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Artemisinin is a drug, widely used in malaria treatment. As the binding affinity of artemisinin and its derivatives dihydroartemisinin and artesunate to blood serum proteins might influence the effectiveness of the drug, binding of artemisinin and derivatives to serum albumin was studied under near physiological conditions. Binding kinetics indicate a simple, single-step association process for all artemisinin derivatives. The determined changes in enthalpy and entropy upon drug binding clearly indicate that hydrophobic forces are most important for artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin binding, whereas binding of artesunate is governed by both hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces. Key residues, which are most likely involved in binding of the respective compounds, were identified in subsequent protein/drug docking studies. The obtained results not only explain differences in between artemisinin and derivatives but generally illustrate how slight modifications in a drug can significantly affect principles underlying drug binding to target proteins.

Malaria causes millions of death cases per year. Since Plasmodium falciparum rapidly develops drug resistance, it is of high importance to investigate potential drug targets which may lead to novel rational therapy approaches. Here we report on the interaction of translationally controlled tumor protein of P. falciparum (PfTCTP) with the anti-malarial drug artemisinin. Furthermore, we investigated the crystal structure of PfTCTP. Using mass spectrometry, bioinformatic approaches and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, we identified novel binding sites of artemisinin which are in direct neighborhood to amino acids 19-46, 108-134 and 140-163. The regions covered by these residues are known to be functionally important for TCTP function. We conclude that interaction of artemisinin with TCTP may be at least in part explain the antimalarial activity of artemisinin.

Curcuma longa L. has long been used as a medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine against abdominal disorders. Its active constituent curcumin has anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and cytotoxic properties. In the present investigation, we have analyzed the cytotoxic activity of curcumin and four derivatives. Among these compounds, ethoxycurcumintrithiadiazolaminomethylcarbonate was the most cytotoxic one. The curcumin-type compounds were not cross-resistant to standard anticancer drugs and were not involved in ATP-binding cassette transporter-mediated multidrug resistance. A combined approach of messenger RNA-based microarray profiling, COMPARE analyses and signaling pathway analyses identified genes as determinants of sensitivity and resistance to curcumin and specific signaling routes involved in cellular response to curcumin. These genes may be useful as biomarkers to develop individualized treatment options in the future. From a nutritional point of view, it is a thriving perspective to further investigate whether C. longa may be used as a spice to improve cancer therapy.

P-glycoprotein belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. It functions in cellular detoxification, pumping a wide range of xenobiotic compounds, including anticancer drugs out of the cell. In cancerous cells, P-glycoprotein confers resistance to a broad spectrum of anticancer agents, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance. An attractive strategy for overcoming multidrug resistance is to block the transport function of P-glycoprotein and thus increase intracellular concentrations of anticancer drugs to lethal levels. Efforts to identify P-glycoprotein inhibitors have led to numerous candidates, none of which have passed clinical trials with cancer patients due to their high toxicity. The search for naturally inhibitory products from traditional Chinese medicine may be more promising because natural products are frequently less toxic than chemically synthesized substances. In this review, we give an overview of molecular and clinical aspects of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance in the context of cancer as well as Chinese herbs and phytochemicals showing inhibitory activity towards P-glycoprotein.

