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Self-regulated learning (SRL) is conceived as an active, constructive process aimed at the attainment of personal learning goals. It is considered essential for academic achievement and life-long learning. Distal and proximal social influences, among which perceived social support (PSS) has been receiving increasing attention, are thought to play a key role in the development and display of SRL. In this paper, we aim to summarize the available data on the relationship between PSS and SRL by reviewing published studies that include samples comprising students at different stages of education, ranging from elementary school to university. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, seeking to examine the association between PSS and SRL, by considering the possible moderating effects of different support provisions and sources. In addition, we tentatively propose explanations for the relationship based on broadly supported theoretical models of PSS and SRL

Binge drinking (BD) is a high-risk pattern of alcohol consumption that is remarkably prevalent among teenagers and emerging adults. This pattern is thought to alter social networks, affecting access to social support (SS), which is considered essential for adjustment during transitional periods and may in turn play a proactive role against risk behaviors. In this review, we aim to synthesize the available data on the relationship between BD and SS in teenagers and emerging adults. Therefore, a search on three electronic databases was conducted (Web of Science, PsycInfo and PubMed). Articles were screened using eligibility criteria in line with the investigation question and the methodological quality of the studies were reported. Data were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggested that SS is associated with the onset, frequency, and intensity of BD; this relation varies with age, gender, and source of support (family or peers). From developmental and socio-cognitive points of view, the following conclusions were reached: (a) effects beyond the detrimental consequences of BD must be considered in order to interpret the data, and (b) social support should be taken into consideration in intervention strategies

Resumen: En el presente trabajo, se ofrece una revisión de la literatura científica sobre la autorregulación de las emociones académicas. Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada de documentos en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron 29 artículos y capítulos de libro, que cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad previamente establecidos. Se reunie-ron datos e interpretaciones teóricas que nos han permitido obtener una visión global del estado del conocimiento en torno a los núcleos de interés prioritarios: tipos y frecuencia de uso de las estrategias de autorregulación emocional, condiciones situacionales en las que se aplican, correlatos de su utilización y diferencias individuales moderadoras, This paper provides a review of the scientific literature on the self-regulation of academic emotions. A systematic search for documents in the Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out. A total of 29 articles and book chapters which met the previously established eligibility criteria were selected for review. The data and theoretical interpretations considered have enabled us to obtain a global view of the current state of knowledge on the main focuses of interest: types and frequency of use of emotional self-regulation strategies, the situational conditions in which these are applied, correlates of their use and individual differences as moderators

Perceived social support is considered a key factor for reducing the risk of psychological distress, academic failure and student withdrawal from university; however, research concerning how social support may influence academic performance in undergraduate students is scarce. This study aimed to examine the relation of different provisions and sources of perceived social support with academic achievement of Spanish university students in their first and third year. The sample consisted of 219 emerging adults, 149 women and 70 men, of average age 18.01 years (SD= 0.46), enrolled on different degree courses at a public Spanish university. Data were collected during the first academic year (time 1) and again during the third academic year (time 2). Regression analysis of the data showed that different dimensions of social support predicted academic success throughout a period of two years. The study findings could be used to help university counsellors and administrators refine programmes and policies aimed at enhancing students’ adjustment and academic achievement.

Little is known about how binge drinking or the combination of binge drinking and cannabis consumption affect academic achievement in students during the transition to university, or about the mechanisms that mediate this relationship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between this pattern of alcohol/cannabis consumption and academic achievement, considering academic adjustment as a possible mediator. A total of 258 Spanish, first-year university students (145 females and 113 males), enrolled in undergraduate degree courses, were categorized into three groups on the basis of their patterns of alcohol/cannabis consumption: control, binge drinkers and co-consumers. The findings showed a significant effect of the combined binge drinking/cannabis consumption, but not of binge drinking alone, upon academic achievement and academic adjustment. Grade point average (GPA) and academic adjustment were lower in the co-consumers than in the other groups. Regarding the mediation effect, 34.33% of the impact of combined alcohol/cannabis use on GPA was mediated by academic adjustment. The combined consumption of alcohol and cannabis led to difficulties in adaptation to academic life, which in turn contributed to poorer performance at university. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Background: Adjustment to university is a major life transition that not all emerging adults manage successfully. The Student University Adjustment Questionnaire is the instrument most commonly used to evaluate this multidimensional construct. Research in Spain on the predisposing factors for successful adjustment to university in emerging adults is scarce relative to the large number of studies carried out in North America. The objective of the present study was to analyze the association between students’ gender, family background, pre-university achievement and adjustment to university. Method: Participants were 300 Spanish fi rst-year students (198 women and 102 men) of mean age 18.02 years. Results: Pre-university achievement was the only significant predictor of academic, social and institutional adjustment. Gender directly affected personal-emotional adjustment and indirectly affected academic adjustment mediated by entry grade. Conclusions: Students’ entry characteristics predict adjustment to university in the first year. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications., Antecedentes: la adaptación a la universidad es una de las principales transiciones vitales que no todos los adultos emergentes afrontan con éxito. El Cuestionario de Adaptación del Estudiante a la Universidad es el instrumento más empleado para evaluar este constructo multidimensional. En España no existen investigaciones sobre los factores que predisponen a los adultos emergentes a una adaptación exitosa a la universidad respecto al número de investigaciones llevadas a cabo con muestras norteamericanas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el género, el background familiar, la nota de acceso y el ajuste a la universidad. Método: participaron 300 estudiantes españoles de primer año (198 mujeres y 102 hombres) con un promedio de edad de 18,02 años. Resultados: la nota de acceso fue el único predictor significativo del ajuste académico, social e institucional. El género influye de una manera directa sobre el ajuste personal-emocional e indirecta sobre el ajuste académico, mediado por la nota de acceso. Conclusiones: las características de entrada del estudiante predicen su adaptación en el primer año de universidad. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones teóricas y prácticas

