Search

xxvi, 218 p. Las distorsiones son un problema recurrente en la producción de componentes estructurales aeroespaciales, y conlleva altos costos y desperdicio de material y energía en la industria. Actualmente se resuelve mediante largos procesos de mecanizado, con secuencias repetitivas en las que se sueltan las piezas, se analiza la distorsión y se realizan correcciones, las cuales dependen en gran medida de la experiencia de los trabajadores cualificados. Esta tesis aborda la comprensión de la distorsión tras el mecanizado de aeroestructuras con el objetivo de desarrollar un procedimiento capaz de determinar las tensiones residuales y calcular la distorsión en las líneas de producción.En las aeroestructuras, las principales fuentes de distorsión son las tensiones residuales, tanto las procedentes de procesos de fabricación previos inherentes a los brutos, como las inducidas en las superficies por el mecanizado debido a las elevadas cargas térmicas y mecánicas. Debido a las variabilidades entre brutos, los modelos de simulación no proporcionan datos reales del estado inicial de tensiones residuales de cada bruto, y la medición de estas tensiones volumétricas es compleja, costosa y limitada al laboratorio. Además, dado que la mayoría de los métodos de medición de tensiones residuales volumétricas son destructivos, no se pueden obtener piezas finales a partir de brutos cuyas tensiones residuales iniciales hayan sido medidas. Por otro lado, las tensiones residuales superficiales inducidas por el mecanizado varían en función de las condiciones de mecanizado y además existe una incertidumbre vinculada a los métodos de medición. Por estas razones, el presente proyecto desarrolla procedimientospara la cuantificación de tensiones residuales en entornos industriales y la predicción precisa de distorsiones.En primer lugar, se desarrolla un método de caracterización de tensiones residuales iniciales en los brutos de mecanizado, el cual se puede realizar en taller en brutos de tamaño real, permitiendo obtener piezas finales a partir de brutos con tensiones iniciales medidas. En segundo lugar, se realizan mediciones de distintos perfiles de tensión inducidos por el mecanizado en aleaciones de aluminio y titanio, y se desarrolla un modelo empírico para la predicción de tensiones inducidas por el mecanizado. En tercer lugar, se evalúa la aplicabilidad de los desarrollos relacionados con la determinación de tensiones residuales a través de diferentes estudios vinculados a la predicción de distorsiones tras el mecanizado. Finalmente, se realiza una predicción de la distorsión tras el mecanizado en una pieza real utilizando la geometría de la pieza, el material, las tensiones residuales y los datos del proceso. Los resultados obtenidos de forma sencilla y rápida muestran una estimación de distorsión tras el mecanizado precisa, así como el rango de incertidumbre de dicha estimación.

Sistema kannabinideak ugal-sistemaren prozesu desberdinetan parte hartzen du, eta jakina da kannabinoide exogenoen kontsumo kroniko sistemikoa kaltegarria dela ugalketa-prozesuetarako; sistema endokannabinoidean izan daitezkeen gabeziak, halaber, ez dira mesedegarriak. Frogatu da sistema endokannabinoidearen edozein osagairen aktibazioak edo eraldaketek eragina izan dezaketela ugalketaren fase desberdinen erregulazioan eta bizitza berri baten hasiera arriskuan jar dezaketela. Horregatik, kannabinoideen erabilera lagungarria izan liteke, antzutasunaren diagnostikoan biomarkatzaile posible gisa edota praktika klinikoan tratatzeko itu terapeutiko posible bezala.; The cannabinoid system is involved in many aspects of reproduction and it is known that the systemic chronic use of exogenous CBs is deleterious to reproductive processes. However, possible deficiencies in the endocannabinoid system are also harmful. Therefore, both CB under and overexposure could affect the regulation of the different phases of reproduction and endanger the start of a new life. Hence, the use of cannabinoids as a possible biomarker in the diagnosis of sterility or as a possible therapeutic target in clinical practice has begun to be studied.

