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Introduction: Ascaris lumbricoides infection is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminthiasis and IgE response to this helminth may increase the risk of asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity and atopy. There is not enough evidence showing the role of group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the pathogenesis of helminth infections in humans. Here, we aimed to investigate and characterize the influence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on circulating ILCs in endemically exposed subjects. Methods: Non-infected (NI; n=16) and Ascaris-infected (AI; n=16) subjects from an endemic area were included. Two consecutive stool samples from each subject were examined by Kato-Katz to define parasite infection. Antibodies to the ABA-1 antigen of Ascaris and Ascaris extract were measured by ELISA. ILC subsets and their activation markers (CD25, CD69, thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) were evaluated in its PBMC by flow cytometry. Proximity extension assay (PEA) was performed to explore plasma proteins associated to infection. Results: No significant differences in the relative or absolute frequencies of total ILCs, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 cells were observed regarding the infection status. However, within AI group, IgE-sensitized subjects to ABA-1 had higher frequencies and counts of ILC2 (p<0.05). Frequencies of CD25+, CD69+ and TSLPR+ ILC2 were higher in AI compared to the NI (p<0.01). Additionally, egg burden was positively correlated with CD69+ ILC2 frequencies (r=0.67; p=0.005). Tryptase alpha/beta 1 (TPSAB1), GP6 and several plasma proteins associated with cell growth and granulocyte chemotaxis were highly expressed in the AI group (p<0.05). Interestingly, TPSAB1 levels were positively correlated with ILC2 expressing activation markers frequencies, egg burden and IgE levels against Ascaris. Discussion: Ascaris infection is associated with increased expression of ILC2 activation markers and TPSAB1, which may contribute to the type-2 response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroid-resistant asthma is a common cause of refractory asthma. Type 2 inflammation is the main inflammatory response in asthma, and the mechanism underlying the steroid-resistance of type 2 inflammation has not been completely elucidated. Tumor-necrosis-factor-like apoptosis-inducing factor (TWEAK) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 are involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5). We herein hypothesize that the combined exposure to TWEAK and TGF-β1 may result in the development of steroid resistance in bronchial epithelial cells. The bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was cultured with or without TGF-β1 or TWEAK, in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX). The roles of Smad-independent pathways and MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) were also explored. Co-stimulation of TWEAK and TGF-β1 induced E-cadherin reduction, N-cadherin upregulation, and TSLP and CCL5 production, which were not suppressed by DEX. Inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways downregulated steroid-unresponsive TSLP and CCL5 production, whereas knockdown of MKP-1 improved steroid-unresponsive TSLP production, induced by co-stimulation with TWEAK and TGF-β1. Therefore, co-stimulation with TWEAK and TGF-β1 can induce the steroid-insensitive production of TSLP and CCL5 in the bronchial epithelium and may contribute to airway inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors during pregnancy can predispose to inflammatory diseases postnatally, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic allergic disease triggered by food. Herein, we examined the effects of amniotic fluid (AF) on esophageal epithelial differentiation and responsiveness to proallergic stimuli. Multiplex analysis of AF revealed the expression of 66 cytokines, whereas five cytokines including IL-4 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were not detected. Several proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα and IL-12 were highly expressed in the AF from women who underwent preterm birth, whereas EGF was the highest in term birth samples. Exposure of esophageal epithelial cells to AF resulted in transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the transcription of early response genes, highlighting the direct impact of AF on esophageal epithelial cells. In a three-dimensional spheroid model, AF modified the esophageal epithelial differentiation program and enhanced the transcription of IL-13-target genes, including CCL26 and CAPN14, which encodes for a major genetic susceptibility locus for eosinophilic esophagitis. Notably, CAPN14 exhibited upregulation in spheroids exposed to preterm but not term AF following differentiation. Collectively, our findings call attention to the role of AF as a potential mediator of the intrauterine environment that influences subsequent esophageal disorders. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The interaction between amniotic fluid and the esophageal epithelium during pregnancy modifies esophageal epithelial differentiation and subsequent responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli, including interleukin 13 (IL-13). This interaction may predispose individuals to inflammatory conditions of the esophagus, such as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), in later stages of life. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpgi.podbean.com/e/got-guts-the-micro-version-effect-of-amniotic-fluid-on-the-esophageal-epithelium/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Several current therapies for autoimmune diseases do not provide sustained remission. Therapies that focus on the restoration of homeostasis within the immune system (i.e., immune resolution) could overcome the limitations of current therapies and provide more durable remission. However, there is no established consensus on appropriate clinical trial designs and endpoints to evaluate such therapies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) focusing on five index diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], and ulcerative colitis) to explore published literature on 1) expert opinion on immune-resolution outcomes that should be measured in clinical trials; and 2) quantification of immune resolution in previous clinical trials. Methods: The SLR was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Embase and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched (2013–2023) for published English language articles. Conference proceedings (2020–2022) from American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Rheumatology, Digestive Disease Week, European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, and European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology were searched to include relevant abstracts. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023406489). Results: The SLR included 26 publications on 20 trials and 12 expert opinions. Expert opinions generally lacked specific recommendations on the assessment of immune resolution in clinical trials and instead suggested targets or biomarkers for future therapies. The targets included thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in asthma; T helper (Th)2 and Th22 cells and their respective cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4R and IL-22) in atopic dermatitis; inhibitory/regulatory molecules involved in T-cell modulation, and protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) in rheumatoid arthritis; low-dose IL-2 therapy in SLE; and pro-resolution mediators in ulcerative colitis and asthma. In the interventional studies, direct biomarker assessments of immune resolution were the number/proportion of regulatory T-cells (Treg) and the ratio Th17/Treg in SLE and rheumatoid arthritis; the number of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 in atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE; and mucosal proinflammatory gene signatures (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin 1 alpha [IL1A], regenerating family member 1 alpha [REG1A], IL8, interleukin 1 beta [IL1B], and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors A [LILRA]) in ulcerative colitis. Several studies reported a statistically significant relationship between clinical remission and immune-resolution biomarkers, suggesting a link between T-cell homeostasis, cytokine production, and disease activity in autoimmune diseases. Discussion: Existing literature does not offer clear guidance on the evaluation of immune resolution in interventional studies. Further research and consensus are needed to assess a treatment’s ability to induce long-term remission or low disease activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To comprehensively evaluate the association between Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods Six databases were searched for relevant studies. For studies on TSLP levels, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was used. For studies involving gene polymorphisms, evaluation was performed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Based on the between-study heterogeneity, a fixed- or random-effects model was chosen. Analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software and R 4.3.0 software. Trial sequential analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the number of cases was sufficient. Results A significant relationship between TSLP rs1898671 polymorphism and AD was found under homozygous (DD vs dd), and dominant contrasts (DD + Dd vs dd), with OR = 0.47 