The multifunctional factors Imp-α and Imp-β are involved in nuclear protein import, mitotic spindle dynamics, and nuclear membrane formation. Furthermore, each of the three members of the Imp-α family exerts distinct tasks during development. In Drosophila melanogaster, the imp-α2 gene is critical during oogenesis for ring canal assembly; specific mutations, which allow oogenesis to proceed normally, were found to block early embryonic mitosis. Here, we show that imp-α2 and imp-β genetically interact during early embryonic development, and we characterize the pattern of defects affecting mitosis in embryos laid by heterozygous imp-α2D14 and imp-βKetRE34 females. Embryonic development is arrested in these embryos but is unaffected in combinations between imp-βKetRE34 and null mutations in imp-α1 or imp-α3. Furthermore, the imp-α2D14/imp-βKetRE34 interaction could only be rescued by an imp-α2 transgene, albeit not imp-α1 or imp-α3, showing the exclusive imp-α2 function with imp-β. Use of transgenes carrying modifications in the major Imp-α2 domains showed the critical requirement of the nuclear localization signal binding (NLSB) site in this process. In the mutant embryos, we found metaphase-arrested mitoses made of enlarged spindles, suggesting an unrestrained activity of factors promoting spindle assembly. In accordance with this, we found that Imp-βKetRE34 and Imp-βKetD bind a high level of RanGTP/GDP, and a deletion decreasing RanGTP level suppresses the imp-βKetRE34 phenotype. These data suggest that a fine balance among Imp-α2, Imp-β, RanGTP, and the NLS cargos is critical for mitotic progression during early embryonic development.

Das Mundhohlenkarzinom ist mit mehreren Hunderttausend Neuerkrankungen im Jahr ein weltweites Problem. Die Behandlung ist mit schwierigen Operationen, schweren Nebenwirkungen der medikamentosen Behandlung und allgemein schlechter Prognose verbunden. Da sich die Mehrzahl der heute verwendeten Krebsmedikamente von Wirkstoffen naturlichen Ursprungs ableitet, stellen Naturprodukte noch immer wertvolle Quellen fur neue Therapieoptionen. In dieser Untersuchung wurde die zytotoxische Wirkung des atherischen Ols von Salvia officinalis L. (Salbei) untersucht. Nach wassriger Extraktion aus den Pflanzenteilen wurde das atherische Ol von Salvia officinalis im Gaschromatographen analysiert. Die Zytotoxizitat des atherischen Ols auf die Plattenepithelzellkarzinom-Zelllinie UMSCC1 wurde im XTT-Assay untersucht. Mit der daraus ermittelten halbmaximalen inhibitorischen Konzentration (IC50) des atherischen Ols wurde eine microarraybasierte Analyse der Genexpression durchgefuhrt. Die Werte der differenziellen Genaktivitaten wurden anschliesend aktivierten Signalwegen zugeordnet. Das atherische Ol von Salvia officinalis enthielt vor allem die Monoterpene Thujon, β-Pinen und 1,8-Cineol. Niedrige Konzentrationen erhohten im XTT-Assay die Vitalitat der UMSCC1 bis zu einem Schwellenwert um die IC50 von 135 µg/ml, ab dem die Vitalitat rasch gegen Null ging. Die differenzielle Genaktivitat in der Microarray-Analyse ergab vor allem Gene aus den Bereichen Krebs, Zellwachstum und -proliferation, Zelltod, Zellmorphologie, Zellzyklus und DNA-Reparatur. Die am deutlichsten aktivierten Signalwege waren der Aryl-Hydrocarbon-Rezeptor-Signalweg, der Zellzyklusubergang von der G1- zur S-Phase und der p53-Signalweg. Diese Untersuchung belegt zum ersten Mal die zytotoxische Wirkung des atherischen Ols von Salvia officinalis auf eine humane Plattenepithelzellkarzinom-Zelllinie (UMSCC1) der Mundhohle. Das therapeutische Potenzial des Salbeis reicht damit moglicherweise weit uber die tradierten Anwendungsgebiete in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde hinaus.

Frankincense (Boswellia serrata, B. carterii) is used as traditional remedy to treat inflammatory diseases. The molecular effects of the active ingredients, the boswellic acids, on the immune system have previously been studied and verified in several clinical studies. Boswellic acids also inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. The molecular basis of the cytotoxicity of boswellic acids is, however, not fully understood as yet. By mRNA-based microarray, COMPARE, and hierarchical cluster analyses, we identified a panel of genes from diverse functional groups, which were significantly associated with sensitivity or resistance of a- or b-boswellic acids, such as transcription factors, signal transducers, growth regulating genes, genes involved in RNA and protein metabolism and others. This indicates that boswellic acids exert profound cytotoxicity on cancer cells by a multiplicity of molecular mechanisms.