REDISSEC-CARESS/CCR group., [Introduction] Few studies have been conducted to establish the relationship between colorectal cancer screening programmes and survival adjusting by stage and, to determine whether there are differences, at a biological level, between the tumours of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate clinical, biological and survival differences between symptomatic colorectal tumours and those detected by screening., [Study method] A prospective cohort study was performed of patients subjected to surgical intervention during the period 2010–2012, at different hospitals in Spain. In every case, clinical, pathological, biological and survival-related variables were obtained., [Results] A total of 2634 patients from the CARESS-CCR cohort were analysed; of these, 220 were diagnosed through screening. The asymptomatic patients were younger, had a higher Body Mass Index (BMI), a lower degree of perineural invasion and a less advanced T stage and nodular stage, and the tumour was frequently located on the right side of the colon. All of these differences were statistically significant. The serum tumour marker carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA 19.9) was found more frequently in the symptomatic patients (p, [Conclusions] The detection method employed influenced the survival of patients with colorectal cancer and there were no significant biological differences between the study groups., This research was partially supported by grants from REDISSEC (RD12/0001/0010 and RD16/0001/0006), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI 09/00910, PI 13/00013, PI 18/01181) and the European Regional Development Fund.

Background/aims Among the assisted reproductive techniques, the in vitro maturation of oocytes (IVM) is less developed than other techniques, but its implementation would entail a qualitative advance. This technique consists in the extraction of immature oocytes from antral ovarian follicles with the patient under low hormone stimulation or without hormone to mature exogenously in culture media supplemented with different molecules to promote maturation. In this sense, we are interested in the role that cannabinoids could have as IVM promoters because cannabinoid's molecular pathway is similar to the one by which oocyte's meiosis resumption is activated. With the intention of advancing in the possible use of cannabinoids as supplements for the media for in vitro maturation of oocytes, we intend to deepen the study of the function of the phytocannabinoid Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the IVM process. Methods By immunocytochemistry, we detected the location pattern of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) during oocyte maturation in presence or absence of THC, as well as, the staining pattern of p-AKT and p-ERK. We used a genetic/ pharmacological approach generating knockout oocytes for CB1 and/or CB2 and they were incubated with THC during the oocyte maturation to visualize the physiological effects of THC, observing the rate of blastocyst achieved by oocyte. Results This study confirms that the incubation of oocytes with THC during IVM accelerated some events of that process like the phosphorylation pattern of ERK and AKT and was able to increase the blastocyst rate in response to IVF. Moreover, it seems that both CB1 and CB2 are necessary to maintain a healthy oocyte maturation. Conclusion Our data suggest that THC may be useful IVM supplements in clinic as is more feasible and reliable than any synthetic cannabinoid.

EnglishOocyte’s maturation is a very important process in fertility because it is necessary for subsequent fertilization. In addition, maturation process influences the embryo, since the quality of the developing embryo is directly related to the maturity and the quality of the oocyte. This growth culminates just prior to ovulation during oocyte maturation. Adequate nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with maturation process of oocytes are fundamental for correct ovulation and subsequent fertilization. One of the main challenges is to determine the molecular pathways that regulate that maturation process. In addition, to better understanding female reproductive physiology, we could help to optimize the reproductive techniques by modulating the process of oocyte in vitro maturation, through the IVM technique. This technique consists in turning immature oocytes to mature exogenously in a culture media supplemented with different molecules to promote maturation. The most important advantage of IVM method is that could be the only hope or, at least, an alternative for a high number of patients unable to tolerate high doses of gonadotropins. Among the ARTs, the in vitro maturation oocytes (IVM) is less developed than other techniques, but its implementation would entail a qualitative advance. euskaraUgaztun emeen obozitoen heltze-prozesua ugalkortasunean garrantzi handia duen prozesua da, obulua ernaldua izateko ezinbestekoa delako. Gainera, heltze-prozesuak baldintzatzen du sortu behar den izaki berria, garapen-bidean dagoen enbrioiaren kalitatea zuzenean lotuta baitago obozitoaren heldutasunarekin eta kalitatearekin. Izan ere, obozitoen heltze-prozesuarekin erlazionatutako aldaketa nuklear eta zitoplasmatiko egokiak funtsezkoak dira obulazio eta haren ondorengo ernalketa zuzen baterako. Erronka nagusietariko bat da, beraz, heltze-prozesuan garrantzitsuak diren seinaleztapen-bidezidorrak eta elkarrekintza konplexuak zehaztea. Horrela, emakumezkoen ugal-fisiologia hobeto ulertzeaz gain, obozitoen in vitro heltze-prozesua modulatuz, lagunduriko ugalketa-teknikak optimizatzen lagundu genezakeelako: besteak beste, obozitoak in vitro heltzeko (IVM) teknika. Teknika horren bidez, pazienteari oraindik helduta ez dauden obozitoak erauzten zaizkio eta exogenoki heltzen dira hazkuntza-inguruneetan. Modu horretan, albo-kalte ugari eragiten dituen gonadotropinak hartzea saihesten da, eta hormonazioa kontraindikaturik daukaten emakumeentzat haurdun geratzeko aukera bakarrenetarikoa da. Teknika horren ezarpenak aurrerapen ugari dakartzan arren (esaterako, albo-kalte eta kostu ekonomiko gutxiago), oraindik gutxi erabiltzen da, beste ugal-tekniken arrakasta-mailara heldu ez delako.

