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El cambio climático está imponiendo condiciones cada vez más cálidas y secas en los viñedos de la cuenca mediterránea, que afectan tanto a la fisiología y fenología de la vid, como a la producción y a la calidad de la uva. En este contexto, se hacen necesarias medidas de adaptación y mitigación frente al cambio climático para mantener vinos de alta calidad y tipicidad varietal, así como para responder a las demandas del mercado. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar estrategias de adaptación que están llevando a cabo o están considerando los viticultores de la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja (DOCa Rioja). Entre las estrategias destacan: i) los cambios de localización del viñedo, bien hacia áreas con posibilidades de riego y suelos muy fértiles (terrazas bajas, principalmente), o bien hacia zonas de mayor altitud (glacis altos, fundamentalmente), con lo que se trata de evitar los efectos del estrés hídrico y del incremento de las temperaturas; y ii) las modificaciones en el sistema de conducción de la cepa, sustituyendo en muchas ocasiones la conducción en vaso por la de espaldera, con el fin de hacer coincidir un mayor grado de mecanización de las tareas agronómicas y la mejora del microclima de la cepa, especialmente en las nuevas plantaciones sobre suelos muy fértiles. Estas estrategias serán cada vez más relevantes, teniendo en cuenta el previsible incremento de las temperaturas y de las sequías en los futuros escenarios climáticos. No obstante, se plantea la duda de si serán suficientes o se necesitará eliminar restricciones actuales impuestas por la DOCa Rioja, como ampliar el área de cultivo del viñedo en zonas de montaña o introducir nuevas variedades.

The white yam tubers constitute one of the main food sustenance of producers in the Colombian Caribbean region, however, crop productivity is low due to the scarce use of sustainable management practices that contribute to the improvement of the crop. In this sense, a study was carried out at the Turipana de Agrosavia Research Center, campus the Carmen de Bolivar headquarters with the objective of evaluate the yield response of white yam cv. Purple stem at different planting densities and trellis height. Six treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block experimental design with arrangement in split-plot design, the main plot corresponded to two densities (14.285 plants ha-1 and 20.000 plants ha-1) and the subplots at three heights of trellises (1,6 m; 2,0 m and 2,4 m). The planting density was the only factor that significantly influenced the yield, the use of 20.000 plants ha-1 allowed an increase of 28.68% in the yield compared to the lower density. The use of supports with heights of 2,4 m in combination with one of the two planting densities induced the production of tubers not suitable for commercialization. The findings of this research suggest that increasing plant density could be a safe measure to increase the yields and economic efficiency of white yam crop. Future evaluations are required regarding the height of supports and number of plants to tie for each support.

Relevance. In Siberia, sweet pepper is grown both in the open and in the protected ground. For a short Siberian summer, it is important to have varieties adapted to the local bioclimatic potential: early ripening, for obtaining valuable products in the middle of summer, and the possibility of conducting seed production. The priority direction is the creation of varieties that are resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors, with high yield, product quality, and high vitamin C content.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in film unheated greenhouses and in the open ground at the West Siberian Vegetable Experimental Station-a branch of the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing. The material for research was collected, selected samples, varieties of pepper.Results and discussion. Breeding work on the culture of sweet pepper at the West Siberian Vegetable Experimental Station was started in the late 60s of the last century, active work – in the early 90s. The conditions of the sharply continental climate, with its mild frost-free period, require the creation of varieties capable of obtaining a commercial pepper crop, despite the negative impact of biofactors. The use of precocious varieties gives a guaranteed harvest by avoiding early autumn frosts. Breeding for precocity is one of the main directions of Siberian breeding. Over the years of selection, models of future varieties were created, more than 20 varieties of sweet pepper of various varietal types were created. The varieties obtained at the station all belong to the early-maturing group, with a period from germination to the first fruit harvest-98-116 days, a height of 40-80 cm during the fruiting period, compact, suitable for growing without a garter to the trellis. As a result of a comprehensive assessment of the initial breeding material, donors of economically valuable traits were selected, the inclusion of which in the breeding process contributed to the creation of a number of precocious pepper varieties of various variety types. The created varieties have a high biological potential in terms of adaptability, productivity, and biochemical parameters. Suitable for growing in various production sectors.

We propose a 3D colour point cloud processing pipeline to count apples on individual apple trees in trellis structured orchards. Fruit counting at the tree level requires separating trees, which is challenging in dense orchards. We employ point clouds acquired from the leaf-off orchard in winter period, where the branch structure is visible, to delineate tree crowns. We localise apples in point clouds acquired in harvest period. Alignment of the two point clouds enables mapping apple locations to the delineated winter cloud and assigning each apple to its bearing tree. Our apple assignment method achieves an accuracy rate higher than 95%. In addition to presenting a first proof of feasibility, we also provide suggestions for further improvement on our apple assignment pipeline.

India produces around 19.0 million tonnes of tomatoes annually, which is insufficient to meet the ever-increasing demand. A big gap of tomato productivity (72.14 t ha–1) between India (24.66 t ha–1) and the USA (96.8 t ha–1) exist, which can be bridged by integrating trellis system of shoot training, shoot pruning, liquid fertilizers, farmyard manure, and mulching technologies. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted on tomato (cv. Himsona) during 2019–2020 at farmers' fields to improve tomato productivity and quality. There were five treatments laid in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications; T1 [Farmer practice on the flatbed with RDF @ N120:P60:K60 + FYM @6.0 t ha−1 without mulch], T2 [T1 + Polythene mulch (50 microns)], T3 [Tomato plants grown on the raised bed with polythene mulch + FYM @ 8.0 t ha−1 + Single shoot trellis system + Side shoot pruning + Liquid Fertilizer (LF1—N19:P19:K19) @ 2.0 g l–1 for vegetative growth + Liquid Fertilizer (LF2—N0: P52: K34) @ 1.5 g l–1 for improving fruit quality], T4 [Tomato plants grown on the raised bed with polythene mulch + FYM @ 8.0 t ha−1 + Single shoot trellis system + Side shoot pruning + LF1 @ 4.0 g l–1 + LF2 @ 3.0 g l–1], and T5 [Tomato plants grown on the raised bed with polythene mulch + FYM @ 10.0 t ha−1 + Single shoot trellis system + Side shoot pruning + LF1 @ 6.0 g l–1 + LF2 @ 4.5 g l–1]. The results revealed that tomato plant grown on the raised beds with polythene mulch, shoot pruning, trellising, liquid fertilizers, and farmyard manure (i.e., T5) recorded higher shoot length, dry matter content, and tomato productivity by 20.75–141.21, 18.79–169.4, and 18.89–160.87% as compared to T4–T1 treatments, respectively. The T5 treatment also recorded the highest water productivity (28.39 kg m–3), improved fruit qualities, net return (10,751 USD ha–1), benefit–cost ratio (3.08), microbial population, and enzymatic activities as compared to other treatments. The ranking and hierarchical clustering of treatments confirmed the superiority of the T5 treatment over all other treatments.

The invention "A four–plane cup-shaped trel-lis on metal arcs for vine growing with a square-nest planting scheme in the mecha-nized culture of vineyards is described. The characteristics of the analogs and prototype of the invention, the purpose of this invention, methods and objects of research are given. A general view of a vineyard with a four-plane cup-shaped trellis on metal arcs for growing vines with a quad-nest planting scheme is shown, the features of its design, installation and advantages over analogues and the proto-type are revealed. Examples of installing a four-plane cup-shaped trellis on metal arcs for vine growing with a quad-nesting planting scheme, for production vineyards and on pri-vate gardens are given.

