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Background: Dermatophytosis are the most common types of cutaneous fungal infection seen in human and animals affecting skin, hair and nails caused by dermatophytes. The diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on the clinical observation and laboratory diagnosis by direct microscopic examination and fungal cultures. The present study is undertaken to isolate different type of dermatophytes causing fungal infection.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study design was used in a total of 90 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytic infection attending the out patient department of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching hospital (KMCTH). Skin scraping, hair and nail samples were collected from the patients and were processed by direct microscopy and culture using standard protocol. Dermatophytes were identified based on the microscopic arrangement of microconidia and macroconidia.Results: Dermatophytosis was more common in the age group of 21-40 years and was more predominant among male with male to female ratio of 1.7: 1. Among the total clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis, 53 were positive in direct microscopy and only a total of 20 were positive by culture. Most common clinical type observed in our study was Tinea corporis(25%) followed by Tinea cruris. Trichophyton rubrum(50%) was the commonest aetiological agent in majority of clinical types followed by Trychophyton mentagrophytes(35%). Conclusions: The study highlighted T. corporis followed by T. cruris and T. unguim as the most common clinical pattern of dermatophytosis with a male predominance and 21-40 years being the most affected age group. T. rubram was the most common aetiological agent causing dermatophytosis.Keywords: Dermatophytes; dermatophytosis; epidermophyton; tinea; trychophyton.

Control and treatment of the emerging filamentous and yeast fungal diseases are of high priority in the biomedical field. This study investigated the influence of the pulsed magnetic field combined with common antifungal agents on the viability of various pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Trychophyton rubrum. Repetitive microsecond pulsed magnetic fields up to 6.1 T were applied in the study. The synergistic effect of co-applying drugs and magnetic treatment to different fungi species causing various human mycoses showed the potential for more effective and less toxic therapy. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:347–353, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

2,6-Branched mannose hexasaccharide 1 relatedto the cell wall polysaccharide of CANDIDADUBLINIENSIS and TRYCHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES wasconcisely synthesized from 4-methoxyphenyl α- D-mannopyranoside ( 6)in 11 steps in 26% total yield. The efficiency of the synthesisrelies on the preparation of a trisaccharide acceptor 2 with three free hydroxy groups, whichcould be glycosylated with trichloroacetimidate 19 toprovide the protected hexasaccharide 20 inone step. Compound 2 was obtained via sequential assemblyfrom the building blocks, 2,6-di- O-allyloxycarbonyl-3,4-di- O-benzoyl-α- D-mannopyranosetrichloroacetimidate ( 3), 4-methoxyphenyl3,4-di- O-benzoyl-α- D-mannopyranoside ( 4),and 4-methoxyphenyl 4- O-acetyl-3- O-benzoyl-α- D-mannopyranoside ( 5). Structures of target compound and intermediateswere characterized by ¹ H and ¹3 CNMR, MS, HRMS, and elemental analysis.

A 23-yr old female Patagonian sea lion (Otaria byronia) presented multifocal to coalescing and ulcerative skin lesions on the lumbar region. Skin scrapings were collected and a microscopic examination was conducted followed by a fungal culture that revealed a Trychophyton rubrum infection, an anthropophilic dermatophytosis agent. Oral terbinafine and topical eniconazole were used as a treatment for a period of 75 days and complete recovery was achieved. Epidemiological analysis revealed a dermatophytosis case in one of the carnivore section keepers a few weeks before the lesions were diagnosed in the sea lion.

A facile synthesis of the trisaccharide α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranose and the tetrasaccharide α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-mannopyranose, the repeating units of fungal cell-wall polysaccharide from Microsporum gypseum and Trychophyton, was achieved using α-(1→2)-linked disaccharide imidate as the donor. The disaccharide imidate was prepared from the self-condensation of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-allyloxyethylidene-β-D-mannopyranose.

A tetrasaccharide, α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-mannopyranose (1), the repeating unit of the cell-wall mannans of Microsporum gypseum and related species of Trychophyton, was synthesized using 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (5) and 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (13) as the glycosyl donors in “the inverse Schmidt” procedure.