El entorno educativo tiene un gran impacto en la vida de los estudiantes, por lo que se encuentra asociado con experiencias emocionales intensas. En la Universidad, las demandas se multiplican, debido a un cambio en el sistema de aprendizaje caracterizado por una mayor autonomía. Para satisfacer estas demandas emocionales y así conseguir una adaptación adecuada a la vida académica, los estudiantes necesitan disponer de estrategias de autorregulación emocional. Es por ello que en la presente revisión se plantea como objetivo averiguar cuál es el papel de las emociones en el aprendizaje autorregulado de los estudiantes universitarios. Pintrich (2000) estudia el concepto de aprendizaje autorregulado, proponiendo que éste incluye la autorregulación emocional. Así se introduce el papel de las emociones en el aprendizaje autorregulado, desde los modelos teóricos de Boekaerts (2006) y Pekrun (2006). A partir de una revisión sistemática según las fases propuestas por Perestelo-Pérez (2013), se realiza un análisis de los factores que inciden en las emociones y en la autorregulación emocional, así como de los efectos que ejercen éstas. Los resultados indican que las emociones se ven condicionadas por el contexto de la tarea y por variables personales; mientras que las emociones tienen efectos sobre las apreciaciones cognitivas y las variables relacionadas con el aprendizaje y el rendimiento. Por su parte, la autorregulación emocional se ve condicionada por las emociones experimentadas, el entorno y variables personales; mientras que ejerce efectos sobre las emociones, las apreciaciones cognitivas y las variables relacionadas con el aprendizaje y el rendimiento. Estos resultados confirman los supuestos teóricos de base. Por último, se proponen sugerencias para la investigación futura, así como implicaciones para la práctica psicoeducativa, The educational setting has great impact on students’ life, so it’s associated with intense emotional experiences. At university, demands increase, due to a change in the learning system towards a higher autonomy. In order to satisfy these emotional demands and to achieve an adequate adaptation to academic life, students need to have emotional self-regulation strategies available. Therefore, the objective of this revision is to discover what is the role of emotions in self-regulated learning of university students. Pintrich (2000) studied self-regulated learning, proposing that it includes emotional self-regulation. That’s how the role of emotions in self-regulated learning is introduced, from Boekaerts’ (2006) and Pekrun’s (2006) models. Starting from a systematic revision according to Perestelo-Pérez’s (2013) proposed stages, factors that influence emotions and emotional self-regulation and their effects are analyzed. On one hand, results indicate that emotions are determined by the context of the task and personal factors; while emotions have effect on cognitive appraisals and learning and achievement related variables. On the other hand, emotional self-regulation is conditioned by emotional experiences, context and personal factors; while it has effect on emotions, cognitive appraisals and learning and achievement related variables. These results provide support for theorical assumptions from which this revision is based. By last, suggestions for future research and implications for psychoeducational practice are discussed