The article presents an analysis of European tapestries of the XV-XVI centuries, in the context of new artistic ideas and the needs of European society of the Renaissance. Analyzing the plots that formed the basis of the sketches that were used to make cardboard for tapestries, the authors trace the changes that took place in the socio-cultural life of European countries of this era. The circle of customers is expanding, they are now not only representatives of the highest. Describing the features of the artistic design of Renaissance tapestries created in France and Flanders, the authors convincingly prove that, despite the fact that the technique of making tapestries in the Renaissance did not change significantly, nevertheless, there are noticeable changes in the plot content. The tapestries reflected the General tendencies of the Renaissance to poetize man and the world. The Renaissance gave rise to an interest in the human person and in nature. The compositional solution has changed, and the plots have expanded significantly. Now, along with traditional religious biblical and allegorical motifs, tapestries are enriched with mythological and literary subjects, they reflect the events of ancient and modern history, and embody a certain propaganda of the image of Royal power.

The photosynthetic parameters of 'Flame Seedless' and 'Red Globe' grape leaves in oblique single cordon (OSC) vine along the ditch and traditional single cordon (TSC) vine were determined using the CIRAS-2 photosynthetic system. The photosynthesis of leaves was studied using the Gaussian multi-peak model, Yezipiao's model, and the extended Freundlich's model fitting methods. The results showed that the correlation coefficients of the three data models fitting the field data were between 0.89 and 0.97. The three models can be used to analyze photosynthesis of grape leaves. In this paper, the physical significance of indicators obtained by extended Freundlich's model fitting was verified. The grape leaves of OSC showed higher daily accumulation of photosynthesis, maximum photosynthetic rate, saturated light intensity, light adaptation range, and light-use efficiency than that of TSC. Grape leaves under OSC can better adapt to the environment.

The experiment was conducted at two Regional Spices Research Stations at Gazipur and Magura during July 2012 to June 2014. Experiments were conducted following split plot design with six treatment of two factors of three different shades such as 1) Black mosquito net, 2) Cucurbit trellis and 3) Control (open) and two sowing methods such as i) line sowing with 10cm spacing and ii) Broadcasting were placed in the unit plot. The maximum number of harvested plants (655/m2) and fresh yield (28.52 t/ha) were obtained from broadcast sowing under nylon net shade at Joydebpur while line sowing without shade gave the minimum number of harvested plants (293/m2) and fresh plant yield (16.20 t/ha) at Magura. The maximum gross return (Tk. 4944.2 thousand/ha), net return (TK. 4438.2 thousand/ha) and BCR (1099) was obtained from nylon net shade in broadcast sowing and these was lowest (Tk. 1586.4, 1196.3 thousands/ha and 4.07, respectively) came from line sowing under cucurbits trellis. Cultivation of Eryngium under cucurbits trellis gave early returns that better for fresh leaf production. Open sunlight is less costly but it is not suitable for quality leaf production. Broadcasting sowing under nylon net shade seems better for leaf production and profit.

Crop components, such as trellis systems, might affect solar radiation uptake by grapevines while others, such as rootstocks, influence the vigor of the scion. Proper management provides a suitable reproductive and vegetative balance that could influence the chemical composition of grapes. This study aimed to characterize the global phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of ‘Isabel Precoce’ grapes raised for juice, growing under different trellis systems and rootstocks, in rainy seasons, in semi-Arid conditions in Brazil. With a randomized block experimental design and split-split plots over time, the overhead trellis, lyre, and vertical shoot positioning systems and two rootstocks (‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’) in the harvest seasons of January-May, 2017 and January-May, 2018 were studied. Trellis systems, rootstocks, harvest seasons and their interactions affected the characteristics of the grapes. The treatments with equivalent responses in the seasons defined the specific characteristics of the grapes. The rootstock ‘IAC 766’ provided greater bunch weight and lower acidity to the ‘Isabel Precoce’ grapes, while ‘IAC 572’ induced higher soluble solids contents. In both seasons, there was lower variation in berry resistance to compression and polyphenol and anthocyanin contents in grapes from grapevines grown on an overhead trellis. In turn, the use of lyre provided high antioxidant activity by the ABTS●+ method in 2018. The highest antioxidant activity by the DPPH● method was due to the association of overhead trellis and ‘IAC 766’. With the use of the overhead trellis, equivalent phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during the seasons resulted in a uniform quality.

The amount of the work in the vineyard, its yield greatly depends on what type of grape trellis is used in the vineyard.The most common is the Vertical Shoot Position. The advantages of the Vertical Shoot Position is the simplicity of the device and the use of inexpensive building materials. It is less time consuming and easily accessible for vineyard care.The disadvantages are that the maximum area of the green mass and the maximum yield cannot be obtained. The horizontal grape trellis system - pergola - allows to get the maximum area of green mass, the maximum assimilation of solar energy takes place, that increase yields by 2-3 times and provide the best quality of grapes.The disadvantages is that the care of vines grown on horizontal trellis is very time-consuming. Because the vintner is forced to work with his head constantly pulled back and his arms raised high.The authors have developed a new type of grape trellis - a mobile pergola - which during the vegetation - during the development of green mass and fruit ripening are placed horizontally, and during the green operations - pruning, spraying, harvesting - in a vertical position. As a result, we get a high yield typical for the pergola, which is 2-3 times higher than the yield obtained on the vertical grape trellis, and its maintenance is just as convenient and simplified as that of the vertical grape trellis.

The invention "Arched trellis on arcs made of fiberglass reinforcement for growing grapevine in mechanized processing of vine-yards" is described. The characteristics of the analogs and prototype of the invention, the problem solved by this invention and its essence are given. The General view of a vineyard with an arched trellis on arcs made of fiberglass reinforcement is shown, the features of its design, installation and ad-vantages over analogues and prototype are revealed. Examples of installation of arched trellis on arcs made of fiberglass reinforce-ment, for production vineyards and for per-sonal plots are given.

The descriptions and technical characteristics of specialized technical means intended for cutting the crown of trees in orchards, developed by the Federal Research Horticultural Center, are given. One of the most important parts of a fruit plantation care system is the tree pruning. This is one of the most important operations for orchard care, which regulates the growth and fruiting trees. Pruning takes 12–15 % of the total labor costs for maintenance work. In order to increase productivity, quality and facilitate labor on pruning perennial plantations, the Federal Research Horticultural Center has designed an ASV-8 unit for the care of orchards, vineyards and berry fields, for ornamental plantings (using pneumatic pruners), for mechanization of the processes of detailed pruning and removal of overgrowth in orchards. The use of ASV-8 increases labor productivity in pruning trees by 2.8 times with an annual saving of labor costs of 3682 man-hours and a decrease in reduced costs by 33.3 %. The Federal Research Horticultural Center has designed a block-modular unit for the cultivation of orchards AMS-7, intended for use in agricultural production and can perform the following technological operations: contour pruning of fruit trees in traditional and intensive orchards; shaking off fruits from trees; making holes for trellis posts, fence supports, stakes, etc.; loading and unloading and transportation of containers with fruits, vegetables and root crops, cut branches, pallets, bulk materials and other various cargoes. The unit complete with a contour cutter consists of the following assembly units: a lifting device, which is the basis for hinging all types of equipment: a cutting device for contour pruning of the crown of fruit trees, consisting of two cutting bars for heavy pruning, a front frame with two sliders and a hydraulic system. The introduction of the AMS-7 unit into production will ensure an increase in labor productivity up to 1.8 times, a decrease in direct operating costs up to 40 % and labor costs up to 45 %.

