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Traditional single-ended fault location method is influenced by the fault resistance and the remote in feed, which reflects as the two equations built by fault phase have four unknowns. And in the grid-connected converter system, the weak feedback characteristic further reduces the performance of the method. To solve it, a single-ended fault location method based on control and protection coordination is proposed in this paper. First, using the high controlled-ability of the converter, the control strategy for fault ride-through (FRT) operation is divided into two stages by switching control modes. Then, according to the electrical quantities under two stages, four uncorrelated equations can be established, and the equations still have four unknown parameters. The fault distance can be calculated by solving them. The simulation results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and is immune to fault resistance and fault location, it solves the problem of insufficient equations in principle.

In this paper, we address the assembly flowshop scheduling problem, which is a generalisation of two well-known scheduling problems in the literature: the three-stage Assembly Scheduling Problem (ASP) and its variant with two stages denoted as the two-stage ASP. For this problem, we prove several theoretical results which are used to propose a speed-up procedure. This acceleration mechanism can be applied in any insertion-based method for the problem under study and, consequently, also for their special cases. In addition, we propose four efficient constructive heuristics for the problem, based on both Johnson’s algorithm and the NEH heuristic. These proposals are compared against 47 algorithms existing in the literature for related problems. The results show the excellent performance of the proposals.

In recent years, deep learning methods have been introduced for segmentation and classification of leaf lesions caused by pests and pathogens. Among the commonly used approaches, convolutional neural networks have provided results with high accuracy. The purpose of this work is to present an effective and practical system capable of segmenting and classifying different types of leaf lesions and estimating the severity of stress caused by biotic agents in coffee leaves using convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach consists of two stages: a semantic segmentation stage with severity calculation and a symptom lesion classification stage. Each stage was tested separately, highlighting the positive and negative points of each one. We obtained very good results for the severity estimation, suggesting that the model can estimate severity values very close to the real values. For the biotic stress classification, the accuracy rates were greater than 97%. Due to the promising results obtained, an App for Android platform was developed and implemented, consisting of semantic segmentation and severity calculation, as well as symptom classification to assist both specialists and farmers to identify and quantify biotic stresses using images of coffee leaves acquired by smartphone.

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las diferentes formas en que las tecnologías digitales afectan a la salud de los jóvenes. Para lograr esto, se realizó una revisión de la literatura siguiendo dos etapas. Fueron estudiadas 65 publicaciones científicas y procesadas en dos etapas sucesivas. En la primera, se procesaron 30 trabajos disponibles, de manera exclusiva, en la Base de Datos ScienceDirect y que evidenciaron una relación conceptual en el ámbito de la salud mental y el uso de las tecnologías digitales. En una segunda etapa, se trabajó solo con las fuentes que incluyen el tema de la COVID-19 y sus relaciones con la salud mental y el uso de las tecnologías digitales, en un contexto de aportaciones diferenciadas para el ámbito universitario. Mediante una síntesis que recoge el análisis de contenido temático de la literatura se exponen los siguientes resultados: 1) el uso de las tecnologías digitales provoca efectos positivo y negativos en los jóvenes, pero se manifiestan diferencias significativas en el número de publicaciones y los efectos descritos; 2) Durante la Pandemia se agudizan los problemas de salud mental en los jóvenes que utilizan las tecnologías por causas asociadas al confinamiento, ambientes de aprendizaje y las propias del miedo al contagio.