El apoyo social percibido es un constructo multifacético conceptualizado como la valoración cognitiva de que existe una relación de confianza con los otros, con los que se puede contar en caso de necesidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de apoyo social percibido Social Support Questionnaire-Short Form (SSQ6) y Social Provisions Scale (SPS) en una muestra de 855 universitarios, 575 mujeres y 280 hombres, matriculados en primer año de grado de 16 titulaciones de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (España). El SSQ6 mide las dimensiones de disponibilidad y satisfacción del apoyo percibido, mientras que el SPS evalúa sus funciones. Los análisis factoriales realizados confirman el modelo de dos dimensiones del SSQ6 y la estructura de seis factores del SPS. La consistencia interna de ambas escalas es satisfactoria, al igual que las evidencias de validez obtenidas de las correlaciones entre las dos escalas y sus respectivas subescalas. Los resultados revelan que las versiones españolas del SSQ6 y el SPS son medidas fiables y válidas para la evaluación del apoyo social percibido en población universitaria, Perceived social support is a multifaceted construct conceptualized as one's cognitive appraisal as to the existence of a connection to others, based on trust, on whom one can rely on when necessary. The aim of this paper is to examine the psychometric properties of perceived social support, using the following scales: Social Support Questionnaire-Short Form (SSQ6) and Social Provisions Scale (SPS), on a sample of 855 first year university students – 575 females and 280 males – enrolled in 16 professional degrees at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The SSQ6 Scale assesses the dimensions of perceived support availability and satisfaction, whilst the SPS Scale assesses its social support functions. The factor analysis conducted confirms the SSQ6 Scale's two-dimensional model and the SPS Scale's six-factor structure. Internal consistency of both scales is satisfactory, as is the evidence of validity obtained from the correlations between the two scales and their subscales. The results reveal that the Spanish version of the SSQ6 and SPS scales are reliable and valid measurements for assessing perceived social support amongst university students

The aim of this study was to explore cognitive processes that may underlie the poor school performance of children with a field-dependent cognitive style. One-hundred-and fortynine children between the ages of 8 and 11 were evaluated using the Children Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) and classified as field-dependent, field-independent, or intermediate field-dependent- independent (FDI). The Digit Span and Digit Symbol, as well as the Visual Search and Attention Test (VSAT) were administered as tests of attentional function. The Block Design and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test were administered as tests of visuospatial abilities. Fieldindependent children obtained higher scores than field-dependent children on the tests of attentional function. With regard to visuospatial tasks, field-independent children obtained higher scores than both field-dependent and intermediate FDI children on the Block Design test. On the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test, field-dependent children obtained lower scores than both field-independent and intermediate-FDI children

The main purpose of this study was to adapt the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) for use with Spanish students and to examine the psychometric properties of the scores. The adapted version of the scale was applied to a sample of 300 first-year university students. The internal consistency of the full scale and of the subscales was adequate, although the structure of the scale, analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, did not fit satisfactorily to the four-factor model proposed by Baker and Siryk. The goodness of fit of each of four one-factor models, corresponding to each subscale, was tested separately in order to propose a short form of the scale. The resulting scale, comprising 50 items, shows high internal consistency and the relationships between its dimensions are consistent with those obtained in other studies.

In the present study, the influence of the cognitive style called field dependence-independence on academic achievement of Brazilian university students was explored as well as the mediating effect of learning strategies on that influence. Learning strategies of 313 first-year university students (189 women and 124 men; M age = 20.86, SD = 3.86) from different fields, with upper, medium and lower scores on field dependence-independence were assessed on a self-report questionnaire and their overall academic marks in the first year were registered. Results of a regression analysis showed that cognitive style and learning strategies significantly contributed to academic achievement. A path analysis revealed that planning strategies mediated the influence of cognitive style on achievement, No presente estudo, a influência do estilo cognitivo dependência-independência de campo no rendimento acadêmico de estudantes universitários brasileiros foi explorada, bem como o efeito mediador das estratégias de aprendizagem nesta influência. As estratégias de aprendizagem de 313 estudantes universitários de primeiro curso (189 mulheres e 124 homens, idade M=20,86, DP= 3,86) a partir de diferentes domínios, com pontuações elevadas, intermediárias e baixas em dependência-independência de campo, foram avaliadas em um auto questionário e as suas médias globais de rendimento acadêmico no primeiro ano foram registradas. Resultados de uma análise de regressão mostraram que o estilo cognitivo e as estratégias de aprendizagem contribuem significativamente para o sucesso acadêmico. Uma path analysis revelou que as estratégias de planejamento mediam a influência do estilo cognitivo na sua realização