The present study was conducted in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Wyra adopted villages in Khammam District of Telangana. Tomato is an important vegetable crop in the district but the yields are not up to expectations due to poor quality, early decay, pests and disease incidence. An effort was made by KVK, Wyra to address the problem of reducing pests and disease incidence and improving the fruit quality by introduction of technology Trellis method of cultivation in tomato. This was tested on small scale for 3years with the help of On-farm trials with limited number of farmers. It was proved to be profitable hence this technology was up-scaled and disseminated on large scale with the help of front line demonstrations as the main thrust areas of KVKs are refinement and demonstration of novel technologies, training of farmers and extension functionaries. The front line demonstrations on trellising in tomato crop were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Wyra, Khammam in its adopted villages from 2016-17 to 2018-19 with an objective of improving the yield and quality of tomato by adopting the technology trellising on tomato along with drip and mulching, use of indeterminate hybrid varieties, balanced use of fertilizers and integrated pest and disease management. Though trellising has been developed long back the knowledge and adoption rate was low with the tomato farmers of the district. The data from the study like cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross returns and net returns were collected as per schedule and analyzed. The results from the study revealed that average highest yield recorded was 622.58 q/ha in demonstration plot compared to control plot yield 431.55 q/ha, an additional yield of 191.03 q/ha was recorded, 44.33 percent of average yield increase was recorded over control plot. The extension gap and technology gap enumerated from the study ranged from 183.45 q/ha to 201.80 q/ha and 11.40 to 41.25 q/ha respectively, with the technology index of 4.21 percent during the demonstration years. Besides this, the demonstrated plots gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice. In present study efforts were also made to study the impact of FLD on horizontal spread which has increased by 160.36 percent. Further the study was undertaken to do a formative and summative (outcome and impact) evaluation of the frontline demonstrations on trellising in Tomato.

Vegetable, due to higher neutraceutical component, are termed as protective food against various major and minor diseases. Scientific agro-techniques under optimum growing condition like temperature, relative humidity and light intensity, positively influence the qualitative and quantitative attributes of most of the vegetable crops including cherry tomato. It is one of potential vegetable crop, which is extensively utilized for table purpose and for preparing recipies in five star restaurants. Cherry tomato fetches higher prices in market due to good taste and higher nutrients, thus making qualitative attributes as an important factor to give higher returns to the farmers. Thus, this experiment was conducted to estimate the qualitative attributes in eighteen genotypes of cherry tomato grown under both open field and polyhouse conditions. The result of the study revealed that under open field condition, BRCT-30 was the best genotype with maximum value for lycopene content (6.62 mg 100-1 g FW) and β-carotene (2.30 mg 100-1 g FW), second maximum value for total soluble solids (7.85°Brix), third maximum value for reducing sugar and fourth highest position for ascorbic acid content (43.65 mg/100 g FW). Under polyhouse condition, the best genotype for quality parameters was BRCT-36 with maximum total soluble solids (10.81°Brix), lycopene (7.48 mg 100-1 g FW) and β-carotene (2.49 mg 100-1g FW) along with average range of values for ascorbic acid (72.36 mg 100-1 g FW) and titrable acidity (0.55 mg 100-1 g FW).

Summary Goals: Dry-on-vine (DOV) raisin grapes are cane-pruned to allow for cane severance, which initiates the DOV process, and to maximize yield potential. Yield components of Thompson Seedless raisin grapes, including the number of clusters per node, cluster and berry weight, and soluble solids per berry, have been shown to follow particular patterns with respect to node position, and this has informed pruning practice. However, DOV raisins in California are made from varieties that ripen earlier than Thompson Seedless, and they may have different fruiting characteristics. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine how the number of nodes per cane, and node position, affected yield components of DOV raisin grape varieties. Key findings: Basal nodes produced the fewest clusters due to poorer bud break and lower fruitfulness. Fiesta was the most fruitful variety, followed by Selma Pete, and then Thompson Seedless and DOVine. Cluster fresh weight increased whereas berry soluble solids (Brix) decreased with node position, regardless of cane length. Fruit from longer canes had less soluble solids (Brix) than the fruit from shorter canes, thus cane length did not usually affect total soluble solids (fruit fresh weight x soluble solids (Brix)) per cane. Fiesta produced more fresh fruit and total soluble solids per cane than other varieties. Impact and significance: Cane length had contrasting effects on fresh fruit weight and soluble solids, with shorter canes producing less fruit with higher soluble solids, whereas long canes produced more fruit of lower soluble solids. Harvested on the same date, these effects sufficiently countered each other such that canes of different lengths produced similar amounts of total soluble solids (sugar per cane) in two of three years. In California, where early maturity is preferred to ensure adequate drying time, shorter canes may be better than longer ones. However, if cane severance can be delayed to allow the berries to accumulate more sugar, which might be possible in other growing regions, or when drying emulsion may be used to hasten drying, longer canes could potentially increase raisin yield.

Cherry tomatoes are usually cultivated under greenhouse which is out of the reach of the marginal farmers. Due to unavailability of microclimatic and biochemical data in cherry tomato, meagre yield is obtained at open field conditions. Since the microclimatic factors and growing environment have immense influence on yield and quality attributes of any crop, this experiment was aimed to study the correlation of microclimate with the yield and quality contributing traits of eighteen genetically diverse genotypes of cherry tomato at open field trained on trellis and under naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions. In the given study, under open conditions, mean canopy temperature in morning at 7 a.m. (15.3-19.4°C) showed highly significant positive correlation with total yield, whereas total yield possessed highly significant negative association with the mean mid-day (12 noon) canopy temperature and mean mid-day soil temperature above 25°C. In poly house condition, total yield reflected significant negative correlation with morning mean canopy temperature (24.6°C) and mid-day mean canopy temperature (25.8-26°C), whereas total yield was negatively correlated with morning and mid-day mean soil temperature when the temperature was above 20.7°C. Among biochemical parameters, lycopene and beta-carotene content increased with mean canopy temperature at 19.5°C and further decreased above 21.5°C, however TSS increased with increase in mean canopy temperature from 15 to 25°C and decreased beyond 30°C temperature.