Therapies targeting p53 mostly concentrate on (re)activation of the p53 protein, to further induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present investigations, the focus was on the identification of small molecules that block the DNA-binding domain of p53 and thus inhibit its function. Using high-throughput in silico screening of approximately 300,000 compounds, we identified eight putatively interacting with the DNA-binding domain of p53. Subsequently, HCT116 p53 wild-type (p53(+/+)) and knockout (p53(-/-)) cells were irradiated with 16 Gy and treated with these compounds. Among the eight compounds, NSC 23175 offered the best protection against γ-irradiation-mediated injury. Microarray-based mRNA expression profiling revealed many downstream p53-dependent genes in irradiated and NSC 23175-treated p53(+/+) cells. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we showed that NSC 23175 suppressed p53 binding to the promoter of EGR1, a p53-regulated gene. The fact that NSC 23175 protected p53(+/+) cells implicates a putative protective effect of the compound during radiotherapy of p53-mutated tumors. The role of NSC 23175 as protecting agent, in reducing radiotherapy-related side-effects merits future investigation.

Three new steroidal saponins, parisyunnanosides G-I (1-3), one new C(21) steroidal glycoside, parisyunnanoside J (4), and three known compounds, padelaoside B (5), pinnatasterone (6), and 20-hydroxyecdyson (7), were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis. Compounds 1 and 3 have unique trisdesmoside structures that include a C-21 β-d-galactopyranose moiety. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human CCRF leukemia cells.

Natural polyphenols play an important role in tumor inhibition. We used a doxorubicin-sensitive acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CCRF-CEM) and its multidrug-resistant subline (CEM/ADR5000) to evaluate the activity of 15 plant polyphenols isolated in our laboratory (hypericin and pseudohypericin, verbascoside, ellagic acid, casticin, kaempferol-3-O-(2'',6''-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(3,4-diacetyl-2,6-di-E-p-coumaroyl) -glucopyranoside, tiliroside, salvianolic acid B, oleuropein, rosmarinic acid, bergenin) or of others from commercial sources (curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, silymarin). Casticin was the most potent compound (IC50 values of 0.28 ± 0.02 μM in CCRF-CEM and 0.44 ± 0.17 μM in CEM/ADR5000 cells. The IC50 values of the other compounds tested ranged from 1.52 μM to 164.1 μM. A microarray-based mRNA expression profiling of CCRF-CEM cells treated with casticin was performed in order to identify genes with altered expression following casticin treatment. Networks related to NF-κB, p38MAPK, histones H3 and H4, and follicle stimulating hormone were identified.

Determining interacting cellular partners of drugs by chemical proteomic techniques is complex and tedious. Most approaches rely on activity-based probe profiling and compound-centric chemical proteomics. The anti-malarial artemisinin also exerts profound anti-cancer activity, but the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. In the present investigation, we present a novel approach to identify artemisinin-interacting target proteins. Our approach overcomes usual problems in traditional fishing procedures, because the drug was attached to a surface without further chemical modification. The proteins identified effect among others, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, and modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness. Furthermore, a bioinformatic approach confirmed experimentally identified proteins and suggested a large number of other interacting proteins. Theoretically predicted interaction partners may serve as a starting point to complete the whole set of proteins binding artemisinin.

Chemotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Due to increased drug resistance and the severe side effects of currently used therapeutics, new candidate compounds are required for improvement of therapy success. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone, was used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of different inflammatory diseases and recent studies revealed the anticancer activities of shikonin. We found that shikonin has strong cytotoxic effects on 15 cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines. Transcriptome-wide mRNA expression studies showed that shikonin induced genetic pathways regulating cell cycle, mitochondrial function, levels of reactive oxygen species, and cytoskeletal formation. Taking advantage of the inherent fluorescence of shikonin, we analyzed its uptake and distribution in live cells with high spatial and temporal resolution using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Shikonin was specifically accumulated in the mitochondria, and this accumulation was associated with a shikonin-dependent deregulation of cellular Ca2+and ROS levels. This deregulation led to a breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential, dysfunction of microtubules, cell-cycle arrest, and ultimately induction of apoptosis. Seeing as both the metabolism and the structure of mitochondria show marked differences between cancer cells and normal cells, shikonin is a promising candidate for the next generation of chemotherapy.

The precise detection of pharmaceutical drug uptake and knowledge of a drug’s efficacy at the single-cell level is crucial for understanding a compound’s performance. Many pharmaceutical drugs, like the model substances Doxorubicin, Mitoxantrone or Irinotecan, have a distinctive natural fluorescence that can be readily exploited for research purposes. Utilizing this respective natural fluorescence, we propose a method analyzing simultaneously in real-time the efficiency, effects and the associated kinetics of compound-uptake and efflux in mammalian cells by flow cytometry. We show that real-time flow cytometric quantification of compound-uptake is reliably measured and that analyzing their respective uptake kinetic provides additional valuable information which can be used for improving drug dosage and delivery. Exploiting the native fluorescence of natural compounds is clearly advantageous compared to the usage of non-related fluorescent uptake-reporter substances, possibly yielding in unphysiological data. Flow cytometric analysis allows live-dye based multi-parametric high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical compound activity, improving cytotoxicity testing by combining several assays into a single, high resolution readout. This approach can be a useful tool identifying potential inhibitors for multiple drug resistance (MDR), representing a major challenge to the targeted treatment of various diseases.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a challenging disease with a high mortality rate. Natural products represent a valuable source for the development of novel anticancer drugs. We investigated the cytotoxic potential of essential oil from the leaves of a medicinal plant, Levisticum officinale (lovage) on head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC).Cytotoxicity of lovage essential oil was investigated on the HNSCC cell line, UMSCC1. Additionally, we performed pharmacogenomics analyses.Lovage essential oil extract had an IC₅₀ value of 292.6 μg/ml. Genes involved in apoptosis, cancer, cellular growth and cell cycle regulation were the most prominently affected in microarray analyses. The three pathways to be most significantly regulated were extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, virus entry via endocytic pathways and p53 signaling.Levisticum officinale essential oil inhibits human HNSCC cell growth.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) accounts for 2% to 3% of all malignancies and has a high mortality rate. The majority of anticancer drugs are of natural origin. However, it is unknown whether the medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) is cytotoxic towards head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Cytotoxicity of thyme essential oil was investigated on the HNSCC cell line, UMSCC1. The IC₅₀ of thyme essential oil extract was 369 μg/ml. Moreover, we performed pharmacogenomics analyses.Genes involved in the cell cycle, cell death and cancer were involved in the cytotoxic activity of thyme essential oil at the transcriptional level. The three most significantly regulated pathways by thyme essential oil were interferon signaling, N-glycan biosynthesis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling.Thyme essential oil inhibits human HNSCC cell growth. Based on pharmacogenomic approaches, novel insights into the molecular mode of anticancer activity of thyme are presented.

