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Some active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients can form deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which will lead to severe defects in solid preparations. This work first prepared related typical DESs by mixing APIs and excipients from marketable drugs. Then two different types of the binary eutectic mixtures were investigated, which were composed of menthol (HBD) and citric acid (HBA), ME/CA, as well as phenyl salicylate (HBA) and benzoic acid (HBD), Salol/BA. These binary mixtures were applied to investigate their possible effects on capsules and tablets, which could be liquefaction or the stickiness of the solid formulations. The comprehensive characterizations and studies on phase behaviours of the binary mixtures were carried out, and the spectral analysis confirmed the formation of the eutectic liquids from individual components. Furthermore, the binary mixtures have increased the tablet strength when increasing the compression force, leading to the stickiness of powders during pressing. Moreover, the capsules were softened by the existence of DESs. After morphological observation and quantitative analysis, the corresponding suggestions and countermeasures were provided in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Extraction, separation and recovery were integrated in a hybrid route for the first time. • In situ magnetic derivatization was achieved in emulsion for selective separation. • Main alkaloids and concomitants were enriched in various phases. • Phase behaviors, transmembrane process and separation mechanism were explored comprehensively. • The whole process was multifunctional, continuous, low cost and highly efficient. A new emulsion liquid membrane extraction-in situ magnetization-magnetic separation (ELME-ISM-MS) method was developed to extract, separate and recover various compounds (alkaloids, flavonoid and saccharides) from Mahonia bealeias (Fort.) Carr. in a hyphenated way for the first time. Stable water-in-oil-in-water emulsion was prepared in developed circumstances; then water-soluble compounds (e.g. berberine hydrochloride) remained in feed phase; other compounds with weaker polarity entered into the membrane phase, and the lipid-soluble alkaloids (e.g. tetrahydroberberine) reacted with the derivatization reagents of FeCl 3 and HCl in the internal phase for subsequent magnetic separation. Phase behaviors, transmembrane process and separation mechanism were all investigated systematically. Such a continuous, highly-efficient and low consumed multifunctional process can benefit sustainable preparation of natural products, which realized extraction, enrichment, separation, purification and recovery simultaneously; the yields of berberine, tetrahydroberberine, rutin and polysaccharides were 67.78, 1.40, 12.58 and 9.88 mg/g, separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two terpenoid-based composite tablets were designed and used in combination. • New system can complete dual tasks with two tablets for two types of objectives. • Over 90% targets were cleared by continuous electro-driven hybrid processes. • The discs showed conjoint advantages and were easily recycled at least 5 times. • Mechanisms were well explored by both experiments and theoretical calculations. In this study, a unique hybrid system was designed and developed for the continuous electro-driven adsorption and degradation of typical antibiotics together with dyes, which were based on immobilized deep eutectic solvent of thymol-benzyl alcohol on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). After prepared with simple and mild method, the composite tablets were comprehensively characterized by various ways. Due to their large specific surface area and high thermal stability, the maximum adsorption efficiencies of sulfa pyrimidine (SDZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) were 90.52%, 85.18%, 94.89%, 94.61% and 96.18%, respectively. The adsorption efficiency of chlortetracycline (CTC) was only 9.66% due to the existence of competitive adsorption at the same condition. In addition, the high adsorption efficiency was validated by the real water samples. Multiple interactions including electrostatic interaction, π-π, H-bonding in the adsorption process were all revealed by the kinetics and isotherms studies, spectral analysis and molecular simulation. At last, the composite tablets were easily recycled after elution process, meanwhile the adsorbed antibiotics and dyes were almost completely degraded during the subsequent electrochemical oxidation process. It was expected to provide valuable insights to the combination of the new applied form of green solvents and electro-driven integrated technology as well as synergistic effects deriving from advantages of different functional materials for multi-task process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of health service, animal husbandry, aquaculture and the chemical industry, more and more pollutants are discharged into the water environment, including antibiotics and heavy-metal ions. These hazardous substances pose a great threat to environmental safety and human health. Two new kinds of green solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), are widely utilized in various fields, including separation and environmental engineering, and are attracting much attention from academia and industry. In this study, an optimal ionic liquid and a deep eutectic solvent were selected, and their complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was first prepared by a process of simple and effective inclusion. After necessary characterization and analysis, two kinds of complexes were applied to prepare a special two-sided sorbent disc by adding a diluent (excipient) and pressing the substance under 5~15 MPa. As a result, the IL and DES were stably immobilized on the disc to play a key role in the selective adsorption of targets. Moreover, the experiments with different hazardous substances achieved the expected results. This study demonstrates that the complex disc, with its easy preparation, good stability, and simple operation, exhibited many merits in its separation performance. We believe it to be a useful tool for water purification and detection of noxious substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) begin to be applied in more broad scopes and even in medicine steadily, so it is very necessary to study their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and influence on blood. For the first time, the main effects of popular imidazolium ILs with common anions and alkylated cations on rabbit blood were explored and compared comprehensively. A series of key indices and characteristic methods were applied in this systematic study. The thrombolytic properties in vitro