In the last decade, passion fruit cultivation has regained special importance expressed in the increase of the planting area in order to supply growing markets. This study systematizes research and production experiences gathered in more than three decades of technical work in the central region of Colombia, at locations of Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Huila, Tólima, Quindio and Risaralda. Extensive field visits were conducted with farmers, students and technicians. Initially, general information on passion fruit cultivation, edaphoclimatic requirements are reviewed, analyzing the effect of climatological variables such as wind speed, relative humidity, temperature, rainfall and sunshine, in intensive production processes, which are manifested in the monthly distribution of production volume, expressed as percentage, taking as a reference the three support and conduction systems (simple trellis, “T” system and double cordon), highlighting attributes, advantages, disadvantages and their relationship with productivity and quality. Finally, the effect of pollinating agents was described. It was concluded that according to the ecophysiological requirements of passion fruit cultivation under tropical Colombian conditions, the trellising system, which presents the greatest advantages for cultural and phytosanitary management is the simple trellis, obtaining higher production volumes of optimum quality. Resumo Na última década, o cultivo do maracujá voltou a ganhar especial importância, expressa no aumento da área de plantio, para abastecer mercados em crescimento. Este estudo sistematiza as experiências de pesquisa e de produção acumuladas em mais de três décadas de trabalho técnico na região central da Colômbia, nas localidades de Valle del Cauca, Cauca, Huila, Tólima, Quindio e Risaralda. Visitas de campo foram realizadas com agricultores, estudantes e técnicos. Inicialmente, informações gerais sobre o cultivo do maracujá e requisitos edafoclimáticos são avaliadas, analisando a incidência de variáveis climatológicas, como velocidade do vento, umidade relativa, temperatura, precipitação e insolação, em processos intensivos de produção, que se manifestam na distribuição mensal do volume de produção, expresso em percentagem, tendo como referência os três sistemas de condução (espaldadeira, latada e cordão), destacando os atributos, as vantagens, as desvantagens e sua relação com a produtividade e a qualidade. Finalmente, o efeito de agentes polinizadores será descrito. Concluiu-se que, de acordo com as exigências ecofisiológicas do cultivo do maracujá em condições tropicais colombianas, o sistema de treliça que apresenta maiores vantagens para o manejo cultural e fitossanitário, é a treliça simples, obtendo maiores volumes de produção de ótima qualidade.

Environmental factors might influence the carbon balance and sugar content in grapevine. In this two-year research, the STELLA software was employed to predict dry matter accumulation in Sangiovese vines, comparing the traditional vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the single high wire (SHW) trellis systems. Every week, vegetative, eco-physiological and grape quality parameters were collected for 15 tagged vines per trellis system to set up the software. Significant differences in photosynthesis were recorded in 2014, with higher values in VSP (23–25% more). Shoot growth was significantly higher in VSP (20–25% more), whereas higher dry matter (30%) and yield (9–11% more) were detected for SHW. At harvest, berry composition suggested a slower ripening in SHW compared to VSP, which was linked to the shading of clusters in SHW. Finally, for the first time, linear regressions were found between measured berry sugar content and STELLA-estimated dry matter (R2 = 0.96 in VSP, R2 = 0.95 in SHW). This latter evidence allowed the estimation of berry sugar content, showing this software to be a practical tool to support winegrowers in decision making. Other studies are already underway to calibrate and validate the model for other varieties, training systems and environments.

The objective of the present work was to compare the effect of the training systems Y-trellis (Y) and Vertical Shoot Position trellis (VSP) on the production efficiency and chemical characteristics of grapes and wine from ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ cultivated in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The study was carried out in 2013, 2014 and 2015 harvests in a commercial vineyard located in the municipality of São Joaquim - SC (28º 17 ’38 ”S and 49º 55’54” O, altitude 1350 m). The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F Test (p ≤ 0.05). The relationship between the vegetative growth and the yield was influenced by the training system. For the ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ cultivar, the yield was 93% higher in the Y-trellis training system, resulting in better vegetative-productive balance. The technological and phenolic maturation of the grapes were similar in both training systems. The results of this study show that the Y-trellis training system is an alternative to use in Santa Catarina altitude regions because it provides an increased productivity on the ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ variety without compromising the composition of grapes, when comparing to the VSP training system.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, Manisa ilinde Mevlana üzüm çeşidi üreticilerinin sosyal ve ekonomik özellikleri, teknik yapısı, sorunları ve bu sorunlara çözüm önerileri getirmek amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın ana materyalini Mevlana üzümü yetiştiren üreticiler ile yapılan anketlerden elde edilen birincil nitelikli veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örnek hacmi tam sayım yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Veriler için tarımsal kuruluşların kayıtları incelenmiş, Manisa İlinin Alaşehir İlçesinde 83, Sarıgöl İlçesinde 44 çiftçi ile yüz yüze yapılan görüşmelerle toplamda 127 çiftçi ile anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Mevlana üzüm çeşidine ait 1-5 dekar arasındaki araziye sahip %51 yetiştirici yoğunlukta iken parçalı ve küçük yapıya sahip parsellere dağılan arazilerin olduğu görülmektedir. Terbiye sistemlerinin 4 farklı şekilde tesis edildiği ve toplam 193 parselde %67.36’sında yarım çardak terbiye sistemi ile tesis edilmiş ve bu yapıları arasında farklılıklar olduğu bulunmuştur. Yetiştiricilerin karşılaştıkları en büyük teknik sorunun güneş yanığı ile %31.58’i, en büyük ekonomik sorunu ise pazarlama ile %65.82’si olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Bağcıların sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri incelendiğinde eğitim düzeyinin düşüklüğü, kooperatifleşmenin eksik olduğu ve girdi maliyetlerin fazla olduğu sonuçları elde edilmiştir.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The growth and development of grapevine is constrained by temperature, affecting the bulk of physiological processes of the plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate change on thermal resources and limitations in the context of Georgia, one of the oldest viticultural areas in the world. METHODS AND RESULTS: The analysis on daily series of temperature for the time period 1974–2013 for the main viticultural areas of Georgia shows that an abrupt change to warmer temperature occurred in 1994, leading to a decline in low temperature stress and an increase in high temperature stress, associated with more frequent heat waves. The availability of thermal resources for grapevine growth remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In Georgia, the shift to warmer temperature did not affect the availability of thermal resources for grapegrowing. Although some attention should be paid to possible damage due to an earlier budburst and increased frost risk. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the strong increase of summer heatwaves with potential negative impacts on grape composition and phenolic maturity, when combined with severe water stress. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Quantitative studies of the effects of climate change on Georgian viticulture are essential to develop adaptation strategies based on either germplasm (e.g. rootstocks and cultivars) and agronomical practices (e.g. pruning, trellis systems, soil and water management).

In the past decade, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been replacing most other types of light sources. One emerging use for LEDs in horticulture is ‘intra-canopy illumination’ or ‘LED-interlighting’, feasible owing to their low heat output and small physical size. The interlighting technique, typically implemented in environmentally-controlled greenhouses also supplemented with overhead lighting, is mostly relevant for high-wire vegetable cultivation, in which self-shading results in light limitations for a large fraction of the canopy. Interlighting has been shown to increase the yield and/or improve fruit quality in all-year round greenhouse crops such as tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper. In this work, we utilized daytime supplemental intra-canopy LED illumination for sweet pepper grown in high-density ‘Spanish’ trellis systems within passive high tunnels in the Jordan Valley, Israel (latitude ˜32 °N). While canopy top at these conditions is not light-limited, extensive deep shading of the inner canopy is a disadvantage. In two experiments carried out in two separate seasons, the supplemental lighting, which enhanced the photosynthetic rates of the inner canopy foliage by 3.5- to 5.7-fold, resulted in significant increase (˜30%) of the fruit yield during the spring season. The added yield was attained by higher fruit numbers, with no notable effects on fruit size or weight. Our results raise the prospect that LED-interlighting may be a useful practical tool for maximizing fruit production, even in geographical regions of ample sunlight.