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.92) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.88), respectively (p < 0.05). Whereas under allele (D vs d), heterozygous (Dd vs dd) and recessive contrasts (DD vs Dd + dd), no significant relationship was found. No significant relationship was found for rs1837253 or rs11466749. Serum TSLP levels were significantly higher in patients with AD, with the SMD = 1.45 (95% CI: 0.65, 2.25) (p < 0.05). Conclusions TSLP gene rs1898671 polymorphism was associated with AD, and TSLP levels were elevated in patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite annual vaccination, influenza B viruses (IBV) continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. We have found that IBV infection resulted in a weaker innate and adaptive immune response than influenza A viruses (IAV) in ferrets. To understand and overcome the weak immune responses to IBV in ferrets, we administered type-I or type-III interferon (IFN) to ferrets following infection or vaccination and evaluated their effects on the immune response. IFN signaling following viral infection plays an important role in the initial innate immune response and affects subsequent adaptive immune responses. In the respiratory tract, IFN lambda (IFNL) has regulatory effects on adaptive immunity indirectly through thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which then acts on immune cells to stimulate the adaptive response. Following IBV infection or vaccination, IFN treatment (IFN-Tx) upregulated gene expression of early inflammatory responses in the upper respiratory tract and robust IFN, TSLP, and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells. These responses were sustained following challenge or vaccination in IFN-Tx animals. Serum IFNL and TSLP levels were enhanced in IFN-Tx animals following challenge/rechallenge over mock-Tx; however, this difference was not observed following vaccination. Antibody responses in serum of IFN-Tx animals following IBV infection or vaccination increased more quickly and to higher titers and were sustained longer than mock-Tx animals over 3 months. Following rechallenge of infected animals 3 months post treatment, antibody levels remained higher than mock-Tx. However, IFN-Tx did not have an effect on antibody responses following challenge of vaccinated animals. A strong direct correlation was found between TSLP levels and antibody responses following challenge-rechallenge and vaccination-challenge indicating it as a useful tool for predicting adaptive immune responses following IBV infection or vaccination. The effects of IFN on strengthening both innate and adaptive responses to IBV may aid in development of more effective treatments following infection and improved influenza vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increasing amount of evidence supports the relevance of epithelium across the wide spectrum of asthma pathobiology. On a clinical ground tezepelumab, selectively binding TSLP, a major epithelial cytokine, has demonstrated to be effective in asthma patients regardless their specific phenotype. In order to avoid the risk of considering tezepelumab as a not-specific option, the present perspective aims to sketch the tezepelumab best eligible patient profile and to propose some hallmarks of epithelial-driven disease by reviewing the published evidence on the drug mechanism of action and efficacy data. Main body: Although it cannot rely on standardised or exclusive "markers", the relationship between environment and poor asthma control might suggest a major relevance of the epithelial barrier dysfunction. In that light, allergy and asthma exacerbations concomitant with specific exposures (pathogens, pollutants, chemicals), as well as increased susceptibility to infections can be considered as the hallmark of an impaired epithelial immune response. Tezepelumab is effective in allergic patients, being able to reduce asthma exacerbations precipitated by the exposure to seasonal or perennial aeroallergens, including fungi. In addition, tezepelumab reduced the incidence of co-occurring respiratory illness and asthma exacerbations. In terms of inflammation, epithelial immune response has been related to an impaired mucus hypersecretion and plugging. A placebo-controlled trial demonstrated a significant reduction of mucus plugging in treated patient. Airways hyperreactivity (AHR), airways obstruction and remodelling have been described as an expression of epithelial orchestrated immunological activation. Of note, a significantly higher incidence of mannitol negative test in patients treated with tezepelumab when compared to placebo group has been observed. In addition, A 130 mL improvement in pre-BD FEV1 has been described in patients assuming Tezepelumab. The above-mentioned data suggest that bronchial reversibility and AHR can be considered "functional biomarkers" supporting patients' phenotyping and the identification of tezepelumab best responders. Conclusion: Integrating "functional biomarkers" to the inflammatory ones and a better characterization of asthma exacerbations might pave the way to a different and more transversal phenotyping, which overcomes the "restrictive" labels including T2 high, allergic/atopic or T2 low asthma. Precisely defining the disease characteristics and potential targets for a better control even in tezepelumab eligible subjects is essential to avoid the block buster temptation and optimize the personalized medicine approach according to each patient's individuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) binds both IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-7Rα is essential for the development and survival of naive CD4+ T cells and their differentiation to effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Mice lacking IL-7Rα have severe lymphopenia and are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. However, it has been reported that IL-7Rα on peripheral CD4+ T cells is disposable for their maintenance and EAE pathogenesis, which does not align with the body of knowledge on the role of IL-7Rα in the biology of CD4+ T cells. Given that a definitive study on this important topic is lacking, we revisited it using a novel approach, an inducible knockout of the IL-7Rα gene in CD4+ T cells. Methods: We generated Il7rafl/fl/CD4CreERT2 double transgenic mouse line (henceforth CD4ΔIl7ra), susceptible to tamoxifen-induced knockout of the IL-7Rα gene in CD4+ T cells. CD4ΔIl7ra mice were immunized with MOG35 − 55 for EAE induction and monitored for disease development. The expression of IL-7Rα, CD4+ T cell numbers, and MOG35 − 55-specific CD4+ T cell response was evaluated in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissues by flow cytometry. Additionally, splenocytes of CD4ΔIl7ra mice were stimulated with MOG35 − 55 to assess their proliferative response and cytokine production by T helper cells. Results: Loss of IL-7Rα from the surface of CD4+ T cells in CD4ΔIl7ra mice was virtually complete several days after tamoxifen treatment. The loss of IL-7Rα in CD4+ T cells led to a gradual and substantial decrease in their numbers in both non-immunized and immunized CD4ΔIl7ra mice, followed by slow repopulation up to the initial numbers. CD4ΔIl7ra mice did not develop EAE. We found a decrease in the total numbers of TNF-, IFN-γ-, IL-17 A-, and GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells in the spleens and CNS of immunized CD4ΔIl7ra mice. Tracking MOG35 − 55-specific CD4+ T cells revealed a significant reduction in their numbers in CD4ΔIl7ra mice and decreased proliferation and cytokine production in response to MOG35 − 55. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that IL-7Rα on peripheral CD4+ T cells is essential for their maintenance, immune response, and EAE pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorder, characterised by intense pruritus and recurrent eczematous lesions. Recently, the US FDA has approved Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for oral treatment in AD patients. However, oral immunomodulatory agents have demonstrated adverse effects. In previous studies, we demonstrated the efficacy of topical taurodeoxycholate (TDCA), a G protein‐coupled receptor 19 (GPCR19) agonist, on AD. In this study, we further evaluated the efficacy of orally administered TDCA on MC903‐ and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)‐induced AD mouse models. Oral administration of TDCA significantly ameliorated AD symptoms and reduced both epidermal and dermal thickness. Additionally, oral TDCA treatment inhibited the infiltration of myeloid and lymphoid cells into AD lesions. TDCA also suppressed the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐13, IL‐33, IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 17 in the skin and blood. Given the previously demonstrated safety profiles of TDCA, oral TDCA may offer a beneficial and safer alternative for AD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various studies related to asthma, bronchiectasis, allergic rhinitis, eczema, immunodeficiency, allergen immunotherapy, peanut allergy, hereditary angioedema, urticaria, and mast cell activation in cancer. The studies provide insights into the mechanisms, treatments, and impacts of these conditions, highlighting the importance of early intervention and management strategies. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms, optimal treatment strategies, and potential therapeutic interventions for these allergic and immunological conditions. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the clinical efficacy of tezepelumab, a monoclonal antibody, in non-type 2 (T2) asthma patients. Tezepelumab targets thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TLSP), a biomarker associated with airway inflammation in non-T2 asthma. Previous research has shown that tezepelumab can improve lung function, asthma control, and quality of life in uncontrolled asthma patients with low baseline blood eosinophil counts. This case series examines the effects of tezepelumab in pre-defined non-T2 asthma patients, demonstrating improvements in lung function, asthma control, and quality of life in the majority of patients. These findings are promising for this population. [Extracted from the article]