Clinical oncology is still challenged by the development of drug resistance of tumors that result in poor prognosis for patients. There is an urgent necessity to understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance and to develop novel therapy strategies. Artesunate (ART) is an anti-malarial drug, which also exerts profound cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells. We first applied a gene-hunting approach using cluster and COMPARE analyses of microarray-based transcriptome-wide mRNA expression profiles. Among the genes identified by this approach were genes from diverse functional groups such as structural constituents of ribosomes (RPL6, RPL7, RPS12, RPS15A), kinases (CABC1, CCT2, RPL41), transcriptional and translational regulators (SFRS2, TUFM, ZBTB4), signal transducers (FLNA), control of cell growth and proliferation (RPS6), angiogenesis promoting factors (ITGB1), and others (SLC25A19, NCKAP1, BST1, DBH, FZD7, NACA, MTHFD2). Furthermore, we applied a candidate gene approach and tested the role of resistance mechanisms towards established anti-cancer drugs for ART resistance. By using transfected or knockout cell models we found that the tumor suppressor p16(INK4A) and the anti-oxidant protein, catalase, conferred resistance towards ART, while the oncogene HPV-E6 conferred sensitivity towards ART. The tumor suppressor p53 and its downstream protein, p21, as well as the anti-oxidant manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase did not affect cellular response to ART. In conclusion, our pharmacogenomic approach revealed that response of tumor cells towards ART is multi-factorial and is determined by gene expression associated with either ART sensitivity or resistance. At least some of the functional groups of genes (e.g. angiogenesis promoting factors, cell growth and proliferation-associated genes signal transducers and kinases) are also implicated in clinical responsiveness of tumors towards chemotherapy. It merits further investigation, whether ART is responsive in clinically refractory tumors and whether the genes identified in the present study also determine clinical responsiveness towards ART.

Shikonin, a naturally occurring napthoquinone, has been used in herbal formulations for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine since decades. In recent studies, shikonin revealed remarkable anticancer activities and thereby is a promising candidate for cancer chemotherapy. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms and targets of shikonin are still unknown. Here, we showed that shikonin indeed exhibits strong cytotoxic effects on a panel of 15 different cancer cell lines also containing multi-drug resistant cells. The strongest effects were obtained on U937 leukemia cells. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we performed a whole genome expression analysis of these cells after shikonin treatment. Thereby novel molecular key players and genetic networks responsible for the effects of shikonin were identified. Induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and increased levels of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage were revealed as striking cellular effects of shikonin. Furthermore, whole sets of genes responsible for cytoskeletal formation and mitochondrial energy metabolism were deregulated after shikonin treatment. Using cell based assays we showed that shikonin indeed induces G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and caspase 3/7 dependent apoptosis. Furthermore we confirmed the induction of reactive oxygen species and quantified the subsequent DNA damage. In addition shikonin significantly prevents cancer cell migration and cytoskeleton formation by inhibiting the dynamics of the microtubule system. The reason for all this secondary effects was revealed by real-time kinetic uptake experiments based on the intrinsic fluorescence of shikonin. Thereby a rapid cellular uptake and a direct accumulation of the drug in the mitochondria were observed. This caused a breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential within the same time range of drug uptake, resulting in a failure of the respiratory chain and the cellular energy production. As the mitochondrial structure and metabolism differs strongly between cancer and normal cells, targeting of mitochondria is a very recent and promising approach in cancer therapy. Our results showed that mitochondria are the primary targets of shikonin in cancer cells and thus we believe that shikonin has the potential in future clinical application. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4662. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4662

Determining cellular target molecules of drugs by chemical proteomic techniques is complex and tedious. Most approaches rely on activity-based probe profiling and compound-centric chemical proteomics. The antimalarial artemisinin also exerts profound anti-cancer activity, but the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. In the present study, we have identified artemisinin-interacting target proteins from human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE1. Thereby, our approach overcomes usual problems in traditional fishing procedures, because the drug was attached to a polystyrene surface without further chemical modification. Using mass spectrometry we have identified 20 proteins which effect cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, and modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness. One protein out of the twenty was further investigated in vitro for direct ligand binding. Furthermore, a blind-docking based approach confirmed experimentally identified proteins and suggested further interacting proteins. Theoretically predicted interaction partners may serve as a starting point to complete the whole set of proteins binding artemisinin. In our investigations, we have comprised artemisinins role in cancer treatment in a greater shape through a systematic biological strategy and thus, are able to show novel insights into its mode of action. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1993. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1993