Spring field operations in a tall wirework frame require excessive labor, which may be often difficult to have in an optimal time and a good quality. Especially stringing and training are expensive and lengthy field operations, which can cause problems with optimum timing of treatments against downy mildew, hop flea beetle and weevils. Effectiveness of Czech hybrid tall cultivars ‘Premiant’ and ‘Sladek’ grown in a low trellis was observed. The results in the third year of cultivation (2011) showed different distribution of hop biomass. Hop cones, leaves, laterals and bines were picked by hand and weighed. Distribution of the individual parts in ‘Premiant’ (P) and ‘Sladek’ (S) was compared: 1. Tall trellis: cones 36% in both cultivars, leaves 28% (P), resp. 31% (S), bine 19% (P), resp. 18% (S), laterals 17% (P), resp. 15% (S); 2. Low trellis: cones 13% (P), resp. 24% (S), leaves 37% (P), resp. 34% (S), bine 38% (P), resp. 25% (S), laterals 12% (P), resp. 17% (S). The height of a trellis severely influenced the yield potential of hop plants. Vegetative tops did not train themselves and started to bend after reaching the height of 3 m. If we compare the productivity of cones in the both tested cultivars we can conclude that ‘Premiant’ is less suitable for low trellis cultivation.

In some lianas the use of trellis modifies within-plant biomass allocation and stimulates growth, however in other species trellis use may negatively affect growth indicating a cost associated with climbing. In order to improve access to light, lianas use other plants as climbing trellises. Whereas in shaded lianas climbing a trellis may enhance biomass gain by increasing leaf-level irradiance, we suspected that trellis use may also stimulate growth by triggering modifications in whole-plant allocation of biomass and nitrogen. We evaluated responses to trellis in three temperate lianas: Hedera helix, Celastrus orbiculatus and Wisteria floribunda. Lianas were grown outdoors in 120-L barrels and with ample space, with and without trellises. Biomass and nitrogen accumulation, distribution patterns and total stem length were determined after three and four seasons. Responses were adjusted for individual plant biomass. Liana responses to trellises were species-specific. In W. floribunda trellis use enhanced growth, consistently with the increased leaf mass fraction and leaf area ratio while biomass distribution to roots was reduced. Biomass distribution to stems and total stem length were increased by trellis use. In contrast, growth and biomass distribution in C. orbiculatus were not altered by trellis use. In H. helix growth was reduced in plants climbing on trellises in comparison with plants creeping on the ground, but biomass distribution pattern was not altered. Moreover, supported H. helix plants accumulated less nitrogen than did unsupported plants, suggesting a less efficient uptake of this nutrient. The ability to plastically modify growth and allocation patterns in response to trellis found in some lianas may constitute an important aspect of their ecological strategy. In other species, however, the switch to climbing may incur physiological costs resulting in lower growth.

To better understand the physiological processes involved in responses of trellises to the transportation and distribution of nutrient within shoots of grapevines, analysis method of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA - Na2) was employed at the whole development stages of vine. In the trial, the traditional independent long-stem pruning (ILSP) was taken as control to compare the effect of new single crawled cordon training (SCCT) on the transportation and distribution of phloem sap on the experimental material Ecolly. Thus the consumption level of phloem sap in the grapevine shoots of various trellises was analyzed by EDTA-Na2 phloem sap exudation technique during the whole development. Results was that the consumption rate of EDTA - Na2 solution in the SCCT and ILSP shoots increased before August 15 (15.130 g–16.216 g in SCCT and 10.653 g–15.042 g in ILSP, respectively) including 16.348–20.809 g in SCCT and 11.912–19.593 g in ILSP from August 25 to September 4 as well as decreased in August 15–25 (17.216–16.348 g in SCCT and 15.042–11.912 g in ILSP, respectively) and after September 4 (20.809–7.669 g in SCCT and 19.593–4.072 g in ILSP), respectively, and values of SCCT were always higher than that of ILSP during the whole growth. In addition, EDTA - Na2 consumption content in the phloem sap per shoots in SCCT kept almost around 16 g, more than that in ILSP, from 21 July to 25 August. Therefore, SCCT was more advantageous to accumulate nutrient compared with ILSP, and ensured an even distribution of phloem sap in the grape shoots from berry growth to maturity.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was firstly introduced into China in 1871. Initially, it was only planted in temples and home gardens in northern China, mainly distributed in Bohai Bay region. With the rapid development of China’s economy, cultivation area and production of sweet cherry have increased significantly since the 1980s. By 2016, the total sweet cherry plantation area reached about 180,000 ha, the harvested area and greenhouse cultural area are approximately 100,000 and 10,000 ha, with the production of 700,000 and 90,000 t, respectively. Greenhouses provide better conditions for tree growth and thus produces cherries with earlier harvest, better quality and higher yield. Nowadays, the major cultivation regions of sweet cherry are mainly distributed in Bohai Bay region and along the Longhai railway line. The major cultivars include ‘Hongdeng’, ‘Krupnoplodnaja’, ‘Tieton’, ‘Brooks’, ‘Van’, ‘Rainier’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Summit’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Regina’, etc. ‘Hongdeng’ is the most popular cultivar in China, which has many attractive traits such as early maturity (‘Burlat’ +2~3), red color, larger fruit size (8 g), higher SSC and tasty flavor. Major rootstocks are mostly derived from P. pseudoceresus, P. serrulata, P. cerasus, P. mahaleb, and interspecific hybrids. The main training systems include traditional type (small and sparse canopy shape), central leader, bush and wall trellis, etc.

Robotics has a very broad application prospect in the field of agriculture, and agricultural robots are attracting the attention of the whole society. Facing the new demand of the new urban production-leisure integrated industry, and in view of the shortcomings of the poor user friendliness and human-robot interaction of existing agricultural robots, a dual-arm humanoid “little expert” grape harvesting robot was developed. Base on the “one master-dual slaves” control architecture, the modular system of navigation-interaction-control-execution was constructed. The structural innovation such as fast electromechanical switching of different end-effectors, wiring-inside manipulator, and humanoid design were realized. The researches were focused on electronic compass-Lidar-RGBD fused navigation technology in trellis, the hand-arm collaborative control for non-destructive picking, voice-visual cross-media interaction, and the combination of artificial intelligence with robot. This dual-arm humanized robot has completed a series of testing. Based on the environment perception and the guidance of an electronic compass, the automatic pose diagnosis-adjusting and navigation of crawler chassis in trellis environment were realized. Besides, identification and positioning of grape cluster, the harvesting manner of gripping-cutting and flexible net holding, and the human-robot dialogue and voice manipulation were also achieved. It is expected to achieve major breakthroughs in various technologies in the near future and the commercialization of the dual-arm humanoid grape harvesting robot.