Infants with biallelic IL7R loss-of-function variants have severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) characterized by the absence of autologous T lymphocytes, but normal counts of circulating B and NK cells (T– B+ NK+ SCID). We report 6 adults (aged 22 to 59 years) from 4 kindreds and 3 ancestries (Colombian, Israeli Arab, Japanese) carrying homozygous IL7 loss-of- function variants resulting in combined immunodeficiency (CID). Deep immunophenotyping revealed relatively normal counts and/or proportions of myeloid, B, NK, and innate lymphoid cells. By contrast, the patients had profound T cell lymphopenia, with low proportions of innate-like adaptive mucosal-associated invariant T and invariant NK T cells. They also had low blood counts of T cell receptor (TCR) excision circles, recent thymic emigrant T cells and naive CD4+ T cells, and low overall TCR repertoire diversity, collectively indicating impaired thymic output. The proportions of effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were high, indicating IL-7–independent homeostatic T cell proliferation in the periphery. Intriguingly, the proportions of other T cell subsets, including TCRγδ+ T cells and some TCRαβ+ T cell subsets (including Th1, Tfh, and Treg) were little affected. Peripheral CD4+ T cells displayed poor proliferation, but normal cytokine production upon stimulation with mitogens in vitro. Thus, inherited IL-7 deficiency impairs T cell development less severely and in a more subset-specific manner than IL-7R deficiency. These findings suggest that another IL-7R–binding cytokine, possibly thymic stromal lymphopoietin, governs an IL-7–independent pathway of human T cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biologic therapies play a crucial role in the treatment of severe asthma. Tezepelumab, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), inhibits thymic stromal lymphopoietin, a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of asthma. Although randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Tezepelumab, evidence gaps remain in real-world scenarios. Objective: We sought investigate Tezepelumab's response in a clinical setting, focusing on patients who previously failed to other asthma mAbs. Methods: Real-life study with severe uncontrolled asthma patients despite mAb treatment, requiring a switch to Tezepelumab. Follow-up was done four to six months after initiation of Tezepelumab. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the response in patients with poor response or intolerance to other mAbs. Results: Nine patients were followed up during 7 months. Patients were predominantly middle-aged females with eosinophilic or eosinophilic-allergic phenotypes. Patients had a median failure rate of 2 mAbs (IQR 2–3), with an uncontrolled asthma (median of 2 severe exacerbations the previous year, airflow obstruction and 78% corticosteroid dependence). Tezepelumab demonstrated after 4 to 6 months of treatment reduce corticosteroid dependence (complete withdrawal in 2/7 patients), no exacerbations in 6/9, symptoms control improvement (Asthma Control Test score improved in 5/9) and modulate lung function (improving in 3/9 patients). These findings align with clinical trial results, suggesting Tezepelumab's potential in real-world settings. Conclusion: In real-world scenarios, despite the study's limitations, our results underscore Tezepelumab's promise as a therapeutic option for uncontrolled severe asthma, and may be useful for non-responders to other mAbs. Further studies are needed to corroborate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal cell hyperplasia is commonly observed in nasal polyp epithelium of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS). We examined the function and mechanisms of basal cell hyperplasia in the pathophysiology of eCRS. We found that normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells obtained basal cell characteristics when cultured with PneumaCult™-Ex Plus Medium. Most of the cells passaged three times expressed basal cell surface markers CD49f and CD271 by flow cytometry, and basal cell nuclear marker p63 by immunohistochemical staining. We named these NHBE cells with basal cell characteristics cultured Basal-like cells (cBC), and NHBE cells cultured with BEGM™ cultured Epithelial cells (cEC). The characteristics of cBC and cEC were examined and compared by RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, ELISA, and cell proliferation studies. RNA sequencing revealed that cBC showed higher gene expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-8, TLR3, and TLR4, and lower expression of PAR-2 compared with cEC. The mRNA expression of TSLP, IL-8, TLR3, and TLR4 was significantly increased in cBC, and that of PAR-2 was significantly increased in cEC by RT-PCR. Poly(I:C)-induced TSLP production and LPS-induced IL-8 production were significantly increased in cBC. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulated the proliferation of cBC. Finally, the frequency of p63-positive basal cells was increased in nasal polyp epithelium of eCRS, and Ki67-positive proliferating cells were increased in p63-positive basal cells. Type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce basal cell hyperplasia, and basal cells exacerbate type 2 inflammation by producing TSLP in nasal polyp of eCRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition predominantly driven by a type 2 immune response. Epithelial-derived alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-33, and IL-25 orchestrate the activation of downstream Th2 cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), along with other immune effector cells. While these alarmins are produced in response to inhaled triggers, such as allergens, respiratory pathogens or particulate matter, disproportionate alarmin production by airway epithelial cells can lead to asthma exacerbations. With alarmins produced upstream of the type 2 inflammatory cascade, understanding the pathways by which these alarmins are regulated and expressed is critical to further explore new therapeutics for the treatment of asthmatic patients. This review emphasizes the critical role of airway epithelium and epithelial-derived alarmins in asthma pathogenesis and highlights the potential of targeting alarmins as a promising therapeutic to improve outcomes for asthma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter discusses a study conducted on preschool children with recurrent wheeze or asthma who were hospitalized for a severe exacerbation. The study aimed to investigate the presence of rhinovirus viremia during these exacerbations and its association with clinical characteristics and immune profiles. The results showed that rhinovirus viremia was detected in 34.3% of patients, and those with viremia were more likely to be male and less likely to be under maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Additionally, certain cytokine levels in sputum were found to be higher in patients with viremia. However, there was no difference in cytokine levels in plasma based on viremia status. The study suggests that respiratory viral infections, particularly RV-C infections, may have a more pronounced effect on the epithelial barrier integrity and may be associated with specific inflammatory profiles. However, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term consequences and clinical implications of viremia in children with asthma. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of osthole (OS) on asthma-induced airway epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation by restraining Th2 differentiation through suppressing TSLP/NF-κB. Methods: An asthma mouse model and an inflammation cell model were constructed with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. CD4 + T cells were treated with IL-4 to induce Th2 differentiation. Model mice were treated with OS (15,40 mg/kg) for 7 days, and 10 µg/mL OS was added to cell treatment groups. The levels of relevant indices were detected by RT‒qPCR, HE and Masson staining, Western blotting, ELISA and flow cytometry. Results: In a mouse asthma model, TSLP expression was elevated, and the NF-κB pathway was activated. Therefore, OS could restrain the apoptosis and inflammation of airway epithelial cells. Downstream mechanistic studies revealed that OS can suppress Th2 differentiation by restraining the level of TSLP and NF-κB nuclear translocation, thus facilitating the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, restraining their apoptosis and inflammation, and alleviating airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Conclusion: OS can inhibit Th2 differentiation by inhibiting the TSLP and NF-κB pathways, which can reduce the apoptosis and inflammation of airway epithelial cells caused by asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionSevere asthma presents significant management challenges, often requiring advanced treatments to control symptoms and reduce exacerbations. The use of monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the clinical course of patients with severe asthma, showing a significant impact on exacerbations reduction, oral corticosteroids (OCS) cessation and on the improvement of lung function and quality of life. Tezepelumab, an anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) monoclonal antibody, has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for these patients.We conducted an observational, prospective, multicenter study including 20 patients with confirmed severe asthma according to ERS guidelines and GINA recommendations. Patients received Tezepelumab 210 mg every 4 wk due to uncontrolled asthma despite maximal inhalation treatment with ICS/LABA. Data were collected before treatment initiation (T0) and after three months from the first administration (T3).After three months of Tezepelumab treatment, we reported significant improvements in asthma symptoms and quality of life, as well as a consistent reduction in exacerbations and OCS use. We found no statistically meaningful differences among main clinical and functional outcomes according to inflammatory biomarkers, while lung function improved significantly in patients with less allergic sensitization. No serious adverse event was reported during the follow up, while the rates of mild adverse effects were comparable to those from registration trials.Tezepelumab demonstrated short-term efficacy in improving asthma control and quality of life, showing a favorable safety profile. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up would confirm these findings and identify predictors of response to Tezepelumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nIntroduction: Baicalin is a flavonoid chemical extracted and purified from the traditional Chinese medicine named Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which possesses broad pharmacological properties. Our work aimed to explore the protective role of baicalin in allergic asthma and its potential mechanisms on regulating type 2 immune response. Methods: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with ovalbumin (OVA) twice, further challenged with OVA aerosol for continuous 5 days. For baicalin group, mice were pre-administrated with baicalin. After the final challenge, the immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were examined. The cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. Histological inspections were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in lungs were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results: The eosinophils infiltrating in BALF were reduced remarkably in baicalin-treated asthmatic mice. Baicalin decreased OVA-induced inflammatory cytokines and total serum immunoglobulin E secretion significantly. Moreover, baicalin alleviated the asthmatic pathological changes and substantially suppressed TSLP expression in the lung tissues. Conclusion: Our study indicates that baicalin attenuates OVA-induced allergic asthma in mice effectively by suppressing type 2 immune responses, which might provide a novel insight into the anti-asthmatic activity of baicalin. Baicalin is a flavonoid chemical extracted and purified from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which possesses broad pharmacological properties. Our work objected to explore the protective effect of baicalin on allergic asthma and the possible mechanisms on regulating type 2 immune response. Mice were stimulated with OVA and administrated with baicalin. We found that eosinophils infiltrate in BALF were reduced remarkably in baicalin-treated asthmatic mice. Baicalin decreased OVA-induced inflammatory cytokines and serum immunoglobulin E secretion significantly. Moreover, baicalin alleviated the asthmatic pathological changes and substantially suppressed TSLP expression in the lung tissues. Our study indicates that baicalin attenuates OVA-induced allergic asthma in mice effectively by suppressing type 2 immune responses, which may provide a new mechanistic insight into the anti-asthmatic activity of baicalin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Interleukin (IL)−1α suppresses transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/-β2-induced extracellular matrix production, remodeling and myofibroblast differentiation in healthy lung fibroblasts. • No differences in the response of healthy lung fibroblasts to TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 treatments, or their inhibition by IL-1α in healthy lung fibroblasts. • IL-1α regulates TGF-β signaling through the down regulation of TGF-β receptor II and tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor-6. • TGF-β1/-β2 are unable to inhibit IL-1α-induced IL-6, IL-8 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin release by healthy lung fibroblasts. Lung fibroblasts play a central role in maintaining lung homeostasis and facilitating repair through the synthesis and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study investigated the cross-talk between interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, two key regulators in tissue repair and fibrosis, in the context of lung fibroblast repair in the healthy lung. Stimulation of lung fibroblasts with TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 induced collagen-I and fibronectin protein expression (p < 0.05), a response inhibited with co-treatment with IL-1α (p < 0.05). Additionally, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 induced myofibroblast differentiation, and collagen-I gel contraction, which were both suppressed by IL-1α (p < 0.05). In contrast, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin induced by IL-1α, were unaffected by TGF-β1 or TGF-β2. Mechanistically, IL-1α administration led to the suppression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 signaling, through downregulation of mRNA and protein for TGF-β receptor II and the downstream adaptor protein TRAF6, but not through miR-146a that is known to be induced by IL-1α. IL-1α acts as a master regulator, modulating TGF-β1 and TGF-β2-induced ECM production, remodeling, and myofibroblast differentiation in human lung fibroblasts, playing a vital role in balancing tissue repair versus fibrosis. Further research is required to understand the dysregulated cross-talk between IL-1α and TGF-β signaling in chronic lung diseases and the exploration of therapeutic opportunities. Primary human lung fibroblasts (PHLF) were treated with media control, or 1 ng/ml IL-1α with or without 50 ng/ml TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 for 1, 6 and 72 h. Cell lysates were assessed for the expression of ECM proteins and signaling molecules by western blot, miRNA by qPCR, mRNA by RNA sequencing and cell supernatants for cytokine production by ELISA. PHLFs were also seeded in non-tethered collagen-I gels to measure contraction, and myofibroblast differentiation using confocal microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mechanism through which paeoniflorin inhibits TSLP expression to regulate dendritic cell activation in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis treatment. Utilizing databases like TCMSP, we identified paeoniflorin's components, targets, and constructed networks. Molecular docking and gene enrichment analysis helped pinpoint key targets and pathways affected by paeoniflorin. In vitro and in vivo models were used to study CD80, CD86, cytokines, T-cell activation, skin lesions, histopathological changes, TSLP, CD80, and CD86 expression. Our study revealed paeoniflorin's active constituent targeting IL-6 in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis. In vitro experiments demonstrated reduced TSLP expression, CD80, CD86, and cytokine secretion post-paeoniflorin treatment. In vivo, paeoniflorin significantly decreased skin lesion severity, cytokine levels, TSLP, CD80, and CD86 expression. The study highlights paeoniflorin's efficacy in inhibiting TSLP expression and suppressing dendritic cell activation in corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention. Additionally, it offers insights into the complex molecular mechanisms underlying paeoniflorin's anti-inflammatory properties in treating corticosteroid-dependent dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the utilization of biologic therapies for the management of asthma. Both TSLP and IgE are important immune molecules in the development of asthma, and they are involved in the occurrence and regulation of inflammatory response. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to gather information on anti-TSLP antibody and anti-IgE antibody. Results: This investigation elucidates the distinct mechanistic roles of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the pathogenesis of asthma, with a particular emphasis on delineating the therapeutic mechanisms and pharmacological properties of monoclonal antibodies targeting IgE and TSLP. Through a meticulous examination of clinical trials involving paradigmatic agents such as omalizumab and tezepelumab, we offer valuable insights into the potential treatment modalities for diseases with shared immunopathogenic pathways involving IgE and TSLP. Conclusion: The overarching objective of this comprehensive study is to delve into the latest advancements in asthma therapeutics and to provide guidance for future investigations in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a disseminated severe herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infection that mainly occurs in a subset of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). EH is complex and multifaceted, involving immunological changes, environmental influences, and genetic aberrations. Certain genetic variants of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) may predispose to develop severe HSV‐1‐induced eczema. Therefore, we investigated the impact of TSLP on HSV‐1 infection. TSLP encodes for two distinct forms: a long‐form (lfTSLP), primarily associated with type 2 