of these ILs and their interactions with two kinds of serum albumins were also studied. This study provides key data and lays foundation for further applications of ILs and risk assessments in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the common economic crop, bamboo resources have gradually shown more and more medical and medicinal values, which need comprehensive utilization. Herein, a unique composite film loaded with bamboo chlorophyll or bamboo charcoal as functional additives was prepared by a one-pot method for the first time, which was based on bamboo cellulose as basic material, gelatin as film-forming agent, and the deep eutectic solvent (DES) as solvent, dispersant, crosslinker, as well as penetration-promoting agent simultaneously. The developed homogeneous film showed improved mechanical strength, uniformity, adhesion and potential antiulcer performance. In addition, it has certain air permeability, moisture retention and anti-ultraviolet properties. Moreover, the transdermal process of chlorophyll was fitted by the popular in vitro release models, and it was concluded that the in vitro release process of the film followed a dual mechanism of erosion and diffusion. Finally, the actual effect was tested in by in vivo validation, and the whole results aimed to realize the multi-functionalization of such a new bio-material film and systematic exploitation of bamboo resources simultaneously. • Bamboo cellulose-DES-gelatin film was prepared in simple way for the first time. • DES played multiple roles meanwhile preparation was feasible and easily scaled up. • The addition of bamboo cellulose enhanced the basic properties of gelatin film well. • This new film showed all-round functions in conjunction with additives from bamboo. • Combining green solvents with full development of bamboo resources was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a theoretical prediction method and mechanism investigation for the extraction of antibiotics and dyes from aqueous media using terpenoid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Firstly, Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) approach was applied to predict selectivity, capacity and performance index in the extraction of 15 target compounds including antibiotics (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lactams) and dyes by 26 terpenoid-based DESs, and thymol-benzyl alcohol shows promising theoretical selectivity and extraction efficiency for the target compounds. Moreover, the structures of both hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD) have an impact on the predicted extraction performance, which can be improved by tailoring those candidates with higher polarity, smaller molecular volume, shorter alkyl chain length and the presence of aromatic ring structures, etc. According to the predicted molecular interactions revealed by σ-profile and σ-potential, the DESs with HBD ability can promote the separation process. Furthermore, reliability of proposed prediction method was confirmed by experimental verification, indicating that the trends of theoretical extraction performance index were similar with the experimental results by using actual samples. At last, the extraction mechanism was evaluated by quantum chemical calculations based on visual presentations, thermodynamic calculations and topological properties; and the target compounds showed favorable energies of solvation to transfer from aqueous phase to DESs phase. The proposed method has been proved with potential to provide the efficient strategies and guidance for more applications (e.g., microextraction, solid phase extraction, adsorption) with similar molecular interactions of green solvents in environmental research. • An intact methodology was developed to improve efficiency for DES studies. • Theoretical study method was combined COSMO-RS and quantum calculations. • Terpenoid-based DESs with H-bond donor ability were found most suitable. • Theoretical predicted results accorded with those from experiments well. • Both selectivity and separation efficiency were focused with effective strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quaternized chitosan (QCS)@poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) hydrogel adhesive was prepared by in-situ ultraviolet (UV)-induced copolymerization of 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide ([BVIm][Br]) and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) in QCS aqueous solution without using any crosslinkers, which was stably crosslinked by reversible hydrogen bonding together with ion association and exhibited excellent adhesion, plasticity, conductivity and recyclability properties. Moreover, its thermal/pH-responsive behaviors and intermolecular interaction mechanism of thermal-triggered reversible adhesion were discovered, meanwhile good biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, repeated stickiness and degradability were also proved. The results showed that the newly developed hydrogel could make various tissues, organic, inorganic or metal materials adhered tightly within 1 min; after 10 binding-peeling cycles, the adhesive strength to glass, plastic, aluminum and porcine skin still remained beyond 96 %, 98 %, 92 % and 71 % of the original, respectively. The adhesion mechanism involves ion dipole interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, coordination, cation-π interaction, H-bonding and van der Waals force. For above merits, the new tricomponent hydrogel is expected to be applied in biomedical field to achieve adjustable adhesion and on-demand peeling. • Tricomponent hydrogel system of IL, DMC and QCS was designed for the first time. • The in situ IL-involved copolymerization induced by UV was free of crosslinker. • The adhesion was ideal to biological tissues and other materials within 1 min. • The adhesive exhibited good stability, biocompatibility and reused performance. • It also shows electrical/thermal/pH response behaviors and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent was used simultaneously for the first time. • New triphase dynamic system was developed on the basis of two green solvents. • Green extraction was combined with magnetic separation effectively. • Both Tartary buckwheat flavonoids and oil were obtained in dynamic process. Friendly and highly efficient acquisition of multiple active components from foods is always of great interest. For synchronous extraction and separation flavonoids together with oil from Tartary buckwheat, a new triphase dynamic system was developed with magnetic nanofluid based on deep eutectic solvent (N888-Cl/lauric acid, 1:2) (liquid phase 1), ionic liquid ([C 4 mim]Br) aqueous solution (liquid phase 2) and raw material powders (solid phase). It was the first time that two types of green solvents were simultaneously applied