The northern part of Lamongan Regency is an area that is geologically and geographically vulnerable to freshwater. The condition of the existing water sources is not suitable for use as a source of clean water, because the water is brackish and green in color. The eutrophication process occurs due to excessive use of fertilizers for pond business, so that the nitrogen and phosphate content is high. The community in Karanggeneng village uses water from the Bengawan Solo River for daily use. The water condition of Bengawan Solo in the rainy season is dark brown in color because it contains a lot of soil, while in the dry season it is green because it contains a lot of pesticide or fertilizer residues discarded by farmers. From the problems above, it is necessary to socialize the water purification of Bengawan Solo by using the filtration method. Socialization activities are carried out directly to the Karanggeneng village community. This activity is carried out in two stages, the first is the preparation of tools and materials, the second stage is socialization to the community. In the first stage, chemical and physical water quality parameters were tested. In the second stage, the community was very enthusiastic about the implementation of this activity. The use of filtration methods is easy and inexpensive to be applied on a household scale. Suggestions, it is necessary to disseminate information to the wider community so that all people can access clean water for their daily needs. the second stage is socialization to the community. In the first stage, chemical and physical water quality parameters were tested. In the second stage, the community was very enthusiastic about the implementation of this activity. The use of filtration methods is easy and inexpensive to be applied on a household scale. Suggestions, it is necessary to disseminate information to the wider community so that all people can access clean water for their daily needs. the second stage is socialization to the community. In the first stage, chemical and physical water quality parameters were tested. In the second stage, the community was very enthusiastic about the implementation of this activity. The use of filtration methods is easy and inexpensive to be applied on a household scale. Suggestions, it is necessary to disseminate information to the wider community so that all people can access clean water for their daily needs.

This study aims to determine the effect of the physical work environment and discipline on employee performance at the Kerinci district office with work motivation as a moderating variable. The population in this study were 55 employees at the Kerinci District Head Office from 3 sub-district offices, namely the Keliling Danau, Sitinjau Laut and Gunung Raya sub-district offices. The sampling technique is full sampling. In this study, there are two stages of analysis that will be carried out, namely First, SEM analysis based on variance (Component based SEM) or Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of Visual software Smart PLS (Partial Least Square) version 3.0 then with Moderated Structural Equation analysis. Modeling (MSEM). The results showed that the value of the R-Square of performance was 0.543, which means that 54.3% of the variance of the performance variable can be explained by the variables of the physical work environment, discipline and work motivation. The value of the R-Square motivation of 0.219 can be interpreted that 21.9% of the variance of the work motivation variable can be explained by the physical work environment and discipline variables

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of Bacillus subtilis TM3 formulation with botanical pesticides in suppressing Fusarium verticilloides infection in corn. The research was carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) from February to November 2019. The research consisted of two stages, namely an in vitro test of antagonists of botanical pesticides against F. verticilloides using 5 types of plant extracts namely betel leaf extract, turmeric, galangal, cosmos, and clove leaf. The second stage was to test the effectiveness of the combination of the formulation of B. subtilis TM3 with the best 3 types of plant extracts in vitro testing in suppressing F. verticilloides infection in plants. The results of the in vitro study showed that the plant extracts of betel leaf, clove leaf and galangal had the best inhibitory ability on the mycelia growth of F. verticilloides. Meanwhile, the field test found that the application of the B. subtilis TM3 formulation, either alone or in combination with plant extracts, was able to suppress F. verticilloides infection. The combination of B. subtilis TM3 formulation with betel leaf extract showed the best inhibition of 20% against stem rot disease and 13.33% against corn cob rot. This treatment did not affect production quantitatively, but was able to suppress the decline in seed quality due to F. verticilloides infection. Seeds grown by the Plastic Rolled Paper Test (PRPT) method were not only infected with F. verticilloides, but also infected with other seed-borne pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger and A. falvus. The presence of these two pathogens did not inhibit the growth of F. verticilloides in kernels.

