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The present paper examines the spillover effect of US monetary policy shocks on five emerging market economies--Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The study aims to compare the impact of the US crisis on the BRICS nations considering three crisis periods--1992 Crisis, 2008 Financial Recession, and 2013-Taper Tantrum. The two models used for analyzing the impression of US policy are Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and Impulse Response Function. Research proved that the exchange rate and balance of trade of each of the emerging nations are affected by either policy change or unpredictable circumstances that arise in the US. This impact is mostly because of the high trade relations those countries have with the US. Nevertheless, there exist some other factors like economic integration and macroeconomic features, which further stimulate the spillover effect. This paper suggests that the US policymakers should consider such effects during policy formation/change. The paper makes an essential contribution to the existing literature by mapping the footprints of US policies on the five emerging market economies on the premise of pre-crisis and post-crisis spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic empowerment and sustainable livelihood of small and marginal farmers have become a major challenge in India. The NSS survey report indicated that around 40% of farmers are willing to quit farming and seek other means of economic survival. The ease of agricultural credit for the financially weak farmers can significantly help them to sustain. This study aims to understand the relationship between the financial position of organic and conventional farmers and their accessibility to agricultural loans. The primary data from 400 farmers has been collected from organic and convention farmers. To address the objectives, a Binomial logistic regression model has been used to examine the impact of financial position in accessing agricultural credit. The study revealed that educated, large-scale, and financially sound farmers benefited more from financial institutions, whereas economically deprived small and marginal farmers were unable to access agricultural credit due to illiteracy, lack of awareness, and lengthy documentation. The study suggests that generalization of loan waived should be avoided. Further, the required documents for availing agricultural credit for the economically weak and uneducated small and marginal farmers need to be simplified that could minimize the non-institutional sources of loan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, companies have become more conscious of customer satisfaction while implementing social responsibilities compliance. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) literature is tremendously rich. Numerous scholars and researchers have contributed to enriching the literature on CSR. Following a thorough review of literary texts on CSR, it was found that most crucial aspects of CSR have been explored and studied so far. The study helps to create a deeper understanding of essential and functional elements of CSR. CSR scope and models have been discussed by analyzing the amount of research reporting performed in this field in India and abroad over the last few years. The goal of the researcher is also to project the research gap that exists in this field and to concentrate on the topics that have received priority and attention in this regard. Surveys about CSR within the framework of a selling approach have shown that there is a positive relationship between consumer preference of products and social responsibility of the corporate. Thus, a trend is revealed towards consumers' increasingly preferring products of a socially responsible company (Edelman, 2010). The results suggest that CSR activities induce positive CSR perception that improves performance. Furthermore, the results indicate that companies should consider employees' perception of CSR and their feeling of attachment and long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes another proportion of foundational chance, namely, Capital Shortfall Risk (CSRISK), which recognizes a budgetary organization's capital shortage under the most noticeably terrible situation restrictive on a significant market decay. The CSRISK list requires just open monetary information, including bookkeeping and market exchanging data, which is time and practice. The sample includes 251 Indian banks for the period of 20 years, starting from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2018. The period is divided into three phases: pre-crisis (1998-2007), crisis (2008) and post-crisis (2009-2018)--data on returns collected from Yahoo Finance. The market value of equity and book value of debt are extracted from the Prowess database. Variable k is 9% (Basel norms II), which is the regulatory requirement by the Indian banks to maintain assets as a part of total assets. This fundamental hazard measure can be generally applied in the field of executives and macroprudential strategy making. The paper focuses on CSRISK using regression analysis approach. The study found that the larger the CSRISK, the greater the bank size; this could help risk managers to control the course of action. Banking regulators may evaluate the market capital shortfall proficiently and efficiently with the help of CSRISK in case of a troubled economic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper intends to observe the influence of board characteristics, namely, Board Size (BS), Board Independence (BI), Board meetings (BM), CEO duality (CD), firm-size (FS), Tobin Q, and ROA on environmental information disclosure. Environmental information has been measured through their availability in annual reports of particular companies. We have used panel data of 60 environmentally most polluted companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2021. The data has been analyzed using a regression model and tested through the feasible generalized least square (FGLS) regression