Background Medicinal plants play a significant role in the progress of persuasive therapeutic agents. Earlier to the innovation of synthetic drugs, human beings completely relied on the plants for the treatment of various ailments. Natural product extracts, particularly those derived from different plant species, provided the main source of Siddha, Ayurveda and Folk medicines. P. daemia is a perennial climber, traditionally reported for the treatment in a variety of diseases. In present review, we focused on the present status of phytochemical and pharmacological activities P. daemia. Methodology With the support of electronic databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Scirus and PubMed central. Traditional knowledge information collected by Indian taxonomical books, survey from local rural and tribal peoples. Pharmacological data’s obtained from scientific journals published from 2000 to 2020. Results P. daemia extract, contains several phytochemicals, especially rich in flavonoids. These secondary metabolites synthesized from P. daemia have been reported for the treatment of various chronic diseases. In recent years, P. daemia phytoconstituents set as a key role in natural drug development as it harbours many in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fertility, anti-arthritic and antimicrobial etc., Conclusion P. daemia was the less studied plant compared to other medicinal plants. In this context more emphasis has to be laid on studies that discuss on the secondary metabolite activities and molecular mechanisms that work against various chronic diseases.

Under the effects of climate change, it is becoming increasingly common to observe excessively fast grape sugar accumulation while phenolic and flavour development are lagging behind. The aim of this research was to quantify the impacts of three different leaf removal techniques on the canopy architecture and ripening of Cabernet Sauvignon trained in a sprawl trellis system. Treatments were performed at veraison (~14 °Brix) and included (i) control, (ii) leaf plucking in the bunch zone, (iii) leaf plucking the top two-thirds of shoots, apical to the bunches, and (iv) shoot trimming. On the date of harvest, no significant difference in total soluble solids was observed between treatments. Other results including the effect of the treatments on fruit acidity, anthocyanins, phenolics, and tannins were somewhat inconclusive. While various other studies have shown the potential of leaf removal to achieve slower grape sugar accumulation without affecting the concentration of anthocyanins, phenolics, and tannins, the results of this study do not indicate a decrease in the rate of grape sugar accumulation as a result of the investigated defoliation techniques. Given the cost of implementing these treatments, the results of this study do not support the use of these methods for the purpose of delaying fruit ripening in a hot Australian climate.

During the period 1979–1985 a survey on the presence of grape vine moths was carried on by pheromone traps in a great viticultural aera of Piemonte. The research has proved that: Lobesia botrana is the vine moth mostly widespread while Eupoecilia ambiguella was found rare and in cooler environments mainly. Grape vine moths’ presence is greatly different according to viticultural zones’ features. Moth growth stages are changeable in the years according to climatic conditions, temperatures mainly, and vines development stages. The vine moth risk is rather different from one place to another and may be changeable as well in adjoining vineyards. Training systems as pergola are more suitable for moths development in comparison with trellis which, in the shade side, are normally more affected by the moths. High temperatures and low humidity conditions may affect larvae survival more than eggs hatching. Overwintering chrysalids parasitism is up to 12% and done by Hymenoptera Ichnemonidae and Braconidae. Efforts in order to improve the knowledge of grape moth risk in the different viticultural areas should continue.

Mathematical models are indirect and non-destructive methods for estimating the leaf area (LA), an important parameter associated with canopy vigor in Vitis viniferavineyards. This work aims to adjust and test mathematical models for estimating LA using the midvein length of the Vitis vinifera cultivars conducted in horizontal and vertical training systems in the Serra Gaúcha region, Brazil. Leaves were collected in ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyards conducted in trellis and lyre training systems, and in ‘Merlot’ vineyards conducted in trellis and espalier systems. Models were tested for establishing the correlations among the parameters LA and midvein length, considering the cultivar/training system and the general data set. For validation, linear regression between the observed and estimated LA was defined. The relationship between the midvein length and LA was defined by non-linear potential equations (R2aj 0.95-0.98). The performances of the specific and general models were similar regardless of the cultivar/training system. The adjusted models showed excellent results in the validation step (correlation 0.95-0.98; Wilmott index >0.97 and confidence index>0.92). It is possible to estimate the LA of Vitis vinifera Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot cultivars using a simple non-destructive model that employs one single measurement of the leaf blade, to optimize the vegetative canopy quantification in vineyards.

The fast intensification of agriculture affects many systems. In recent decades, traditional vineyards have been rapidly converted to trellis vineyards in Spain (the country with the largest vineyard surface worldwide) in an attempt to reduce harvesting costs and increase vine productivity. The implications of this modernization of vineyards on farmland biodiversity are still largely unknown. We studied 52 vineyards (26 traditional and 26 trellis) from June to September in south-western Spain, aiming to describe the effect of the modernization of goblet-shape traditional vineyards on vine structure and their management, as well as its effect on species' occurrence in vineyard plots. We applied hierarchical occurrence models to assess the occurrence probability of 10 bird species and two mammal species in traditional and trellis vineyard plots. Vineyard modernization involved taller vines (connected by metallic guide wires and poles by rows), greater distance between vine rows, bigger plot sizes, the systematic implementation of irrigation, and an application of fertilizers through the watering system (fertirrigation) in a third of studied vineyards. Other agrochemical treatments seemed to be equally used in both vineyard types. Due to the use of herbicides and frequent tilling, both types of vineyards showed low natural vegetation groundcover. Vineyard modernization had clear effects on fauna biodiversity in vineyard plots, with a higher occurrence in trellis vineyards of some species (rufous-tailed scrub-robin, European goldfinch, red-legged partridge, and house sparrow) and a higher occurrence of other species (European rabbit and European greenfinch) in traditional ones. Thus, vineyard modernization can drive a change in the community of birds and mammals that inhabit them. In addition, vineyard use by some species (particularly ground-dwelling ones) was strongly determined by the presence of arable land adjacent to the vineyard. These species may therefore use vineyards during summer because they provide water and/or better cover than harvested crops. Animals attracted to vineyards for water could be exposed to toxic doses of nitrates that are routinely applied through the watering system in a third of these. To maximize benefits for biodiversity, it would be advisable to manage modernization schemes in order to maintain landscape heterogeneity, with vineyards of both types combined with other agricultural systems, as well as higher proportions of natural vegetation surface cover., F.M. and B.A.'s time for writing this paper was within the AGROPERDIZ project (SBPLY/17/180501/000245), funded by the “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (Feder) and “Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha” (JCCM) (recipient: F.M). X.C. was supported by a Ph.D. grant from the Basque Country Government (Grant number PRE_2018_2_0273).

The quality and phenolic compound composition might be affected by production system due to microclimate around the bunches and sunlight interception provided by vegetative canopy architecture and environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of ?BRS Cora? grapes with different trellis systems and rootstocks in rainy seasons under tropical conditions. Three trellis systems and two rootstocks were studied in production cycles during the first halves of 2017 and 2018, using a randomized-block experimental design. Interactions between the trellis systems, rootstocks and cycles differentially affect the fruit quality. The association between vertical shoot positioning or an overhead trellis with ?IAC 766? induced higher polyphenol compound contents. In turn, the trellis systems overhead trellis and lyre provided greater stability for the berry weight, soluble solids, total soluble sugar contents, yellow flavonoids, total extractable polyphenol compounds or antioxidant activity in both production cycles. The results of this study inferred that the grape quality and phenolic compound composition were not only affected by some specific climatic factors but also by the trellis system, rootstock, and the interaction between the three factors. Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-04T12:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trellis-systems-and-rootstocks-affect-the-quality-and-antioxidant-potential-2021.pdf: 164500 bytes, checksum: 635e4eaa2afb31cba1731aa6e4b96d7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

For the Caatinga passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnataMast.), there are no indications of varieties specific for the Brazilian Savanna conditions, as well as conduction techniques that make it possible to express a greater yield potential. This study aimed to evaluate the yield and quality of CPEF2220 and CBAF2334 populations in espalier and trellis conduction systems. A completely randomized design was used, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications of four plants per plot. The fruit yield and physical characteristics were evaluated throughout the production cycle. The average yield was 8.0 kg plant-1 (3.5-14.9 kg plant-1) and the average number of fruits per plant was 139.1 (55.8-283.5), with average pulp yield of 29 %. There was a tendency to increase the number and yield of fruits for the CPEF2220 population conducted in the espalier system. The plant survival rate was 41 % (CPEF2220) and 87.5 % (CBAF2334), with a higher adaptation to the Brazilian Savanna conditions, while the CPEF2220 population presented a higher yield potential. Reductions in mass, longitudinal and equatorial diameter and fruit shape were observed throughout the harvest, with some exceptions for the espalier system, which showed more elongated fruits. The trellis system showed a greater yield potential for the parent populations of the passion fruit BRS Sertão Forte, for the study conditions.