The cannabinoid (CB) system has been involved in many aspects of reproduction and it is known that the systemic chronic use of exogenous CBs are deleterious to reproductive processes. Even so, it is not known what happens in relation to the physiology of the ovary when CB receptors are absent. The present study investigated the effect of the lack of CB1 and CB2 receptors in mice ovarian morphology, folliculogenesis, oocyte retrieval, and oocyte maturation and evaluated the use of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) by comparing classical IVM and two-step IVM by analyzing the meiotic competence of the oocytes and their evolution toward embryos. Thus, when CB1 and CB2 receptors were missed, the ovary area and volume was significantly less and the action of the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) hormone was diminished. In addition, the mutant genotypes had fewer ovarian follicles and they were less competent after eCG administration compared with wild-type mice, and this lack of CB receptors showed a mismatch of oocyte maturation. However, the in vitro use of THC showed improvements in oocytes IVM after a Pre-IVM step for 48 hr, as those oocytes reached a significantly higher polar body rate, a larger diameter and the best result on blastocysts rate was achieved when THC was used during the IVM step.

Objective There is limited information on health service use or patient-reported outcomes when comparing the effectiveness of laparoscopic with that of open surgery. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic with that of open surgery up to 2 years after intervention in patients with colon cancer. Methods Prospective cohort study of patients with colon cancer who underwent surgery (laparoscopic or open surgery) between June 2010 and December 2012, at 22 hospitals. Main outcomes of the study were mortality, complications, reoperation, readmission, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), as measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Duke-UNC, EuroQol-5D, and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Q30 and Q29 at baseline, and 30 days and 1 and 2 years after surgery. Multivariable multilevel logistic regression and generalized linear models were used in analyses after adjusting for specific propensity scores developed for each outcome and time point. Results In the multivariable analysis, the complication rates up to 30 days (infectious, surgical, and medical) and 1 year (surgical), and readmission rate at 30 days and at 2 years were higher among patients who underwent open surgery than among those who underwent laparoscopic surgery. There were no differences between the two surgical approaches in all other parameters assessed and in changes of all PROMs. Conclusions Though in most outcomes both surgical approaches provide similar results up to 2 years after intervention, still the rates of some complications and readmission, mainly up to 30 days, are higher in open surgery. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02488161 .

Prediction and control of machining distortion is a primary concern when manufacturing monolithic components due to the high scrap and rework costs involved. Bulk residual stresses, which vary from blank to blank, are a major factor of machining distortion. Thus, a bulk stress characterization is essential to reduce manufacturing costs linked to machining distortion. This paper proposes a method for bulk stress characterization on aluminium machining blanks, suitable for industrial application given its low requirements on equipment, labour expertise, and computation time. The method couples the effects of bulk residual stresses, machining stresses resulting from cutting loads on the surface and raw geometry of the blanks, and presents no size limitations. Experimental results confirm the capability of the proposed method to measure bulk residual stresses effectively and its practicality for industrial implementation.

268 p. Oocyte's maturation is a very important process in fertility. The oocyte meiotic maturation is a complex process whereby immature oocytes acquire the characteristics required for successful fertilization and embryogenesis. For that, immature oocytes arrested at the diplotene of prophase I (GV) must resume meiosis until the metaphase II of meiosis (MII). However, although all the mechanisms that leads for the reactivation of meiosis are not still known, there are known certain molecules that are able to modulate this process.That's way we were interested in the role that cannabinoids could have as IVM promoters because cannabinoid's molecular pathway is similar to the one by whuc oocyte's meiosis resumption is activated. That's why, the aim of this Doctoral Thesis was to study the function of the cannabinoid system in teh process of folliculogenesis, ovogenesis and oocyte maturation. Teh results obtained in the following PhD thesis confirm its participation. Beyond that we have seen that in fact, the phytocannabinoid (THC) in the IVM process, due to its possible use in clinic is most feasible and reliable than any synthetic cannabinoid. The most important goal of IVM method is that could be the only hope or an alternative for a not insignificant numer of patients.

Rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been involved in sperm function, even so, little is known about the implication of one of the RAS axis formed by Ang-(1–7) (angiotensin-(1–7)) and MAS receptor. Hence, in the present work, we focused on elucidating the function of the MAS receptor in human spermatozoa. We analyzed the expression and localization of MAS receptor in human spermatozoa and we observed if its activation is able to modulate the sperm motility of normal motility and/or asthenozoospermic patients, as well as, the acrosome reaction of the spermatozoa. MAS receptor is present in human mature spermatozoa, not only at the mRNA level but also at protein level. MAS is localized at the acrosome region, as well as, in the tail of spermatozoa. The sperm incubation with MAS agonist Ang-(1–7) activates at dose-dependent manner the PI3K/AKT pathway (P P P

Oocyte maturation is the process by which immature oocytes acquire all the necessary characteristics for successful fertilization. The endogenous opioid peptides have been suggested to have a role modulating this process. However, little is known about its implication and the effect of exposing oocyte maturation to opioids on the subsequent fertilization and embryo development. Hence, in the present work, we focused on elucidating the function of the mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) in the modulation of the oocyte maturation. We analyzed the expression and localization of OPRM1 in mice oocytes and granulosa cells by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. To observe the activity of the OPRM1, immature oocytes were incubated with morphine agonist and/or naloxone antagonist and we evaluated the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, as well as the effect on the subsequent fertilization and embryo development. OPRM1 was present in mice oocytes and granulosa cells, changing its expression pattern depending on the maturation stage. Moreover, morphine, modulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, helped oocytes to reach blastocyst stage, which was reverted by naloxone. These results propose the OPRM1 as a possible therapeutic target for in vitro maturation culture medium, as it could improve the blastocyst rates obtained in the actual reproduction assisted techniques.

The endogenous opioid peptides are reported to be involved in the regulation of reproductive physiology. Many of the studies conclude with statements on the harmful effect of opioids on male fertility but, in fact, there are no studies regarding the real fertilisation potential of spermatozoa that have been exposed to opioids. The aim of the present study was to examine if modulation of mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) in murine spermatozoa during capacitation influenced embryo production after IVF. The presence of OPRM1 in murine mature spermatozoa was analysed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. We analysed the involvement of OPRM1 on IVF and pre-implantational embryo development by incubating the spermatozoa with the opioid agonist morphine and/or antagonist naloxone. We verified the presence of OPRM1 in murine mature spermatozoa, not only at the mRNA level but also the protein level. Moreover, incubation of the spermatozoa with morphine, before IVF, had an effect on the fertilisation rate of the spermatozoa and reduced the numbers of blastocysts, which was reversed by naloxone. Considering that opioids are widely used clinically, it is important to take into account their effect, via OPRM1, on the fertility of patients.

Purpose To identify and validate risk factors that contribute to prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) in patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer. Methods This prospective cohort study included 1955 patients admitted to 22 hospitals for primary resection of colorectal cancer. Multivariate analyses were used to identify and validate risk factors, randomizing patients into a derivation and a validation cohort. Multiple correspondence and cluster analysis were performed to identify clinical subtypes based on LOS. Results The strongest independent predictors of prolonged LOS were postoperative reintervention, surgical site infection, open surgery, and distant metastasis. The multiple correspondence and cluster analysis provided three groups of patients in relation to prolonged LOS: patients with the longest LOS included the highest percentage of patients with open surgery, distant metastasis, deep surgical site infections, emergency admissions, additional diagnostic factors, and highly contaminated surgical sites. Patients with prolonged LOS (> 14 days) were more likely to develop adverse outcomes within 30 days after discharge. Conclusions Patients undergoing resection of colorectal cancer cluster into different groups based on LOS of the index admission. Those with prolonged LOS were more likely to develop adverse outcomes within 30 days after discharge. Some of the strongest independent predictors of prolonged LOS, such as surgical infections or open surgery, could be modified to reduce LOS and, in turn, other adverse outcomes.