Developmental Psychology seems to have come to an unifying theoretical framework which may make feasible to overcome the fragmentation so frequently referred to within the discipline. This is indicated by the widespread support being given to the systems approach, enriched by dialectic and contextual postulates. In this article, we briefly review the antecedents of this approach and explore its core concepts, indicating their roots and the precise way in which they are applied to developmental analyses today. We also examine the implications of the systems approach for developmental investigation, and its challenges, A Psicologia do Desenvolvimento parece ter chegado a uma estrutura teórica de trabalho que pode tornar possível vencer a barreira da fragmentação, frequentemente referida na disciplina. Isto pode ser verificado pelo vasto suporte dado a visão dos sistemas, enriquecido pelos postulados contextuais e dialéticos. Neste artigo, nós brevemente revisamos os antecedentes dessa abordagem e exploramos seus conceitos básicos (centrais), indicando suas origens e caminhos precisos nos quais eles são aplicados na análise do desenvolvimento nos dias de hoje. Nós também examinamos as implicações da visão sistêmica para investigação do desenvolvimento e seus desafios

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es adaptar al castellano la Escala de Aceptación Percibida PAS (Perceived Acceptance Scale), desarrollada por Brock, Sarason, Sanghvi y Gurung, para evaluar el componente cognitivo del apoyo social percibido. En una muestra de 855 estudiantes universitarios matriculados por primera vez en diferentes estudios de grado, se analizó la fiabilidad, la dimensionalidad y la validez externa de las puntuaciones de la escala. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una adecuada consistencia interna tanto de las subescalas (amigos, familia, padre y madre) como de la escala total. La estructura factorial, derivada de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, se ajusta al modelo teórico propuesto por los autores del PAS. Las puntuaciones de la escala evidencian validez convergente y discriminante a partir de las relaciones obtenidas con la escala de provisiones sociales y la escala de apoyo social. Las buenas propiedades psicométricas de la escala adaptada permiten disponer de un instrumento de medida adecuado para evaluar la aceptación percibida de los estudiantes universitarios españoles, The main objective of the present study was to adapt the Perceived Acceptance Scale (PAS), developed by Brock, Sarason, Sanghvi and Gurung to evaluate the cognitive component of perceived social support, to the Spanish language. In a sample of 855 university students registered for the first time in different degree courses, the reliability, dimensionality and external validity of the scale scores were analyzed. The results show adequate internal consistency in both the subscales (friends, family, father and mother) and in the overall scale. The factorial structure, derived from a confirmatory factorial analysis, fitted the theoretical model proposed by the authors of the scale. The scale scores showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity from the observed relationships with the measures of perceived social support. The psychometric properties of the adapted scale provide an adequate measuring instrument for evaluating perceived acceptance in Spanish university students

Previous research has indicated that field-dependent children display poorer performance than field-independent children in almost all academic subjects and cognitive tasks. However, the processes underlying this poorer performance remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess whether children with different FDI cognitive styles show differences in performance of tasks measuring aspects of attentional functioning. Specifically, 149 children aged 8 - 11 years were classified according to FDI cognitive style (field-dependent, intermediate, or field-independent), and to storage capacity (Digits Forward Test), verbal working memory (Digits Backward Test), capacity to focus, shift, and maintain attention (Digit Symbol Test), and capacity for sustained attention (Visual Search and Attention Test). Field-independent children displayed better performance than intermediate and field-dependent children on all tests except the Digits Forward Test. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed, Investigaciones previas han indicado que los niños dependientes de campo obtienen peores rendimientos que los independientes de campo en casi todas las asignaturas escolares y en diferentes tareas cognitivas. Sin embargo, los procesos que subyacen a este peor rendimiento no están lo suficientemente delimitados. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar si niños con diferentes estilos cognitivos manifiestan diferencias en tareas que miden aspectos concretos del funcionamiento atencional. Específicamente, se explora el rendimiento de 149 niños entre 8 y 11 años en cuatro tareas que evalúan, capacidad de almacenamiento (Dígitos en orden directo), memoria de trabajo verbal (Dígitos en orden inverso), capacidad para dirigir, cambiar y mantener la atención (Claves) y atención sostenida (Test de atención y búsqueda visual). Los resultados indican que los niños independientes de campo mostraron un mejor rendimiento que los dependientes de campo y los del grupo intermedio en todas las tareas a excepción de la prueba de Dígitos en orden directo. Se discuten algunas implicaciones para la teoría y la práctica

We reviewed a total of 67 studies of the relationship between the cognitive style dimension of field dependence-independence and brain organization. To date, such studies have followed three basic lines of approach: (1) cerebral localization of processes involved in field dependence-independence; (2) evaluation of the relationship between field dependence-independence and hemisphericity; (3) evaluation of the relationship between field dependence-independence and hemispheric differentiation. The results of all three types of study are largely coherent with the differentiation theory formulated by Witkin and his coworkers. In addition, findings to date are of interest in that they suggest new directions for more detailed investigation of the relation­ship between field dependence-independence and brain organization. These directions appear very promising for improving our understanding of both the nature of cognitive styles and the functioning of the brain in general