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric approach for measuring the relative efficiencies of peer decision making units (DMUs). In recent years, it has been widely used to evaluate two-stage systems under different organization mechanisms. This study modifies the conventional leader–follower DEA models for two-stage systems by considering the uncertainty of data. The dual deterministic linear models are first constructed from the stochastic CCR models under the assumption that all components of inputs, outputs, and intermediate products are related only with some basic stochastic factors, which follow continuous and symmetric distributions with nonnegative compact supports. The stochastic leader–follower DEA models are then developed for measuring the efficiencies of the two stages. The stochastic efficiency of the whole system can be uniquely decomposed into the product of the efficiencies of the two stages. Relationships between stochastic efficiencies from stochastic CCR and stochastic leader–follower DEA models are also discussed. An example of the commercial banks in China is considered using the proposed models under different risk levels.

espanolLa mineria genera impactos ambientales como drenajes acidos de minas (DAM). El rio Cali es uno de los principales recursos hidricos de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia, y esta afectado por los drenajes procedentes de minas abandonadas que llegan a traves de la quebrada Las Minas. Como alternativas de biorremediacion se evaluo el uso de humedales de flujo subsuperficial, ademas de piedra caliza como pretratamiento. La metodologia de la investigacion se estructuro en dos etapas: a) caracterizacion fisicoquimica del agua de la quebrada y b) operacion de los sistemas de tratamiento. Se evaluaron cuatro sistemas: 1) humedal con especie vegetal (H1); 2) piedra caliza + H1 (PC + H1); 3) humedal sin especie vegetal (H2), y 4) piedra caliza + H2 (PC + H2). Los resultados mostraron que el agua de la quebrada Las Minas presenta caracteristicas similares a DAM (pH: 2.4-4.0 unidades; acidez: 1 303.2 mg/l ± 139.2; hierro: 715.3 mg/l ± 70.6; sulfatos: 1 134.5 mg/l ± 314.6), y afecta al rio Cali principalmente por el incremento del hierro, aluminio y presencia de precipitados de hidroxido ferrico. Se observo que los sistemas de tratamiento que emplearon PC lograron mayores eficiencias; es recomendable la configuracion PC + H1. Todos los sistemas lograron reducir la acidez del afluente en un rango promedio de 31 y 52 %, y se alcanzaron eficiencias de remocion promedio de hierro total entre 54 y 67 %; sulfatos entre 16 y 35 %; niquel entre 25 y 50 %, y aluminio entre 0 y 73 %. No se logro remover manganeso. EnglishMining generates environmental impacts such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The Cali River is one of the main water resources in the city of Santiago de Cali, Colombia and it is affected by drainage from abandoned mines, which reach the Cali River through the Las Minas brook. As bioremediation alternatives, the use of subsurface flow wetlands coupled with a limestone-based pretreatment was assessed in this study. The research methodology was structured in two stages: a) physicochemical monitoring of Las Minas brook waters, and b) treatment system operations. For these purposes, four systems were evaluated: 1) Wetlands with plants (WL1), 2) Limestone + WL1 (LS + WL1), 3) Wetlands without plants (WL2) and 4) Limestone + WL2 (LS + WL2). The results revealed that the water from the Las Minas brook presents characteristics similar to AMD (pH: 2.4-4.0; acidity: 1 303.2 mg/l ± 139.2; iron: 715.3 mg/50 ± 70.6; sulfate: 1 134.5 mg/l ± 314.6) and affects the Cali River mainly owing to the increase in iron, aluminum, and the presence of ferric hydroxide precipitates. In addition, limestone-based treatment systems achieved greater efficiencies, and the LS + WL1 configuration is recommended. All systems were able to reduce the affluent acidity from 31 to 52 %. Furthermore, the average iron removal efficiencies achieved were between 54 and 67 %; sulfates between 16 and 35 %, nickel between 25 and 50 %, and aluminum between 0 and 73 %. However, manganese could not be removed.

