1 tested on 20 bacterial strains ranged between 0.1 and 50 μg/ml. Gentamicin B1, a minor fraction of the gentamicin complex, inhibited effectively the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas) pathogens. Gentamicins and related aminoglycoside antibiotics are used in medical practice. It is proposed that due to the increasing incidence of fusariosis and drug resistance, gentamicin components, particularly minor fraction B1 and related aminoglycoside antibiotics, could be tested for their in vivo activity against fusariosis and aspergillosis either alone or in combination with other antifungal agents.

Interdiffusion along grain boundaries can lead to shift of grain boundaries in form of Grain Boundary Diffusion Induced Grain Boundary Migration, DIGM, in systems forming wide range solid solutions, and to the Grain Boundary Diffusion Induced Solid State Reactions, in systems containing intermetallic phases. If, during above processes, the grain size of the sample is smaller than the double of the migration distance complete homogenization can also be reached (cold homogenization). Atomic mechanisms and phenomenological description of such alloying are reviewed. The main driving force, at low temperatures where the bulk diffusion is completely frozen out, arises from the unequality of the grain boundary atomic fluxes, leading to stress accumulations. The cold homogenization is the manifestation of such stress relaxations. Reviewing experimental data, we illustrate that DIGM takes place on both sides of a binary AB thin film and the solute content in the DIGM zone is higher on the side of the component of higher melting point (i.e. in the slower component). In binary systems containing intermetallic compounds the cold homogenization can lead, either to the formation of a given stoichiometric compound, or to two phase equilibrium, in accordance with the phase diagram. Different possible applications are likewise surveyed.

We derive a Karhunen–Loeve expansion of the Gauss process $$ {B}_t-g(t){\int}_0^1{g}^{\hbox{'}}(u)\mathrm{d}{B}_u,t\in \left[0,1\right] $$ , where (Bt)t ∈ [0, 1] is a standardWiener process, and g : [0, 1] → ℝ is a twice continuously differentiable function with g(0) = 0 and $$ {\int}_0^1{\left(g\hbox{'}(u)\right)}^2\mathrm{d}u=1 $$ . This process is an important limit process in the theory of goodness-of-fit tests. We formulate two particular cases with the functions $$ g(t)=\left(\sqrt{2}/\pi \right)\sin \left(\pi t\right),t\in \left[0,1\right] $$ , and g(t) = t, t ∈ [0, 1]. The latter corresponds to the Wiener bridge over [0, 1] from 0 to 0.

The sorption of phosphate on soils is studied by radioisotopic tracer method. Two consecutive processes with rather different rates were differentiated: namely the heterogeneous isotope exchange between the phosphate in the soil solution and the weakly sorbed phosphate (fast reaction), and the transformation of weakly sorbed phosphate to tightly sorbed phosphate (slow reaction). In this paper, it is shown how the rate constants of these two processes can be determined by a radiotracer with a relatively short half-life.

The use of new methods describing the “readily available” nutrient content of the soil is spreading on a global scale. The 0.01 M CaCl2 extractant is a dilute salt solution in which the easily soluble inorganic (nitrate-N and ammonium-N) and organic N fractions, P, K and micronutrients are also measurable. The 0.01 M CaCl2 has been tested in the University of Debrecen, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Sciences since the 90’s. The results of the researches related to organic N fraction, performed in the last decades, and the results of the present study (originating from the long-term experiment of Karcag, 2007–2009) can be concluded as follows: The measurement of easily soluble and oxidizable organic nitrogen (Norg), besides inorganic fractions, could improve the nutrient management. The amount of the Norg fraction is determined by the soil conditions, therefore it is considered to be a site-specific parameter. Management practices and cropyear affect the amount of Norg as well. The present research confirmed that, the effect of fertilization on the amount of Norg can be explained by the changing of the yield (related to total biomass production), while the effect of cropyear is related to the differences in mineralization circumstances and yield as well. The measurement of the Norg fraction is increases the accuracy of N-supply, therefore it could prevent the environmentally harmful excess N application as well.