and assisted by magnetic separation. Through the investigation on key properties and operational conditions of this system, the extraction efficiency of oil and flavonoids in liquid phase 1 and 2 was achieved as 35.29 and 41.17 mg/g respectively, which were higher than that of conventional ways. Then kinetic and thermodynamics mechanisms were discovered comprehensively. After targeted recovery, the spectral characterization and antioxidant activity of two products proved the effectiveness of the developed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New CIL-MWCNTs composite film was easily prepared for the first time. • Load capacity, stability and chiral recognition were well balanced for the film. • Membrane components can be flexibly adjusted to different separation objects. • Three enantioresolution modes based on the film was compared for the first time. • Characterization was comprehensive and mechanism was explored systematically. Various membranes are playing more and more important roles in the field of analytical and preparative applications of general interest, and some of them have been used in enantioresolution for amino acids (AAs) or similar bioactive molecules. In this study, a new composite membrane was prepared with chiral ionic liquid (CIL) of [BuPyro] [L-Pro] as chiral selector together with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and additives through a simple way for the first time. Based on such a separation medium, the enantioresolution of amino acid enantiomers were achieved by forming ternary ligand complexes with Cu(II). It was comprehensively characterized by various ways, and key preparation conditions were discovered. After comparing the performance of three operation modes on the resolution of racemic phenylalanine, the effects of main influential factors were investigated and enantiomeric excess value (e.e.%) was 90.2% for the (D,L)-Phe aqueous solution (membrane thickness: 0.15±0.02 mm, total weight: 80 mg, CIL: 41.7%). Through effective desorption, up to 98.1% of the target was recovered. Finally, the mechanism of resolution was revealed by molecular simulation, kinetics and isotherm models, and the difference of interactive energy between ternary complexes of L-Phe-Cu(II)-CIL and D-Phe-Cu(II)-CIL was calculated as 1.56 kcal/mol. The membrane also remained stable after the post-treatment and showed good potential in chiral separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As known to all, bamboo and its juice are important resources for industrial crops as well as functional aliments. In this study, an ionic liquid-involved "sandwich" membranes system was developed for one-step separation of polysaccharides, phenols and amino acids in bamboo juice, which was prepared with solvent-free microwave-ultrasound hyphenated way. After that, the feed liquid enriched the bamboo polysaccharides with high molecular weight, the receptor liquid (stripping phase) contained amino acids and the phenolic compounds were recovered from the ionic liquid phase. Related separation conditions and kinetics were both investigated, and the products together with their yield and bioactivity were all compared between the new systematic separation system and conventional single fraction-targeted ways. According to the whole results, it can be proved that the system and device have the advantages of mild conditions, simple operation, highly hyphenated degree, environmental friendliness, and easy continuous enrichment and recycling to obtain bioactive large and small molecules simultaneously. • Special hyphenated solvent-free extraction was developed for bamboo juice. • Ionic liquid-involved "sandwich" membranes were developed for the first time. • Three types of active components can be prepared simultaneously in one step. • Both yield and products bioactivity were more ideal than those from current ways. • Investigation was comprehensive and waste bamboo materials can be reused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel portable conductive system of hydroxylated fullerene (TEGs-C 60) embedded on the deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride/malic acid)-agarose gel was developed for on-demand curation with skin contact. It has been found with better elasticity, conductivity and thermal stability than agarose hydrogel. Especially, the electro-responsive drug releasing amount on the skin of mice and live rabbits through small batteries was proved to be 4–5 times of those without electrical stimulation, which reached the level of clinic daily dosage. Meanwhile, it also showed good biocompatibility and much higher antibacterial rate against S. aureus (78.67 ± 0.80 %) together with E. coli (92.08 ± 1.50 %) than those of commercial chitosan gel. The new electrical "switch" gel system provided an effective and useful development strategy for advanced drug delivery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • It is the first time about comprehensive transdermal studies and evaluation on ILs. • The basic permeation rules of 12 ILs and related combination were founded. • [C 4 mim][Br] shows low irritation besides high permeability and promotion effect. • Both simulated skin and various animal skins were employed and compared. • Interactions of IL and tyrosinase were explored by docking and inhibition assay. Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently been proposed as a new useful component for various transdermal and medical purposes. Before they are fully recognized and applied, systematic investigation on their safety should be focused. By using different animal and bionic skins, 12 ILs (composed of imidazole, pyridine, quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphate cations and 5 common anions) and specific combinations between them were evaluated for their transdermal behaviors and potential adverse effects. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C 4 mim][Br]) showed prominent permeability and permeation enhancement on stratum corneum among them by affecting skin barrier, lipid fluidity as well as keratin, which could be attributed to the appropriate molecular size, hydrogen-bonding ability, and octanol–water partition coefficient. Within our investigation, skin color change, loose edema and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed with hazard Category 2. It was also investigated whether the skin irritation could be improved by autoimmune function in the short term. The kinetics and computational analysis revealed that [C 4 mim][Br] inhibited tyrosinase activity in a reversible mixed manner. Combined with other toxicological assessment methods, this study provides a new thinking for further research on the design principles and risk assessment for such 'green' chemical mediums in the field of transdermal delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]