Environmental and production factors might affect grapevine physiology. Estimating these effects is essential for planning the harvest and predicting the quality of grapes. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes with different training systems and rootstocks in production cycles of the second half of the year under tropical conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-subdivided plots over time. Three training systems and two rootstocks were studied in production cycles referring to the second halves of 2017 and 2018. In 2017, the grapes of plants trained with lyre and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) had the highest soluble solids and sugars contents, and in 2018, this response occurred with the overhead trellis system. There was lower variation in titratable acidity between cycles of grapevines trained with VSP and lyre, as well as in those grafted onto ‘IAC 572’. In 2018, lyre with ‘IAC 572’ promoted higher pigment accumulation. Climatic conditions in 2017 provided a higher accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in grapes of plants trained with lyre with ‘IAC 766’. The efficiency of the training system within each cycle, associated with the effect of the rootstock, resulted in differentiated responses according to climatic conditions. Environmental and production factors might affect grapevine physiology. Estimating these effects is essential for planning the harvest and predicting the quality of grapes. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of ‘BRS Cora’ grapes with different training systems and rootstocks in production cycles of the second half of the year under tropical conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-subdivided plots over time. Three training systems and two rootstocks were studied in production cycles referring to the second halves of 2017 and 2018. In 2017, the grapes of plants trained with lyre and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) had the highest soluble solids and sugars contents, and in 2018, this response occurred with the overhead trellis system. There was lower variation in titratable acidity between cycles of grapevines trained with VSP and lyre, as well as in those grafted onto ‘IAC 572’. In 2018, lyre with ‘IAC 572’ promoted higher pigment accumulation. Climatic conditions in 2017 provided a higher accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in grapes of plants trained with lyre with ‘IAC 766’. The efficiency of the training system within each cycle, associated with the effect of the rootstock, resulted in differentiated responses according to climatic conditions.

Extreme winter temperatures during the 2018&ndash, 2019 dormant season contributed to trunk collapse and complete trunk death of numerous genotypes throughout a diverse grapevine planting in eastern North Dakota, USA. Through the early portion of the dormant season, 12 genotypes were screened to identify lethal temperature exotherms of primary buds, from these results, none were anticipated to be fully prepared to survive the &minus, 37 &deg, C minimum temperature recorded in the region. Trunk collapse, death, and survival were monitored for 35 replicated genotypes. New trunks were retrained from suckers and monitored for growth following trunk removal. Only five genotypes exceeded 50% trunk survival at the end of the 2019 growing season, &lsquo, Valiant&rsquo, &lsquo, King of the North&rsquo, John Viola&rsquo, Baltica&rsquo, and &lsquo, Bluebell&rsquo, Following re-establishment, &lsquo, La Crescent&rsquo, was the most vigorous genotype with the largest sucker circumference, sucker length, and internode length. Nearly all genotypes evaluated produced suckers with lengths approaching the high-wire trellis height (1.8 m), designating their potential for cordon retraining in 2020. Cumulatively, however, the lethal temperature exotherm results and the trunk survival examination indicate a harrowing need for investigation of new management practices (such as protected training systems) and the generation of new cold-hardy genotypes to enhance productivity under standard unprotected systems.

The pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important crops in temperate agriculture around the world. In the tropics, highland production is also common with multiple harvests of nearly mature seeds from climbing plant types on trellises. While the leafless variant caused by the afila gene is widely used in developing row-cropped field peas in Europe, its use for trellised garden peas has not been reported. In this study we describe a pea breeding program for a high-elevation tropical environment in the Department of Nari&ntilde, o in Colombia, where over 16,000 hectares of the crop are produced. The most widespread climbing varieties in the region are &lsquo, Andina&rsquo, and &lsquo, Sindamanoy&rsquo, both of which have high-biomass architecture with abundant foliage. They are prone to many diseases, but preferred by farmers given their long production season. This plant type is expensive to trellis, with wooden posts and plastic strings used for vine staking constituting 52% of production costs. The afila trait could reduce these costs by creating interlocking plants as they do in field peas. Therefore, our goal for this research was to develop a rapid breeding method to introduce the recessive afila gene, which replaces leaves with tendrils, into the two commercial varieties used as recurrent parents (RPs) with three donor parents (DPs)&mdash, &lsquo, Dove&rsquo, ILS3575&rsquo, ILS3568&rsquo, &mdash, and to measure the effect on plant height (PH) and yield potential. Our hypothesis was that the afila gene would not cause linkage drag while obtaining a leafless climbing pea variety. Backcrossing was conducted without selfing for two generations and plants were selected to recover recurrent parent characteristics. Chi-square tests showed a ratio of 15 normal leaved to one afila leaved in the BC2F2 plants, and 31:1 in the BC2F3 generation. Selecting in the last of these generations permitted a discovery of tall climbing plants that were similar to those preferred commercially, but with the stable leafless afila. The method saved two seasons compared to the traditional method of progeny testing before each backcross cycle, the peas reached the BC2F2 generation in five seasons and the BC3F2 in seven seasons. This is advantageous with trellised peas that normally require half a year to reach maturity. Leafless garden peas containing the afila gene were of the same height as recurrent parents and, by the third backcross, were equally productive, without the high biomass found in the traditional donor varieties. The value of the afila gene and the direct backcrossing scheme is discussed in terms of garden pea improvement and crop breeding.