Biomass productivity of shrub willow plants grown in short rotation system can be improved by genetic means or by innovative cropping technologies. In the present study we analyzed the growth and physiological responses of willow plants to plant biostimulators, such as 1-triacontanol (TRIA), a saturated primary alcohol and seaweed extract (Kelpak®). Testing a novel approach, we soaked stem cuttings in TRIA or Kelpak solutions for 48 h before plantation. These treatments enlarged height and diameter of stems, furthermore increased stem and leaf weights in comparison to the water control. In agreement with these greenhouse observations, field tests showed statistically significant enhancement in height and diameter of woody stems harvested in winter. Application of 25% Kelpak solution was the most effective in stimulating all traits including stem weight per plant after pre-planting treatment of cuttings. In an alternative treatment protocol, Kelpak was applied as foliar treatment or in combination between TRIA (10 mg L−1) treatment of cuttings and foliar spray with Kelpak 1 or 2% solutions in the greenhouse. The green pixel numbers revealed variable degrees of stimulation in shoot growth. These treatments resulted in an increase in stem and leaf weights. Improvement of photosynthetic functions was indicated by more efficient electron transport rates (ETRs) of photosystems. An increased nicotinamide and thiamine contents were detected in the leaves of stimulated plants. The present study can serve as a foundation for additional laboratory and field studies optimizing the application of these stimulators in energy plantations.

Four new monoterpenoid bisindole alkaloids, flabellipparicine (1), 19,20-dihydrovobparicine (2), 10′-demethoxy-19,20-dihydrovobatensine D (3), and 3′-(2-oxopropyl)ervahanine A (4), and 10 known monoterpenoid indole alkaloids were isolated from the stems of Tabernaemontana divaricata. All structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established using conformational analysis and TDDFT-ECD calculation of selected stereoisomers. Compound 1 represents the first flabelliformide-apparicine-type bisindole alkaloid, in which the flabelliformide-like unit connects to the apparicine-like unit with a C-3-C-22′ bond and an N-1-C-16′ bond to form an uncommon five-membered ring between the two monomers. All alkaloids were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and A-549. Compounds 2, 4, and 14 exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A-549 with IC50 values in the range of 2 nM to 8 μM. Fil: Cai, You Sheng. Wuhan University; China Fil: Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina Fil: Zhou, Ting Lan. Wuhan University; China Fil: Huang, Rong. Wuhan University; China Fil: Qiu, Guofu. Wuhan University; China Fil: Tian, Congkui. Hubei University For Nationalities; China Fil: Miao, Ze Hong. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Mándi, Attila. University of Debrecen; Hungría Fil: Kurtán, Tibor. University of Debrecen; Hungría Fil: Cao, Shugeng. University Of Hawaii At Hilo; Estados Unidos Fil: Yang, Sheng Ping. Wuhan University; China

In eastern Central Europe the abandonment of traditional land use represents a major threat for biodiversity. Evidence on species loss and shifts in assemblages is often based on butterfly surveys since these are known as sensitive indicators of habitat changes. Butterfly assemblages were studied in meadows of the Transcarpathian lowland in three consecutive years (2012–2014) with standard transect walks in six different sites (two transects/site). More than 6500 individuals of 66 species were recorded. The less disturbed habitats surrounded by natural forests have shown the highest diversity (Shannon-Wiener, dominance profiles). In faunal types the widely distributed, generalist Euro-Siberian species predominated with significant presence of Holo-Mediterranean and southern Continental elements. Three main types of habitats were separated and characterised by indicator species, i.e. we hierarchically classified the species according to their fidelity by the IndVal method. The dry sites were characterised by a few generalist species only, while the humid ones and mostly the transitional sites were inhabited by numerous habitat and/or food plant specialists. The assemblages were compared with multivariate analysis and the concordance of inter-annual changes of the assemblages were surveyed. The concordance profiles of the less diverse dry habitats were clearly separated from others while other sites with dominance profiles with longer sequence of scarce species have also shown similar concordance profiles. The importance of nature-like forest fringe structures was pointed out for both habitat and species conservation. Conservation efforts should be focused to sustain the general level of biodiversity by the preservation of nature-like habitats and the possible re-establishment of some kinds of traditional use.