immunity, and a short‐form (sfTSLP) with anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. While sfTSLP reduced HSV‐1 infectibility in human primary keratinocytes (HPK), lfTSLP did not. In HPK treated with sfTSLP, HSV‐1 gene expression, and replication decreased, while virion binding to cells and targeting of incoming capsids to the nucleus were not diminished compared to untreated cells. sfTSLP caused only minor changes in the expression of innate immunity cytokines, and its inhibition of HSV‐1 infection did not require de novo protein synthesis. Time window experiments indicated a different antiviral mechanism than LL‐37. sfTSLP showed the strongest antiviral effect when administered to HPK before or after inoculation with HSV‐1, and outperformed the inhibitory potential of LL‐37 under these conditions. Our data show that sfTSLP has antiviral functions and promotes repression of the HSV‐1 infection in HPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of fragrances in various hygiene products contributes to their sensorial allure. However, fragrances can induce sensitization in the skin or respiratory system, and the mechanisms involved in this process are incompletely understood. This study investigated the intricate mechanisms underlying the fragrance's effects on sensitization response, focusing on the interplay between CYP450 enzymes, a class of drug‐metabolizing enzymes, and the adaptive immune system. Specifically, we assessed the expression of CYP450 enzymes and cytokine profiles in culture of BEAS‐2B and mature dendritic cells (mDC) alone or in co‐culture stimulated with 2 mM of a common fragrance, cinnamyl alcohol (CA) for 20 h. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, and CYP2A13 were analyzed by RT‐PCR and IL‐10, IL‐12p70, IL‐18, IL‐33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Through RT–PCR analysis, we observed that CA increased CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 expression in BEAS‐2B, with a further increased in BEAS‐2B‐mDC co‐culture. Additionally, exposure to CA increased IL‐12p70 levels in mDC rather than in BEAS‐2B‐mDC co‐culture. In regards to IL‐18, level was higher in BEAS‐2B than in BEAS‐2B‐mDC co‐culture. A positive correlation between the levels of IL‐10 and CYP1B1 was found in mDC‐CA‐exposed and between IL‐12p70 and CYP1A1 was found in BEAS‐2B after CA exposure. However, IL‐12p70 and CYP1A2 as well as IL‐18, IL‐33, and CYP1A1 levels were negative, correlated mainly in co‐culture control. These correlations highlight potential immunomodulatory interactions and complex regulatory relationships. Overall, exposure to CA enhances CYP450 expression, suggesting that CA can influence immune responses by degrading ligands on xenosensitive transcription factors. This study investigated mechanisms underlying the fragrance's effects on sensitization response through CYP450 enzymes and immune system. We quantified CYP450 enzymes and cytokines in BEAS‐2B and mature dendritic cells (mDC) alone or in co‐culture stimulated with 2 mM of cinnamyl alcohol (CA) for 20 h. Positive correlations between IL‐10 and CYP1B1 in mDC‐CA‐exposed and IL‐12p70 and CYP1A1 in BEAS‐2B‐CA‐exposed were found. These correlations highlight potential immunomodulatory interactions and regulatory relationships, suggesting that CA could influence immune responses by degrading ligands on xenosensitive transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic rhinitis (AR) occupies a leading position among the causes of morbidity throughout the world, to date, it has been diagnosed in 400 million people. In the formation and progression of AR, a significant role is assigned to cytokines associated with the second type of immune response, in particular, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). This literature review provides information on the influence of the listed mediators on the structural cells of the nasal cavity and blood immune cells (T- and B-lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells), and discusses their association with the manifestation of AR symptoms and the severity of the disease. The results of studies aimed at establishing the level of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in biological fluids (blood serum, nasal lavage) and their expression in nasal epithelial cells in patients with AR compared to healthy people are assessed.

Background: Basal cell hyperplasia is commonly observed in nasal polyp epithelium of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS). We examined the function and mechanisms of basal cell hyperplasia in the pathophysiology of eCRS. Methods: We found that normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells obtained basal cell characteristics when cultured with PneumaCult™-Ex Plus Medium. Most of the cells passaged three times expressed basal cell surface markers CD49f and CD271 by flow cytometry, and basal cell nuclear marker p63 by immunohistochemical staining. We named these NHBE cells with basal cell characteristics cultured Basal-like cells (cBC), and NHBE cells cultured with BEGM™ cultured Epithelial cells (cEC). The characteristics of cBC and cEC were examined and compared by RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, ELISA, and cell proliferation studies. Results: RNA sequencing revealed that cBC showed higher gene expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-8, TLR3, and TLR4, and lower expression of PAR-2 compared with cEC. The mRNA expression of TSLP, IL-8, TLR3, and TLR4 was significantly increased in cBC, and that of PAR-2 was significantly increased in cEC by RT-PCR. Poly(I:C)-induced TSLP production and LPS-induced IL-8 production were significantly increased in cBC. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulated the proliferation of cBC. Finally, the frequency of p63-positive basal cells was increased in nasal polyp epithelium of eCRS, and Ki67-positive proliferating cells were increased in p63-positive basal cells. Conclusions: Type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce basal cell hyperplasia, and basal cells exacerbate type 2 inflammation by producing TSLP in nasal polyp of eCRS.

This article examines the relationship between preoperative nasal mucus thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and the impact on quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The study reveals that CRSwNP patients have elevated TSLP levels in their nasal mucus, which is associated with a lower quality of life and treatment resistance. The findings suggest that measuring TSLP levels in nasal mucus could be a useful noninvasive method for predicting the severity and treatment response of CRSwNP. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the role of TSLP in CRSwNP. The document also includes references to three scientific articles that provide additional insights into the topic of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. [Extracted from the article]

TAVO101 is a humanized anti‐human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) monoclonal antibody under clinical development for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) and other allergic inflammatory conditions. The crystallizable fragment region of the antibody was engineered for half‐life extension and attenuated effector functions. This Phase 1, double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of TAVO101 in healthy adult subjects in seven ascending dose cohorts. Subjects received a single intravenous administration of TAVO101 or placebo with a 195‐day follow‐up. TAVO101 was safe and well tolerated. The incidences and severities of treatment‐emergent adverse events were mostly mild and comparable between the active and placebo groups, with no trends of dose relationship. There were no severe adverse events, deaths, or treatment‐related withdrawals. TAVO101 exhibited a linear pharmacokinetic profile, low clearance, and a median elimination half‐life of 67 days in healthy subjects. All TAVO101‐treated subjects tested negative for anti‐drug antibodies. To support development in AD, TAVO101 was studied in an oxazolone‐induced AD model in hTSLP transgenic mice and demonstrated efficacy. This long‐acting anti‐TSLP antibody has the potential for stronger and sustained allergic inflammatory disease control. The results from this study warranted further clinical development of TAVO101 in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A T-cell-independent (TI) pathway activated by microbiota results in the generation of low-affinity homeostatic IgA with a critical role in intestinal homeostasis. Moderate aerobic exercise (MAE) provides a beneficial impact on intestinal immunity, but the action of MAE on TI-IgA generation under senescence conditions is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term MAE on TI-IgA production in young (3 month old) BALB/c mice exercised until adulthood (6 months) or aging (24 months). Lamina propria (LP) from the small intestine was obtained to determine B cell and plasma cell sub-populations by flow cytometry and molecular factors related to class switch recombination [Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), B Cell Activating Factor (BAFF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and retinal dehydrogenase (RDH)] and the synthesis of IgA [α-chain, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-21, and Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)]; and epithelial cells evaluated IgA transitosis [polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4] by the RT-qPCR technique. The results were compared with data obtained from sedentary age-matched mice. Statistical analysis was computed with ANOVA, and p < 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference. Under senescence