Design for environment (DfE) principles are helpful for integrating manufacturing-specific environmental sustainability considerations into product and process design. However, such principles are often overly general, static, and disconnected from production contexts. This paper proposes a visual analytics (VA)-based framework for generating DfE principles that are contextualized to specific production setups. These principles are generated through interactive visual exploration of design and process parameters as well as manufacturing process performance metrics corresponding to the production setup. We also develop a formal schema for aiding storage, updating, and reuse of the generated DfE principles. In this schema, each DfE principle is associated with corresponding product lifecycle data and the evidence that led to the generation of that principle. We demonstrate the proposed VA framework using data from an industry-led experiment that compared dry ice (DI)-based and oil-based milling for a specific production setup.

Objective To describe the expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and cannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) in human granulosa cells and to investigate their differential distribution with respect to CB1 at various stages during the nuclear maturation of the oocyte. Design Analysis of granulosa cells from germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), and MII oocytes by quantitative reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Setting Academic research laboratory. Patient(s) Patients from the Human Reproduction Unit of Cruces University Hospital undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Intervention(s) We analyzed the granulosa cells of 300 oocytes from 53 patients. The oocyte maturation stages were 75 at GV stage, 51 at MI, and 174 at MII. Main Outcome Measure(s) The mRNA and protein expression of CB1, CB2, FAAH, and MGLL and localization in granulosa cells at each oocyte maturation stage. Result(s) CB1, FAAH, and MGLL are present in human granulosa cells during oocyte maturation, but the presence of CB2 receptor is not entirely clear in those cells. CB1 and FAAH were detected in the periphery of the granulosa cells from the GV to the MII oocytes, and they colocalized in some portions of the cell membrane. On the other hand, MGLL immunostaining was more homogeneous across the cell and overlapped with CB1 only weakly. Conclusion(s) The presence of the cannabinoid system in granulosa cells suggests a possible role of this system in the nuclear maturation of the oocyte.

En este trabajo se elabora una propuesta de intervención en el aula que tiene como objetivo la mejora de la comprensión lectora en alumnos de 2º de primaria. El trabajo se fundamenta en una revisión teórica del concepto de comprensión lectora y los factores que toman parte en el proceso. Después se describe detalladamente la intervención basada en el proyecto “Leemos en Pareja”: una tutorización entre pares como metodología de aula con la participación familiar desde casa. Los estudios realizados hasta el momento ratifican el éxito de la aplicación de esta metodología en el aula: consiguen mejorar los resultados académicos de los alumnos y la motivación hacia las clases de lectura lo que repercute en una considerable mejora de la práctica docente.

Este trabajo se ha centrado en el estudio de los errores conceptuales en las ciencias biológicas, pudiendo así, si fuera posible, buscarle una posible solución para erradicarlos o, por lo menos, que las preconcepciones de los alumnos coincidan con las teorías científicas. Además, promueve reflexionar sobre los problemas vinculados con la enseñanza de la Biología celular.

En la escuela pública Urregarai en Aulesti (Bizkaia) los profesores organizaron una experiencia en el entorno natural para niños y niñas de 3 años: una salida al campo a recoger flores para realizar actividades con ellas tales como observación, clasificación, álbum de flores secas, etcétera. Toman como punto de partida la lectura de un cuento que luego, además, convierten en obra de teatro. Tras la salida, regresan con muchos tipos de flores que identifican, secan y prensan para el álbum. Con la información recabada, construyen un mural ayudados por el ordenador. Realizan una presentación con el cañón de proyecciones y se graba la voz de cada niño diciendo el nombre de una flor. Los niños acaban muy satisfechos con su trabajo y el profesorado valora la experiencia como muy positiva. Se potencia el diálogo entre los integrantes de la comunidad escolar: las familias, los pequeños y la escuela. Cataluña ESP

Describe la 'fase de sueño' programada por el CEP Lekeitio, Bizkaia -centro perteneciente a una comunidad de aprendizaje- en la que personal del centro, alumnos y padres piensan e imaginan el centro ideal al que les gustaría asistir, llevar a sus hijos, o dar clases. Estos pensamientos quedan plasmados en papel escrito o pintado, se ordenan y se plasman en un boletín escolar que se envía a todos los participantes. Después se crean comisiones mixtas para recoger todos estos sueños y consensuarlos, bajo el apoyo del CREA -Centro de Investigación Social y Educativa de la Universidad de Barcelona-, el ISEI -Instituto Vasco de Educación e Investigación- y el Berritzegune de Guernika, para determinar el futuro plan de funcionamiento del centro. Cataluña ESP