An automated image analysis method is proposed here to study the size and shape of siliciclastic sedimentary particles of paleosols of Central European loess sequences. Several direct and indirect measurement techniques are available for grain size measurements of sedimentary mineral particles. Indirect techniques involve the use of some kind of physical laws, however, all requirements for calculations are in many cases not known. Even so, the direct manual microscopic observation and measurement of large, representative number of grains is time-consuming and sometimes rather subjective. Therefore, automated image analyses techniques provide a new and perspective way to analyse grain size and shape sedimentary particles. Here we test these indirect (laser diffraction) and direct (automated static image analysis) techniques and provide new granulometric (size and shape) data of paleosols. Our results demonstrate that grain size data of the mineral dust samples are strongly dependent on shape parameters of particles, and shape heterogeneity was different between different size classes. Due to the irregular grain shape parameters, uncertainties have arisen also for determination of grain sizes. In this paper we present a possible correction procedure to reduce the differences among the results of the laser diffraction and image analysis methods. By applying new correction factors, results of the two approaches could become closer but the unknown thickness of particles remains a problem to solve. The other presented correction procedure to assess the uncertain 3rd dimension of particles by their intensity-size relationships makes us able to reduce further the deviations of the two sizing methods.

Single-trait analyses are used to select the most appropriate species characteristics for an effective indication of changes in multiple stressors, but they are robust to detect fine-scale functional changes in biofilms. The combination of single traits may appropriately reflect ecological properties of changing benthic assemblages. We studied colonisation processes of benthic algal assemblages focusing on the changes in trait composition using life forms, type of attachments, cell size and mobility as single traits in a small lowland stream. We tested the descriptive power of single-trait groups (STGs) and also combined trait groups (CTGs). We assumed that STGs would be significantly affected by environmental factors, but compositional changes in biofilms would be described more easily by using CTGs rather than STGs. Our hypotheses were confirmed by the results. While some STGs correlated positively to environmental factors indicating disturbances, others correlated to environmental factors indicating the stable conditions. The fast settlement of large-sized groups was also relevant determining the compositional changes in the studied benthic community. Despite the strong correlation between STGs and environmental variables, CTGs analyses revealed important functional relations in the ecosystem, since CTGs display more sophisticated functional features of the organisms, which may provide more realistic responses.

The aim of this paper was to study reliable automated delineation possibilities of karst sinkholes using a LiDAR-based digital terrain model (DTM) with pixel-based classifications. We applied two a...

In this work authors present for the first time how to apply the additive-free, cured PDMS as a negative tone resist material, demonstrate the creation of PDMS microstructures and test the solvent resistivity of the created microstructures. The PDMS layers were 45 um and 100 um thick, the irradiations were done with a focused proton microbeam with various fluences. After irradiation, the samples were etched with sulfuric acid that removed the unirradiated PDMS completely but left those structures intact that received high enough fluences. The etching rate of the unirradiated PDMS was also determined. Those structures that received at least 7.5*10^15 ion*cm-2 fluence did not show any signs of degradation even after 19 hours of etching. As a demonstration, 45 um and 100 um tall, high aspect ratio, good quality, undistorted microstructures were created with smooth and vertical sidewalls. The created microstructures were immersed into numerous solvents and some acids to test their compatibility. It was found that the unirradiated PDMS cannot, while the irradiated PDMS microstructures can resist to chloroform, n-hexane, toluene and sulfuric acid. Hydrogen fluoride etches both the unirradiated and the irradiated PDMS., Comment: full paper

Two new cryptic 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-(2H)-1-one (1-tetralone) derivatives, aspvanicin A (1) and its epimer aspvanicin B (2), as well as several known cryptic metabolites (3–8), were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of the co-culture of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor KU258497 with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis 168 trpC2 on solid rice medium. When A. versicolor was cultured axenically in liquid Wickerham medium supplemented with 3.5% DMSO, an additional three known secondary metabolites (9–11) were isolated that were lacking when the fungus was fermented on rice medium. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy as well as HRESIMS. The relative and absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by the combination of NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis aided by DFT conformational analysis and TDDFT-ECD calculations. The ECD calculations revealed that although the sign of the blue-shifted overlapping n-π∗ ECD transition follows the helicity rule of cyclic aryl ketones, the calculation of low-energy conformers and ECD spectra was necessary to determine the stereochemistry. All metabolites were assessed for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities; one of the new diastereomers, compound 2, showed moderate cytotoxic activity against the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y.