technique. Our study indicates that Board Size (BS), CEO duality (CO), Board Meetings (BM), Tobin Q & ROA have a substantial influence on environmental information disclosure, whereas board independence and size of firms do not influence environmental information disclosure. Agency theory discusses that board size (BS) has a negative association with environmental information, but it opposes the empirical work of Ezhilarasi & Kabra (2017) & Pareek et.al. (2019). Further, Al-Janadi et al. (2012) argue that CEO Duality (CD) and environmental information disclosure have significantly positively linked. The study recommends that environmental information disclosure is obligatory, specifically for environmentally sensitive companies in their periodic reports. In addition, governmental establishments should offer a transparent and standard guideline on disclosing environmental information to ensure responsible business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the impact of Corporate Governance (CG) determinants on a firm's default risk and profitability for mid, small and large-cap Indian companies. In this paper, the authors examine the Indian firms' probability of default and their profitability depending on CG determinants by studying data on two dependent and 15 independent variables for 125 companies indexed in Nifty's (Indian stock exchange). We used panel data, panel regression model, and Altman test as statistical tools for analysis. The results show that defaulting companies have a higher concentration of ownership, lower voting interest, poorer financial transparency, and less efficient board composition. The findings also suggest the significance of considering the comprehensive use of CG information in corporate credit decisions, ultimately affecting the profitability determining Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Net Worth (RONW) of the firm. Large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap companies should include information on CG in their default prediction models for better performance, in addition to the financial information. This paper extends the present literature within the Indian context, particularly by examining Firm Performance (FP) and financial distress risk to the extent of CG mechanisms adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock markets significantly contribute to the economic development of any nation. They have a volatile character, which results in uncertainty of the returns; the variability causes volatility in speculative market prices and instability of business performance. Volatility plays a significant role in the investors, managers, policymakers and researchers' financial decisions as it can assess the risk exposures in their investments and the uncertainty in stock returns. The risk-averse investor avoids investment in a highly volatile market. The stock return forecasting leads to volatility forecasting. The paper analyzes the volatility concerning the Bombay Stock Exchange. The daily data of S&P Sensex 30 has been collected and used to calculate the volatility for the last 3 years (April 2016 to March 2019). The preliminary analysis is done based on descriptive statistics stationery test, normality test and serial correlation test. Volatility modeling is done by the ARCH and GARCH family models. The findings help investors make the right investment decisions in the Indian stock market in the presence of its volatile character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate governance ensures transparency, accountability, responsibility, and fairness of the firms. If the company demonstrates a high level of corporate governance, then the stakeholders of the company trust it. Corporate governance is essential for corporate growth and success. Raising capital, maintaining investors' interest and positive impact on share price, and creating brand loyalty and brand image take care of all the stakeholders of the business. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the significance of corporate governance practices and their impact on the financial performance of listed Indian companies. The data is collected for Indian automobile companies listed on NSE top 500 for the period 2014 to 2018. The relationship between corporate governance parameters and financial performance parameters and corporate governance and capital structure is explored. Descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis have been used to study the influence of independent variables such as composition of board, independent directors, qualified and independent audit committee, board of directors, remuneration of the directors and CEO duality. The dependent variables are financial performance and capital structure represented by ROE and total debt/total asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces novel architectures for implementation of fully static master-slave flip-flops for low power, high performance, and high density. Based on the proposed structure, traditional C(2)MOS latch (tristate inverter/clocked inverter) based flip-flop is implemented with fewer transistors. The modified C(2)MOS based flip-flop designs mC(2)MOSff1 and mC(2)MOSff2 are realized using only sixteen transistors each while the number of clocked transistors is also reduced in case of mC(2)MOSff1. Postlayout simulations indicate that mC(2)MOSff1 flip-flop shows 12.4% improvement in PDAP (power-delay-area product) when compared with transmission gate flip-flop (TGFF) at 16X capacitive load which is considered to be the best design alternative among the conventional master-slave flip-flops. To validate the correct behaviour of the proposed design, an eight bit asynchronous counter is designed to layout level. LVS and parasitic extraction were carried out on Calibre, whereas layouts were implemented using IC station (Mentor Graphics). HSPICE simulations were used to characterize the transient response of the flip-flop designs in a 180 nm/1.8 V CMOS technology. Simulations were also performed at 130 nm, 90 nm, and 65 nm to reveal the scalability of both the designs at modern process nodes.