conditions, MAE promoted the B cell and IgA+ B cells and APRIL, which may improve the intestinal response and ameliorate the inflammatory environment associated presumably with the downmodulation of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the upmodulation of pIgR expression. Data suggested that MAE improved IgA and downmodulate the cytokine pro-inflammatory expression favoring homeostatic conditions in aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis. The tumor microenvironment exerts immunosuppressive activities through the secretion of several cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1. The IL-1/IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) axis is a key regulator in tumor-promoting T helper (Th)2- and Th17-type inflammation. Th2 cells are differentiated by dendritic cells endowed with Th2-polarizing capability by the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) that is secreted by IL-1-activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Th17 cells are differentiated in the presence of IL-1 and other IL-1-regulated cytokines. In pancreatic cancer, the use of a recombinant IL-1R antagonist (IL1RA, anakinra, ANK) in in vitro and in vivo models has shown efficacy in targeting the IL-1/IL-1R pathway. In this study, we have developed sphingomyelin nanosystems (SNs) loaded with ANK (ANK-SNs) to compare their ability to inhibit Th2- and Th17-type inflammation with that of the free drug in vitro. We found that ANK-SNs inhibited TSLP and other pro-tumor cytokines released by CAFs at levels similar to ANK. Importantly, inhibition of IL-17 secretion by Th17 cells, but not of interferon-γ, was significantly higher, and at lower concentrations, with ANK-SNs compared to ANK. Collectively, the use of ANK-SNs might be beneficial in reducing the effective dose of the drug and its toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms underlying the development of steroid resistance in asthma remain unclear. To establish whether as well as the mechanisms by which the activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) is involved in the development of steroid resistance in asthma, murine steroid‐resistant models of the proliferation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in vitro and asthmatic airway inflammation in vivo were analysed. ILC2s in the lungs of BALB/c mice were sorted and then incubated with IL‐33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and/or IL‐7 with or without dexamethasone (10 nM), the pan‐JAK inhibitor, delgocitinib (1–10 000 nM), and/or the Bcl‐xL inhibitor, navitoclax (1–100 nM), followed by the detection of viable and apoptotic cells. The anti‐apoptotic factor, Bcl‐xL was detected in ILC2s by flow cytometry. As a steroid‐resistant asthma model, ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized BALB/c mice were intratracheally challenged with OVA at a high dose of 500 μg four times. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p.), delgocitinib (3–30 mg/kg, p.o.), or navitoclax (30 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered during the challenges. Cellular infiltration into the lungs was analysed by flow cytometry. Airway remodelling was histologically evaluated. The following results were obtained. (1) Cell proliferation concomitant with a decrease in apoptotic cells was induced when ILC2s were cultured with TSLP and/or IL‐7, and was potently inhibited by dexamethasone. In contrast, when the culture with TSLP and IL‐7 was performed in the presence of IL‐33, the proliferative response exhibited steroid resistance. Steroid‐resistant ILC2 proliferation was suppressed by delgocitinib in a concentration‐dependent manner. (2) The culture with IL‐33, TSLP, and IL‐7 induced the overexpression of Bcl‐xL, which was clearly inhibited by delgocitinib, but not by dexamethasone. When ILC2s were treated with navitoclax, insensitivity to dexamethasone was significantly cancelled. (3) The development of airway remodelling and the infiltration of ILC2s into the lungs in the asthma model were not suppressed by dexamethasone, but were dose‐dependently inhibited by delgocitinib. Combination treatment with dexamethasone and either delgocitinib or navitoclax synergistically suppressed these responses. Therefore, JAKs appear to play significant roles in the induction of steroid resistance by up‐regulating Bcl‐xL in ILC2s. The inhibition of JAKs and Bcl‐xL has potential as pharmacotherapy for steroid‐resistant asthma, particularly that mediated by ILC2s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is integral to inducing innate and T helper two cell inflammation that leads to clinical symptoms of asthma. SHR-1905 is a humanized immunoglobulin G1 kappa monoclonal antibody that inhibits TSLP bioactivity, developed for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. This phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled single ascending dose study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and immunogenicity of subcutaneous SHR-1905 in healthy subjects. Methods: Five dose cohorts were planned (50, 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg) and subjects were randomized (8:2) in each cohort to receive SHR-1905 or placebo with a follow-up period up to Day 253. Results: The majority of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild and the incidence of TEAEs was comparable between the SHR-1905 and the placebo groups. The maximum serum concentration was reached 7.0-17.6 days after injection. The serum concentration of SHR-1905 increased with increasing dose level, and SHR-1905 exposure exhibited in a slightly greater-than-dose-proportional manner from 50 to 600 mg. SHR-1905 had a prolonged serum half-life around 80 days supporting every 6-month dosing. In SHR-1905 treated subjects, 15% tested positive for anti-drug antibodies post-dose with no apparent effect on corresponding PK profiles or safety. Conclusion: SHR-1905 demonstrated a good safety and tolerability profile with a long half-life in healthy subjects after a single administration in the dose range of 50-600 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional immunosuppressants are ineffective for the management of EGPA-related asthma. Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TLSP) that has proven efficacy in several phase 3 studies for the treatment of asthma. We treated with off-label tezepelumab the first two patients with severe refractory EPGA-related asthma. These preliminary findings suggest that targeting upstream signaling of the T2 inflammatory pathway can improve symptoms, reduce BVAS and increase Asthma Control Test scores, even in patients with refractory asthma who have failed several previous lines of treatment. Nevertheless, by analogy with dupilumab-induced IL-4/13 blockade, the persistence of sputum eosinophilia (reported in both patients) raises questions as to whether TSLP inhibition could lead to a rebound of eosinophilia and potentially to eosinophil-related symptoms in patients with EGPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To quantify associations of serum alarmins with risk of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Methods Using serum collected at enrolment, three alarmins (IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP] and IL-25) were measured in a multicentre prospective RA cohort. ILD was classified using systematic medical record review. Cross-sectional associations of log-transformed (IL-33, TSLP) or quartile (IL-25) values with RA-ILD at enrolment (prevalent RA-ILD) were examined using logistic regression, while associations with incident RA-ILD developing after enrolment were examined using Cox proportional hazards. Covariates in multivariate models included age, sex, race, smoking status, RA disease activity score and anti-cyclic citrullinated antibody positivity. Results Of 2835 study participants, 115 participants (4.1%) had prevalent RA-ILD at baseline and an additional 146 (5.1%) developed incident ILD. There were no associations between serum alarmin concentrations and prevalent ILD in unadjusted or adjusted logistic regression models. In contrast, there was a significant inverse association between IL-33 concentration and the risk of developing incident RA-ILD in unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73 per log-fold increase; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95; P  = 0.018) and adjusted (HR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.59, 1.00; P  = 0.047) models. No significant associations of TSLP or IL-25 with incident ILD were observed. Conclusion In this study, we observed a significant inverse association between serum IL-33 concentration and the risk of developing incident RA-ILD, but no associations with prevalent ILD. Additional investigation is required to better understand the mechanisms driving this relationship and how serum alarmin IL-33 assessment might contribute to clinical risk stratification in patients with RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the potential of vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor, in treating atopic dermatitis (AD). The study used a mouse model of AD and found that vinpocetine improved symptoms such as skin inflammation and barrier function. It also reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and levels of certain cytokines in the skin. The findings suggest that vinpocetine could be a promising therapeutic option for AD, but further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and long-term effects. The research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Research Scholarship Grants in 2022. [Extracted from the article]