A comparative study was undertaken to adopt and evaluate a radiocarbon (14C) preparation procedure for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of cremated bones at our laboratory, including different types of archaeological samples (cremated bone, bone, charcoal, charred grain). All 14C analyses were performed using the EnvironMICADAS AMS instrument at the Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies (HEKAL) and the ancillary analyses were also performed at the Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI). After the physical and chemical cleaning of cremated bones, CO2 was extracted by acid hydrolysis followed by sealed-tube graphitization and 14C measurement. The supplementary δ13C measurements were also performed on CO2 gas while FTIR was measured on the powder fraction. Based on the FTIR and 14C analyses, our chemical pretreatment protocol was successful in removing contamination from the samples. Good reproducibility was obtained for the 0.2–0.3 mm fraction of blind-tested cremated samples and a maximum age difference of only 150 yr was found for the remaining case studies. This confirms the reliability of our procedure for 14C dating of cremated bones. However, in one case study, the age difference of 300 yr between two cremated fragments originating from the same urn shows that other processes affecting the cremated samples in the post-burial environment can substantially influence the 14C age, so caution must be exercised.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the invariance of the arithmetic mean with respect to two weighted Bajraktarevic means, i.e., to solve the functional equation $$\begin{aligned} \left( \frac{f}{g}\right) ^{\!\!-1}\!\!\left( \frac{tf(x)+sf(y)}{tg(x)+sg(y)}\right) +\left( \frac{h}{k}\right) ^{\!\!-1}\!\!\left( \frac{sh(x)+th(y)}{sk(x)+tk(y)}\right) =x+y \qquad (x,y\in I), \end{aligned}$$ where $$f,g,h,k:I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ are unknown continuous functions such that g, k are nowhere zero on I, the ratio functions f / g, h / k are strictly monotone on I, and $$t,s\in \mathbb {R}_+$$ are constants different from each other. By the main result of this paper, the solutions of the above invariance equation can be expressed either in terms of hyperbolic functions or in terms of trigonometric functions and an additional weight function. For the necessity part of this result, we will assume that $$f,g,h,k:I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ are four times continuously differentiable.

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This study summarizes the results of radiocarbon dating and age-depth modelling in four mountain lakes (Brazi, Gales, Bucura and Lia) in the Retezat Mountains. Altogether 69 AMS 14 C measurements were performed on these deposits, mostly on terrestrial plant macrofossils. In several cases, plant macrofossils, aquatic animal remains (Cladoceran eggs) and bulk sediment were measured from the same depth allowing for the comparison of various sediment components in terms of their dating potential. Age-depth models were developed using both Bayesian modelling with the BACON and smooth spline curve fitting with the CLAM software. In this study Bayesian models are applied to identify outlier 14 C dates, while smooth spline models are used to model sediment accumulation age-depth relations, as these are more likely to follow natural deposition time changes of lake sediments. Changes in sediment deposition times (DT) in relation to catchment size and climate are also studied. DT varied considerably in the late glacial (LG) part of the records. The sediment sequence characterised by high deposition rates during the late glacial (DT maximum around 100–110 years cm −1 ) was defined by small catchment size (Lake Brazi, 6 ha; surface area: 0.5 ha). In contrast, much slower LG sediment deposition in the southern slope lake characterised by large catchment area (Lake Lia, 171 ha, 20 years cm −1 ), principally reflecting strong erosion in these catchment areas at times when vegetation cover was scarce. Holocene was characterised again by variable DT values, but only Lake Gales showed extreme values: 62–110 years between 10,900 and 6050 cal yr BP, followed by much slower sediment deposition in the last 6000 years (av. 29 years cm −1 ). Generally, sediment deposition times were largely dependent on the stability and vegetation cover of the slope in the case of high altitude deep lakes, while lower altitude, shallow lakes showed slower sediment deposition time in the early and mid-Holocene, when summer insolation was higher than today. This reflects that in these shallow lakes in-lake organic production probably increased with summer insolation, which was a significant driver in the rate of deposition.

In this study, we investigate the impact of ageing and high vacuum on existing environmentally friendly Zr4/Cr3-based conversion coatings. The freshly formed coating undergoes several changes during ageing and exposure to high vacuum. Based on the present data, we propose that the coating formed over AA6082 and AA7075 alloys is sol-gel in nature, confirmed by secondary neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) using the depth profiling technique. Our findings reveal that there are elemental level changes that result in shrinkage of the coating. Most Zr ions in the coating are in the solute form, with lesser number of Cr and Al ions that disappear under high vacuum over a certain period of time. The remaining Cr, Zr and O atoms exist in a gelatinous state. During ageing, there is a continuous transition of ions from solute to gelatinous state. In addition, the deposition of coating ions is directly influenced by the substrates and their constituents. The extent of dissolution of aluminium in the conversion bath determines both Zr and Cr ion deposition. For a highly alloyed metal like AA7075, the dissolution rate is disturbed by copper and zinc.