The tumor suppressor p53 belongs to the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). p53 is over-expressed in NPC, but the mutation rate is lower than in other tumor types. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that p53 might be involved in repair of DNA-damage after radiotherapy and causes recrudescence. Hence, the aim of the present investigation was to identify small molecule inhibitors for p53 to inhibit DNA repair after ionizing radiation of NPC. Approximately 260.000 2D-structures from NCI database were downloaded and different tautomers and charged stages between pH 5 and 9 were calculated for each compound. A total number of 906.587 drugs in different 3D-conformations have been generated for our virtual screening approach. By means of the Glide software and three-dimensional p53 structure based on the published crystal structure 1TUP from PDB database, 25 compounds have been identified as candidates to bind to the DNA-binding domain of p53. The best evaluated ligand (consisting 26 atoms) had the assigned binding energy of −8.41 kcal mol-1 in Glide. This outstanding binding was confirmed by using AutoDock which has result in −10.57 kcal mol-1. In comparison, the binding of PRIMA-1 as experimentally validated drug showed a binding energy of −6.30 kcal mol-1 after blind docking procedure with subsequent refinement. As a next step, the compounds identified in silico have been experimentally verified in vitro by means of Plasmon resonance spectroscopy. To prove, whether inhibition of DNA-binding of p53 by these small molecule inhibitors affect the response of the NPC cell line CNE1 towards ionizing radiation, the cytotoxicity of 0.5 – 16 Gy has been measured with and without addition of these small molecule inhibitors by XTT assays. Indeed, the addition of some of the identified candidate compounds were able to increase the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. The present investigation indicates that the combination of ionizing radiation with novel small molecule inhibitors for p53 increased the killing rate of CNE1 cells. These data may have important implications for radiochemotherapy of NPC in the future. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2679.

The Gwich’in, which belong to the Athapaskan language group of Native Americans live in the borderland between Alaska and Canada. We analyzed 29 medicinal plants of this tribe for their growth inhibitory activity against CCRF-CEM T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. The anti-leukemic activity of these plants has not been investigated as yet. Considering the poor cure rates of some ALL forms, there might be a great potential for medicinal plants as resource for natural products to treat T-ALL. We found that the hexane extracts of three plants revealed considerable growth inhibition on CCRF-CEM cells. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 6.63 ± 0.03 µg/ml for Cladina mitis, 8.65 ± 0.38 µg/ml for Picea mariana (needles), and 9.67 ± 1.36 µg/ml for Artemisia frigida. Further investigations are required to isolate the active constituents of these plants.

Background Malignant diseases are responsible of approximately 13% of all deaths each year in the world. Natural products represent a valuable source for the development of novel anticancer drugs. The present study was aimed at evaluating the cytotoxicity of a naphtyl butanone isolated from the leaves of Guiera senegalensis, guieranone A (GA). Results The results indicated that GA was active on 91.67% of the 12 tested cancer cell lines, the IC50 values below 4 μg/ml being recorded on 83.33% of them. In addition, the IC50 values obtained on human lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM (0.73 μg/ml) and its resistant subline CEM/ADR5000 (1.01 μg/ml) and on lung adenocarcinoma A549 (0.72 μg/ml) cell lines were closer or lower than that of doxorubicin. Interestingly, low cytotoxicity to normal hepatocyte, AML12 cell line was observed. GA showed anti-angiogenic activity with up to 51.9% inhibition of the growth of blood capillaries on the chorioallantoic membrane of quail embryo. Its also induced apotosis and cell cycle arrest. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified several pathways in CCRF-CEM cells and functional group of genes regulated upon GA treatment (P < 0.05), the Cell Cycle: G2/M DNA Damage Checkpoint Regulation and ATM Signaling pathways being amongst the four most involved functional groups. Conclusion The overall results of this work provide evidence of the cytotoxic potential of GA and supportive data for its possible use in cancer chemotherapy.