Anti-interleukin (IL) 5 is an effective treatment modality for inhibiting eosinophilic inflammation in patients with T2-high severe asthma. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy and serum levels of type 2 inflammatory mediators during 24 weeks of mepolizumab treatment in patients with T2-high severe asthma. Eighteen patients with T2-high severe asthma were enrolled in this study. All patients received 100 mg of mepolizumab subcutaneously every 4 weeks and were retested at 4, 12, and 24 weeks. A clinical examination, asthma control test (ACT), and spirometry were performed; fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels were evaluated; and blood samples were drawn at every visit. Type 2 inflammation mediator levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The blood eosinophil level significantly decreased, the ACT score and FEV1 increased after 4 weeks of mepolizumab treatment with the same tendency after 12 and 24 weeks (p < 0.05), and the FeNO level did not change (p > 0.05). A total of 27.8% of patients reached clinical remission criteria after 24 weeks of mepolizumab treatment. IL-33 and eotaxin significantly increased (p < 0.05) while IL-5, IL-13, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), soluble IL-5 receptor subunit alpha (sIL-5Rα), and soluble high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (sFcεRI) decreased, with the same tendency after 12 and 24 weeks (p < 0.05). The serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IL-4 and IL-25 levels did not change during mepolizumab treatment compared to baseline (p > 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with mepolizumab over 24 weeks improved lung function and asthma control in T2-high severe asthma patients, with nearly one-third achieving clinical remission criteria, and affected the balance of type 2 inflammatory mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent itching and incessant scratching are commonly observed in various chronic inflammatory skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The persistent and prolonged nature of pruritus can worsen one's quality of life. Keratinocytes (KCs), the predominant cells of the epidermis, have been confirmed to interact with sensory neurons and immune cells and be involved in chronic skin inflammatory diseases associated with pruritus. Initially, KCs and sensory neurons form a unique synapse‐like connection within the epidermis, serving as the structural foundation for their interaction. Additionally, several receptors, including toll‐like receptors and protease‐activated receptor 2, expressed on KCs, become activated in an inflammatory milieu. On the one hand, activated KCs are sources of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors, such as adenosine triphosphate, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and nerve growth factor, which directly or indirectly participate in stimulating sensory neurons, thereby contributing to the itch sensations. On the other hand, KCs also function as primary transducers alongside intraepidermal nerve endings, directly initiating pruritic responses. This review summarizes the current literature and highlights the critical role of KCs in the development and persistence of chronic itch in inflammatory skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yukmijihwang-tang (YJT) is a blend of six herbal ingredients that has long been used in Asia for various diseases, including diabetes mellitus and mental decline. Here, we assessed the prophylactic efficacy of YJT in a murine model of asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Male C57BL/6 mice underwent sensitization followed by an airway challenge with OVA for 1 h. YJT (100 or 300 mg/kg once daily) was administered orally for 6 days. Our analyses revealed that YJT significantly reduced inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), decreased the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BALF, and lowered the relative mRNA levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in lung tissues. Histological analyses showed that YJT substantially decreased inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in the bronchial airway. YJT also effectively reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by improved levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione, glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH). YJT also markedly suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in lung tissues. Together, these results show that YJT effectively inhibits respiratory inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and oxidative stress induced by OVA, suggesting its potential for asthma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Human lung macrophages (HLMs) are a key source of TSLP in airway diseases. • TSLP is selectively localized in the cytoplasm of HLMs. • Both Type-2 high and Type-2 low stimuli induce TSLP release from HLMs. • Long form TSLP (lfTSLP) stimulates VEGF-A release from HLMs. • Short form TSLP neither activates nor interferes with the activating TSLP property. Macrophages are the predominant immune cells in the human lung and play a central role in airway inflammation, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a pleiotropic cytokine mainly expressed by bronchial epithelial cells, plays a key role in asthma and COPD pathobiology. TSLP exists in two variants: the long form (lfTSLP) and a shorter TSLP isoform (sfTSLP). We aimed to localize TSLP in human lung macrophages (HLMs) and investigate the mechanisms of its release from these cells. We also evaluated the effects of the two variants of TSLP on the release of angiogenic factor from HLMs. We employed immunofluorescence and Western blot to localize intracellular TSLP in HLMs purified from human lung parenchyma. HLMs were activated by T2-high (IL-4, IL-13) and T2-low (lipopolysaccharide: LPS) immunological stimuli. TSLP was detected in HLMs and subcellularly localized in the cytoplasm. IL-4 and LPS induced TSLP release from HLMs. Preincubation of macrophages with brefeldin A, known to disrupt the Golgi apparatus, inhibited TSLP release induced by LPS and IL-4. lfTSLP concentration-dependently induced the release of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), the most potent angiogenic factor, from HLMs. sfTSLP neither activated nor interfered with the activating property of lfTSLP on macrophages. Our results highlight a novel immunologic circuit between HLMs and TSLP. Given the central role of macrophages in airway inflammation, this autocrine loop holds potential translational relevance in understanding innovative aspects of the pathobiology of asthma and chronic inflammatory lung disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), is a protein belonging to a class of epithelial cytokines commonly called alarmins, which also includes IL-25 and IL-33. Functionally, TSLP is a key player in the immune response to environmental insults, initiating a number of downstream inflammatory pathways. TSLP performs its role by binding to a high-affinity heteromeric complex composed of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) chain and IL-7Rα. In recent years, the important role of proinflammatory cytokines in the etiopathogenesis of various chronic diseases such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), and chronic spontaneous urticaria has been studied. Although alarmins have been found to be mainly implicated in the mechanisms of type 2 inflammation, studies on monoclonal antibodies against TSLP demonstrate partial efficacy even in patients whose inflammation is not definable as T2 and the so-called low T2. Tezepelumab is a human anti-TSLP antibody that prevents TSLP-TSLPR interactions. Several clinical trials are evaluating the safety and efficacy of Tezepelumab in various inflammatory disorders. In this review, we will highlight major recent advances in understanding the functional role of TSLP, its involvement in Th2-related diseases, and its suitability as a target for biological therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No studies have investigated the systemic and local sinonasal profile of obesity‐related chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), despite its observed association in recent retrospective studies. The objectives of our study were to assess the impact of obesity on the clinical and cytokine profile of patients with CRS and evaluate treatment response with functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: This was a prospective observational study at the Cleveland Clinic that included patients with CRS (n = 54) between December 2021 and September 2022. Data collection included demographics, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, baseline sinonasal outcome test scores, baseline radiologic scores (Lund–Mackay), postoperative sinonasal outcome test scores (at 3–4 months), and local and systemic alarmins/T‐helper cytokines. Results: Out of the 54 CRS patients, there were 20 CRS patients without nasal polyps (37%) and 34 with nasal polyps (63%). Patients were categorized based on obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Obese CRS patients had lower systemic alarmins (interleukin [IL]‐33 and Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)) compared to non‐obese CRS patients (IL‐33: 744.2 ± 1164.6 pg/mL vs. 137.5 ± 320.0 pg/mL, p = 0.005; TSLP: 627.7 ± 1806.3 pg/mL vs. 28.1 ± 85.4 pg/mL, p = 0.017). CRS patients with nasal polyps with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 had higher postoperative sinonasal outcome test scores and lower levels of nasal eotaxin‐3 and IL‐33 compared to BMI <30 kg/m2 counterparts. Conclusions: In conclusion, patients with obese CRS and nasal polyps displayed diminished levels of intranasal alarmins and reduced intranasal eotaxin‐3. These results potentially imply the presence of a unique, obese type 2‐low CRS phenotype that warrants further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lunsekimig is a novel, bispecific NANOBODY® molecule that inhibits both thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin (IL)‐13, two key mediators of asthma pathophysiology. In this first‐in‐human study, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of lunsekimig in healthy adult participants. Participants received single ascending doses (SAD) of lunsekimig (10–400 mg intravenous [IV] or 400 mg subcutaneous [SC]) (SAD part) or multiple ascending doses (MAD part) of lunsekimig (100 or 200 mg, every 2 weeks [Q2W] for three SC doses), or placebo. Overall, 48 participants were randomized 3:1 in the SAD part and 4:1 in the MAD part for lunsekimig or placebo. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. The secondary endpoints included PK, antidrug antibodies (ADAs) and total target measurement. Lunsekimig was well tolerated and common treatment‐emergent adverse events were COVID‐19, nasopharyngitis, injection site reactions, and headache. Lunsekimig showed dose‐proportional increases in exposure and linear elimination. Mean t1/2z of lunsekimig was around 10 days across all IV and SC doses of the SAD and MAD parts of the study. Increases in the serum concentration of total TSLP and IL‐13 for lunsekimig versus placebo indicated target engagement. ADA of low titers were detected in four (11.1%) participants who received lunsekimig in the SAD, and seven (43.8%) in the MAD. In conclusion, lunsekimig was well tolerated in healthy participants with a linear PK profile up to single 400 mg IV and SC dose and multiple doses of 100 and 200 mg SC Q2W, with low immunogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the upper and lower airways of individuals with allergic asthma. The study found that the receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were more abundant in the bronchial tissue of allergic asthmatics compared to healthy controls and nasal tissue of individuals with allergic rhinitis. Additionally, the levels of alarmin cytokines IL-33 and TSLP were higher in the bronchial tissue of allergic asthmatics. These findings suggest that individuals with allergic airway disease may have a higher number of viral entry receptors in their airways. However, despite these findings, asthmatic patients have been shown to have a lower risk of COVID-19 infection, which may be influenced by various factors. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this lower risk and its implications for COVID-19 management in individuals with allergic airway disease. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the role of neuroimmune interactions in the development of asthma. It focuses on the activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in response to allergen inhalation. The study found that neuromedin U (NMU), a neuropeptide released by neurons, is involved in the early activation of ILC2s in patients with asthma. However, NMUR1, the receptor for NMU, is not specifically expressed on ILC2s in humans. The study also suggests that corticosteroids can suppress NMUR1 expression in ILC2s. While this research provides valuable insights into the role of neuropeptides in asthma, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Ozone is one of the triggers of asthma, but its impact on the pathophysiology of asthma, such as via airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), is not fully understood. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is increasingly seen as a crucial molecule associated with asthma severity, such as corticosteroid resistance. Methods: Female BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with house dust mite (HDM) were exposed to ozone at 2 ppm for 3 h. Airway inflammation was assessed by the presence of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and concentrations of cytokines including TSLP in lung. Anti-TSLP antibody was administered to mice to block the signal. Survival and adhesion of bone marrow-derived eosinophils in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were evaluated. Results: Ozone exposure increased eosinophilic airway inflammation and AHR in mice sensitized and challenged with HDM. In addition, TSLP, but not IL-33 and IL-25, was increased in lung by ozone exposure. To confirm whether TSLP signaling is associated with airway responses to ozone, an anti-TSLP antibody was administered, and it significantly attenuated eosinophilic airway inflammation, but not AHR. Interestingly, G-CSF, but not type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, was regulated by TSLP signaling associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation, and G-CSF prolonged survival and activated eosinophil adhesion. Conclusions: The present data show that TSLP contributes to ozone-induced exacerbations of eosinophilic airway inflammation and provide greater understanding of ozone-induced severity mechanisms in the pathophysiology of asthma related to TSLP and G-CSF.

Tezepelumab, a biologic treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was found to reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations in individuals with a wide range of blood eosinophil levels, according to the phase 2a COURSE trial. While the overall trial did not achieve a statistically significant reduction in exacerbations compared to placebo, tezepelumab was successful in reducing exacerbations in subgroups of participants with blood eosinophil count levels of 150 cells/¿L or greater. These findings are significant as they demonstrate the potential for tezepelumab to be effective in a broad range of COPD patients. [Extracted from the article]

Eczema (atopic dermatitis, AD) is a skin disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction due to various factors, including genetics, immune system abnormalities, and environmental triggers. Application of emollients and topical drugs such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors form the mainstay of treatments for this challenging condition. This review aims to summarize the recent advances made in phytochemical-based topical applications to treat AD and the different carriers that are being used. In this review, the clinical efficacy of several plant extracts and bioactive phytochemical compounds in treating AD are discussed. The anti-atopic effects of the herbs are evident through improvements in the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index, reduced epidermal thickness, decreased transepidermal water loss, and alleviated itching and dryness in individuals affected by AD as well as in AD mouse models. Histopathological studies and serum analyses conducted in AD mouse models demonstrated a reduction in key inflammatory factors, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and interleukins (IL). Additionally, there was an observed upregulation of the filaggrin (FLG) gene, which regulates the proteins constituting the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. Carriers play a crucial role in topical drug applications, influencing dose delivery, retention, and bioavailability. This discussion delves into the efficacy of various nanocarriers, including liposomes, ethosomes, nanoemulsions, micelles, nanocrystals, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Consequently, the potential long-term side effects such as atrophy, eruptions, lymphoma, pain, and allergic reactions that are associated with current topical treatments, including emollients, topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and crisaborole, can potentially be mitigated through the use of phytochemical-based natural topical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the burden of mild asthma is not well understood, the significance of expanding research in the group of patients with mild asthma is emphasized. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) are involved in the pathogenesis of atopy and the immune response to inhaled environmental insults, such as allergens, in asthmatic patients. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the correlation between specific polymorphisms within the genes encoding TSLP and IL-33, as well as the concentrations of TSLP and IL-33 in the serum, and the occurrence of pediatric mild asthma. Methods: The analysis encompassed 52 pediatric patients diagnosed with mild bronchial asthma, including both atopic and non-atopic cases, and a control group of 26 non-asthmatic children. Recruitment was conducted through a comprehensive questionnaire. Parameters such as allergic sensitization, serum levels of circulating TSLP and IL-33, and the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TSLP (rs11466750 and rs2289277) and IL-33 (rs992969 and rs1888909) were assessed for all participants. Results: Significantly lower mean serum TSLP concentrations were observed in asthmatic subjects compared to the control group, with atopic asthma patients showing even lower TSLP levels than non-atopic counterparts. No significant differences were found in mean serum IL-33 concentrations between the two groups. Considering the allele model, for both tested SNPs of IL-33, we observed that patients with asthma, atopic asthma, and atopy statistically less frequently possess the risk allele. Conclusions: Our study findings suggest that IL-33 and TSLP do not serve as ideal biomarkers for mild asthma in children. Their effectiveness as biomarkers might be more relevant for assessing disease severity rather than identifying asthma in pediatric patients. Further research focusing on the association between TSLP and IL-33 gene polymorphisms and asthma is expected to significantly advance disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]