The combined Renyi–Fisher entropy product of electrons plus holes displays a minimum at the charge neutrality points. The Stam–Renyi difference and the Stam–Renyi uncertainty product of the electrons plus holes, show maxima at the charge neutrality points. Topological quantum numbers capable of detecting the topological insulator and the band insulator phases, are defined. Upper and lower bounds for the position and momentum space Renyi–Fisher entropy products are derived.

Background The health of plants is heavily influenced by the intensively researched plant microbiome. The microbiome has to cope with the plant’s defensive secondary metabolites to survive and develop, but studies that describe this interaction are rare. In the current study, we describe interactions of endophytic fungi with a widely researched chemical defense system, the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system. The antifungal isothiocyanates are also of special interest because of their beneficial effects on human consumers. Results Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana), from the genera Fusarium, Macrophomina, Setophoma, Paraphoma and Oidiodendron. LC-ESI-MS analysis of the horseradish extract incubated with these fungi showed that six of seven strains could decompose different classes of glucosinolates. Aliphatic, aromatic, thiomethylalkyl and indolic glucosinolates were decomposed by different strains at different rates. SPME-GC-MS measurements showed that two strains released significant amounts of allyl isothiocyanate into the surrounding air, but allyl nitrile was not detected. The LC-ESI-MS analysis of many strains’ media showed the presence of allyl isothiocyanate - glutathione conjugate during the decomposition of sinigrin. Four endophytic strains also accepted sinigrin as the sole carbon source. Isothiocyanates inhibited the growth of fungi at various concentrations, phenylethyl isothiocyanate was more potent than allyl isothiocyanate (mean IC50 was 2.30-fold lower). As a control group, ten soil fungi from the same soil were used. They decomposed glucosinolates with lower overall efficiency: six of ten strains had insignificant or weak activities and only three could use sinigrin as a carbon source. The soil fungi also showed lower AITC tolerance in the growth inhibition assay: the median IC50 values were 0.1925 mM for endophytes and 0.0899 mM for soil fungi. Conclusions The host’s glucosinolates can be used by the tested endophytic fungi as nutrients or to gain competitive advantage over less tolerant species. These activities were much less apparent among the soil fungi. This suggests that the endophytes show adaptation to the host plant’s secondary metabolites and that host metabolite specific activities are enriched in the root microbiome. The results present background mechanisms enabling an understanding of how plants shape their microbiome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1295-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The main objective of this paper is to report habitat occupancy, naturalness status and phenology of Urocoras longispinus (Chyzer and Kulczynski 1897), a little-known spider species. Sampling was conducted in Natura 2000 habitats of the Matra Mountains, and four disturbed mainroad verges in Hungary between 2012 and 2015. We recorded 356 adult specimens active throughout the year, but abundance was highest in autumn. In the Matra Mountains shrub removal negatively affected the abundance of U. lonsgspinus: the species preferred shaded habitats. The intensity of mowing maintenance caused changes in the species’ abundance in mainroad verges: the number of individual spiders increased as a result of both without maintenance and enhanced maintenance. We conclude that U. longispinus is a stenochronous spider species which lives in both human-disturbed and undisturbed habitats. However, the nature of the disturbance influenced the abundance of this species to varying degrees.

We tested the effect of urbanization on air pollution based on the chlorophyll-a content of Celtis occidentalis leaves along an urbanization gradient (urban, suburban and rural areas) in Debrecen, Hungary. Chlorophyll-a content of Celtis occidentalis, Acer campestre, and Corylus avellana were compared to test which species is the most useful to study the effects of urbanization. Furthermore, the effects of washing solutions (distilled water, tap water, and rainwater) on chlorophyll-a content of tree leaves were also tested during sample preparation. Chlorophyll-a was extracted from leaf samples with acetone, and it was measured using a spectrophotometer. Along the urbanization gradient, chlorophyll-a content of C. occidentalis leaves was the lowest in the urban area; thus, this species proved to be an effective indicator of anthropogenic emission load. Differences were not significant among species in the suburban and rural areas, where the level of air pollution was moderate. We found that effects of the washing solutions on chlorophyll-a content did not differ significantly from each other. Thus, tap water can be used safely to clean the leaf surface, without significant influence on chlorophyll-a. Our study demonstrated that the chlorophyll-a content of leaves was a useful indicator to assess the level of air pollution.