The study investigated the fungal composition of honey samples collected from six states in Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen honey samples were screened in each state giving an overall total of 108 samples for the six states. The number of fungal species were determined and the microphotograph of colonial appearance of each was taken with Toshiba camera HD 1080P, 4X Digital Zoom. The morphological appearance of the fungal isolates as seen under the microscope were drawn and described.Seven species of fungi were isolated. The occurrence of the different species varied from one state to another. However, out of the seven species, only one, Trychophyton rubrum is pathogenic, and this is the first record of a pathogenic fungus from honey samples in Nigeria.

A tetrasaccharide, α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-mannopyranose (1), the repeating unit of the cell-wall mannans of Microsporum gypseum and related species of Trychophyton, was synthesized using 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (5) and 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (13) as the glycosyl donors in “the inverse Schmidt” procedure.

A facile synthesis of the trisaccharide α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranose and the tetrasaccharide α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-mannopyranose, the repeating units of fungal cell-wall polysaccharide from Microsporum gypseum and Trychophyton, was achieved using α-(1→2)-linked disaccharide imidate as the donor. The disaccharide imidate was prepared from the self-condensation of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-allyloxyethylidene-β-D-mannopyranose.

Glycosyl nitrile oxides, generated in situ by reaction of glycosyl oximes (3a, 3b, 4) with N‐chlorosuccinimide and DBU, on 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with substituted alkenes resulted in glycosyl isoxazolines (5, 7–28) in diastereoselective manner. The extent of diastereoselection varies with the nature of substituents both in sugar and alkenes. The compounds synthesized were screened in vitro against many fungi wherein two of the compounds (12, 23) showed significant inhibition against Sporothrix schenckii, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC of 12.5 and 6.25 µg/mL, respectively. #CDRI Communication No.6460.

Outbreak of acute bovine dermatophytosis in a large scale dairy herd in Arusha region of Tanzania is described. Clinical history of the condition complimented with detailed examination of the affected animals (33.3%, 14/42) revealed that animals were pastured during the day and padlocked at night. The main clinical signs presented were gray-white, discrete, crusty, circumscribed extensive lesion all over the body. Skin scrapings were taken from the lesions for mites and fungal isolation and characterization. Pinched off lesion were examined in 30 % KOH preparations and scrapping were directly streaked on 0 Trichophyton Agar and incubated at 37 C. Bacteriological and fungal stain of the colonies revealed positive mycotic structures spherical, pyriform to calvate often of irregular shape which is characteristic of Trychophyton verrucosum. The isolation and morphological identification of T. verrucosum supported the clinical diagnosis. Considering the large number of animals involved, and the severity of the lesions, that necessitated veterinary intervention, it would be necessary to asses the prevalence and economic importance of the disease in dairy herd establishments in Tanzania. Arusha, Cattle, Tanzania, T. verrucosum

Structurally similar, allergenic α- D -glucans and a mixture of glycopeptides have been isolated from the mycelia of various dermatophytes by using mild methods. The glucans, which contain (1→4)-linked residues of α- D -glucose, are structurally different from glucans previously isolated from similar sources. The ability of the glucan and glycopeptide components of the mycelia to sensitize guinea pigs for “immediate” and “delayed” skin-reactions is investigated and the significance of these results is discussed.

The preparation and biological activities of a series of pyrido[3,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines, 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-c]quinolines, and related fused triazines are described. Methyl, amino, and acylamino substituents were placed in the pyridyl ring of the former system. Other structural modifications included various alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted phenyl, and heterocyclic groups in the 3-position of these ring systems. In agar dilution assays, actives in this series inhibited strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Trychophyton species at MIC's of less than or equal to 16 micrograms/mL.

The preparation and biological activities of a series of pyrido[3,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines, 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-c]quinolines, and related fused triazines are described. Methyl, amino, and acylamino substituents were placed in the pyridyl ring of the former system. Other structural modifications included various alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted phenyl, and heterocyclic groups in the 3-position of these ring systems. In agar dilution assays, actives in this series inhibited strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Trychophyton species at MIC's of less than or equal to 16 micrograms/mL.

Mycoses can be clinically divided into superficial and deep mycosis.1 The former is limited to the skin and surrounding areas, without implying any risk to the patient’s life, whereas deep mycosis is considered and very often a fatal condition.2