Productivity of passion fruit in Brazil varies widely among producers in different states and regions depending on the adoption of technologies. In this study, the goal was to evaluate the producers profile and use of technologies in passion fruit production in the Triângulo Mineiro region, driven by the local juice industry. The research was carried out from 2018 to 2019, using Behavioral Diagnosis of Productive Activity methodology, based on questionnaires applied to 22 producers in eight cities. The data were submitted to descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis. Most producers grow passion fruit in up to 5 ha, in a family work regimen, and have little experience. The cultivation system is open field in vertical trellis, with a production cycle of 1.5 years. The great majority use manual pollination, chemical and organic fertilization, and do not systematically adopt integrated phytosanitary management. The seedlings are purchased from qualified nurseries and the most planted cultivar is the FB 300. The main losses reported by producers were caused by drought and damage to floral bud, with an average fruit yield of 17 t ha-1 year-1. This production chain is structured but requires technical interventions to increase the profitability and sustainability of the production system. Resumo A produtividade do maracujazeiro no Brasil possui grandes variações entre produtores de diferentes Estados e regiões, em função de tecnologias adotadas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o perfil dos produtores e o uso de tecnologias na atividade produtiva de maracujá, na região do Triângulo Mineiro, impulsionada pela indústria de suco local. A pesquisa foi feita de 2018 a 2019, utilizando a metodologia do Diagnóstico Comportamental da Atividade Produtiva (DCAP), a partir da análise do perfil de 22 produtores, em oito municípios, e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e multivariada. A maioria dos produtores cultiva maracujá em até 5 ha, em regime familiar de trabalho, e possui pouco tempo de experiência. O sistema de cultivo é a céu aberto em espaldeira, com ciclo de produção de 1,5 ano. A maioria dos produtores faz polinização manual, adubação química e orgânica, e não adota, sistematicamente, o manejo integrado de pragas e doenças. As mudas são adquiridas de viveiros habilitados, e a cultivar mais plantada é a FB 300. Os principais prejuízos relatados foram causados por seca e danos no botão floral, com produtividade média de frutos de 17 t ha-1 ano-1. A cadeia produtiva está estruturada, mas há necessidade de intervenções técnicas para aumentar a rentabilidade e a sustentabilidade do sistema de produção.

The flow of driftwood and soil into drainage from agricultural areas accelerates sedimentation and inflicts overflow damage after rainfall events due to insufficient discharge capacity, causing flooding on agricultural land. However, there have been few efforts to develop a driftwood capture trellis for agricultural drainage ditches, except for some suggested design criteria. In this study, we developed a driftwood capture trellis to capture driftwood in agricultural drainage ditches and evaluated its performance based on hydraulic characteristics. The facility was designed considering criteria for drainage and driftwood control barriers, as well as the properties of driftwood found near agricultural drainage ditches. Performance evaluation was conducted through hydraulic experiments. Driftwood capture trellises were installed in 400 mm drainage pipes and a total of 216 experimental runs were conducted: six runs each in six different velocity variations and six water depth variations. The results showed that the driftwood capture efficiency of the facility exceeded 60% at a velocity of 0.144 m&sup3, /s. Limited conditions for hydraulic experiments should be considered. The driftwood capture trellis for agricultural drainage ditches developed in this study could contribute to a reduction in overflow damage caused by driftwood sedimentation.

Autonomous driving in future vehicle system has imposed a high demand for reliable and power efficient communication to provide safe-driving to vehicular users. In order to achieve reliability and power efficiency, in this paper, a vehicular trellis architecture (VTA) is proposed. VTA allows traffic information to be transmitted either via vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), through the dedicated remote radio head (RRH) and its dynamically select vehicle(s) or, direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. We investigated the adaptive switching over V2I/V2V, to enhance efficient system reliability while optimizing the average power consumption of VTA. This paper presents a vehicular trellis algorithm (VTRA), which approximate solutions to the optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the selection of joint V2I/V2V communication reduces the total power consumption of the system for a varying number of threshold distance and vehicles.

Summary Goals: Once established, vineyards are generally constrained by vine and row spacing and trellis configuration, which restricts how these variables can be modified. Regardless, such post-planting modifications may be desirable. This project chronicles vine performance following the conversion of seven-yr-old, cordon-trained, spur-pruned vines (“spur-pruned”) to head training and cane pruning (“cane-pruned”) with vines spaced 5 ft (1.5 m) apart in the row. While there are both pros and cons with either system, head training and cane pruning has an operational advantage in that less labor is expended on shoot-thinning because of retention of far fewer basal buds with cane-pruned vines. At issue, though, is a perception or reality that relatively wide in-row vine spacing (e.g., ≥4 or 5 ft) leads to uneven shoot development and nonuniform fruit ripening on long canes. We hypothesized that nonuniformity of shoot growth and development would lead to increased variability of fruit maturity at harvest with the conversion from spur pruning to cane pruning, with mature vines planted 5 ft (1.5 m) apart in the row. Key Findings: In comparison to spur pruning, the cane-pruned vines exhibited: (i) delayed budbreak and bloom; (ii) fewer, but more fruitful shoots; (iii) lower cane-pruning weights; and (iv) similar canopy architecture, primary fruit chemistry at harvest, and uniformity of pruned cane weights. Impact and Significance: Although we hypothesized that a 5 ft (1.5 m) in-row vine spacing might lead to nonuniform shoot development and fruit ripening on bilateral canes, this proved not to be the case. Although there was variation in components of yield for cane-pruned vines compared to spur-pruned vines, fruit maturity indexed as soluble solids concentration was similar between the two systems in the four seasons after conversion. While spur pruning has some advantage from the standpoint of reduced or eliminated time to tie canes following dormant pruning, the disadvantage, at least with Cabernet Sauvignon, as used here, is the propensity of cordon training to produce abundant basal shoots, which add excess crop and canopy density or additional labor to remove those shoots. A closer in-row spacing might be advised for cane pruning in new vineyards; however, it is possible to effectively convert spur-pruned vines back to cane pruning even for mature vines spaced 5 ft (1.5 m) apart in the row should that conversion be desired for labor savings, anticipated fruit quality improvements, or other reasons.

This study evaluated the effect of shaking amplitude and capturing height on mechanical harvesting of fresh market apples in trellis trained trees. A linear-forced limb shaker with adjustable shaking amplitude and frequency was designed and fabricated. Shaking amplitudes of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mm were accessible. A catcher filled with 50 mm thickness of peanut foam underneath a piece of cotton was developed. The shaker and the catcher mounted on a movable lifting platform were integrated into a shake-and-catch harvesting system. The approximate middle of a targeted limb was selected as the shaking point and detached fruits were captured underneath the targeted section. The overall combinations of five levels of shaking amplitude and two levels of capturing height were tested for ‘Pink Lady’ apple trees trellis trained in a vertical fruiting wall architecture. Shaking frequency with 20 Hz and duration with 5 s were used in all tests. Fruit removal efficiency and fruit quality (USDA standard) were adopted to evaluate the quality of the harvesting system. Statistical analysis shows that fruit removal efficiency was significantly improved with increase of amplitude at a certain range; the capturing height significantly affected the percentage of Extra Fancy grade fruit. The results indicated that shaking amplitude with ~30 mm is sufficient to remove majority of fruits in the tested variety; capturing fruits that are much closer to the targeted limb is promising to obtain more Extra Fancy grade fruit.

Ozonated water is being introduced as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to control grapevine diseases in a context in which the reduction of chemical pesticides has become an urgent necessity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of spraying grapevines with ozonated water on the enological, phenolic, and aromatic qualities of Bobal wines during two consecutive growing seasons. In the first season, ozonated water was applied once during the ripening period on grapevines trained on the traditional gobelet system (S1). In the second season, three applications were performed between fruit set and harvest on grapevines grown on a vertical trellis system (S2). The S1 treatment led to a wine with an increased alcoholic degree and a remarkably higher phenolic content, which resulted in preferable chromatic characteristics. The S2 treatment maintained the total phenolic content but significantly enhanced stilbenes and flavanols and also reduced anthocyanins, which negatively affected the wine colour. Regarding aroma, both treatments reduced the content of glycosylated precursors and had different effects on free volatiles, both varietal and fermentative. Thus, the metabolic response of grapevines to the ozonated water stress, and therefore the quality of wines, depended on the ozone dose received by the plants.