A series of highly oxidative new cembranoids with diverse structural features such as a dienoate moiety (sarcophytonolides S – U, 1–3) or an α,β-unsaturated e-lactone (sartrolides H – J, 4–6) were obtained from Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, along with known related analogues 7–13. It is an extremely challenging work to determine the absolute configurations of these metabolites. For compounds 1, 3 and 4, solution TDDFT calculation of ECD and specific rotation were applied in combination with conformational analysis and NMR data to determine their relative and absolute configurations, leading to the revision of relative configuration of 14. The absolute configurations of compounds 8–10 were determined by the solid-state TDDFT-ECD approach, and that of 8 was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment with Cu Kα radiation. In the bioassays, compound 8 exhibited not only moderate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 15.4 μM) but also moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain (MIC50 = 250 μM).

The research and applications of immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) have become more and more widespread due to the numerous advantages like reusability, easy handling, prolonged lifetime, easy separation from products and substrate specificity. The miniaturized form of these reactors (microchip IMERs) received outstanding attention due to their special features and advantages over the traditional, larger analytical systems. Large specific surface is essential for the efficient operation of the microreactors, thus these devices include one of the several types of porous solid supports, but in this work only the particle based microchip IMERs are reviewed. A very large variety of micro- or nanoparticles (beads) have been used in the microchip IMERs, however, incorporating these particles into microchips is still a challenge, because the common procedures used for the preparation of chromatographic columns are not well applicable at the microscopic level. Many detection systems were applied with microchip IMERs using on-chip or off-chip arrangement. The combination of microchip IMERs with mass spectrometry is particularly popular, because in these systems high-throughput analysis can be achieved by which the proteomic studies can be largely accelerated. In most chip IMER-MS systems, the chips are used for sample pretreatment including analyte (protein) digestion, preconcentration of analyte, removal of matrix materials. Additional applications of the IMERs - like the rapid protein digestion with proteolytic enzymes, the transformation of analytes to a more easily or more sensitively measurable form (detection signal amplification) and the design of microarrays/biosensors to analyze antigens based on specific interactions in immunoanalytical studies - are also reviewed.

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy is in connection with the invasive properties of fluorochrome applied, and with the toxicity of the excitation energy and wavelength of the dye itself. Experiments with the newly synthesized fluorescent dye 1-N-methylamino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (MICAN) served to test its cytotoxicity on human HaCaT keratinocyte cell cultures. Experiments related to staining capability were performed with paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixed cells and observed with fluorescence microscope. It was assumed that the fluorophore 1-amino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (ICAN) and especially its N-methylamino derivative MICAN, containing condensed aromatic rings could serve as a nonselective fluorescent dye capable to stain cellular structures of fixed, living, damaged and dead cells. This notion was confirmed by the MICAN staining of cytoplasmic proteins primarily rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SEM) and less efficiently nuclear proteins suggesting the involvement of staining of subcellular structures involved in protein synthesis. MICAN was not only well tolerated by living cells but turned out to be a strong heterochromatin and RER staining agent. This led to the development of a MICAN staining protocol for native and living samples. Relative to other fluorescent dyes, MICAN is not only useful but also cost-effective. Toxicology tests were performed using 30, 10, 5, 0.5 μg/ml MICAN concentrations. Time-lapse videomicroscopy at near-infrared (NIR) illumination has been used for the examination of MICAN effect on cell division. It was found that MICAN as a vital stain had no significant harmful effect on HaCaT cells. MICAN turned out to be a non-toxic, highly quantum-efficient vital stain with minimal, or no photobleaching, and can be applied to co-stain with propidium-iodide due the strong spectral separation.

Arthropod-parasitic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales are known to exhibit specialization to individual host taxa in most cases. Some species exhibit ecological specificity to multiple, often unrelated hosts in certain microhabitats; and often position specificity to different host body parts. The myrmecophilous Rickia wasmannii (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniales) infects Myrmica species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (host specificity), and occasionally other arthropod inquilines inside the ant nest (ecological specificity). An effect of the position of infection on the thallus densities has also been reported. Another determinative factor that may also exist in the Rickia-Myrmica host-parasite system, the chronological age of ant worker hosts, has also been linked to parasite load. Comprehensive studies on the age-related infection intensity, however, are still lacking. Here we investigated whether the level of infection correlates with the age of the M. scabrinodis host consistently. We found that older hosts exhibited higher parasite load, even though the infection level of the different colonies varied widely. The results highlight that the level of R. wasmannii infections are strongly influenced by host individual and host colony factors.