BACKGROUND The widespread use of palm oil in food production affects high consumption of long-chain saturated fatty acids, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Solid or semi-solid wax-based oleogels obtained as a result of edible oils structuring can be an alternative. RESULTS Oleogels, obtained by structuring a mixture of refined rapeseed and linseed oils (1:1) with 30-80 g kg-1 candelilla wax (CW), were investigated using optical techniques: multi-speckle diffusing wave spectroscopy, centrifugal stability analysis, reflection method, and polarized light microscopy. Refined palm oil was a comparative sample. Increasing CW concentration resulted in an increase in values of L* parameter and opacity, a decrease in the Yellowness Index and a slight increase in the average crystal size. The microstructure of oleogels with 30 or 40 g kg-1 CW was least like the crystal network. Solidification of oleogels took place in two stages. Increase in CW concentration shortened solidification time and increased solidification temperature (greater elasticity of oleogels). Palm oil solidified the longest (497.1 min) and at the lowest temperature (29.3 °C). It showed lower resistance to centrifugal force than oleogels at 20 and 30 °C. All oleogels were stable (no oil release occurred) at 20 °C. CONCLUSION Optical methods allow for an objective and detailed analysis of physical properties of palm oil and oleogels, as well as identification and tracking changes at the microstructural level over time. It has great potential in the edible lipid quality control at various stages of processing or storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

In this paper, a local surface nanocrystallization technology is used for thin-walled structures with square cross sections, and an energy absorption device of two-staged combined energy absorption structure is proposed. In virtue of the surface nanocrystallization that enables to change the material on local positions, the structural deformation is induced and controlled to maximize the energy absorption capacity. A numerical model of the two-staged combined energy absorption structure is established, and the local surface nanocrystallization layout is optimized. The results show that the specific energy absorption of two-staged combined structure with local surface nanocrystallization can be increased by 34.36% compared with the untreated counterpart of the same material and structural shape. The ratio between the first and second peak crushing forces and the energy absorption allocation ratio between the two stages can be adjusted in the ranges of 0.26–0.55 and 0.31–0.45, respectively, which can be controlled by the local surface nanocrystallization designs. The numerical simulation and experimental results are in good agreement, which shows that the design for energy absorption device with local surface nanocrystallization is feasible and effective.

Az új büntetőeljárási törvény a korábban egységes nyomozási szakaszt felderítésre és vizsgálatra osztotta. A két nyomozási szakaszban egyrészről eltérő a nyomozó hatóság és az ügyészség kapcsolata és a jogköreik, másrészt a jogalkotó másféle nyomozási „módszert” képzelt el és javasol a felderítés, és mást a vizsgálat során (a felderítés eredetileg adatgyűjtő jellegű, míg a vizsgálat bizonyító jellegű eljárási szakasz lenne). Ha áttekintjük a büntetőeljárási törvény szóhasználatát vagy megvizsgáljuk a korábbi büntetőeljárási kódexeinket, illetve a jogtudományi álláspontokat, a felderítés kifejezés egészen eltérő jelentéstartományaival találkozhatunk. Ugyancsak mást jelent a felderítés a külföldi, elsősorban az angolszász jogterületen történő nyomozás kapcsán, de a magyar kriminalisztika tudományában is jellegzetes elméleti álláspontok ismertek. Tanulmányomban ezek áttekintését és összevetését végzem el, illetve azt kívánom megállapítani, hogy ezeknek mennyiben feleltethető meg a hatályos büntetőeljárási törvény felderítéskoncepciója.

espanolEl viento y los productos de las nevadas y lluvias que tocan el suelo generan las senales sismicas. Durante decadas, el estudio de las firmas sismicas de las perturbaciones atmosfericas, ciclones, se baso en el analisis del ruido sismico ambiental en el rango de baja frecuencia que permitio la identificacion de ciclones y la ubicacion de la posicion de la tormenta. Se propone la metodologia de monitoreo de los eventos atmosfericos utilizando las senales sismicas de periodo corto, registradas por un sensor instalado a una altura de aproximadamente 4 Km. sobre el nivel del mar en la cumbre del volcan inactivo Nevado de Colima. La metodologia incluye la indicacion de las senales sismicas de las perturbaciones atmosfericas en las pantallas de helicorder de registros sismicas diarias con el siguiente analisis de las formas de onda, producidas por el impacto de las lluvias y nevadas con la superficie del suelo, y sus caracteristicas espectrales de Fourier. Luego, la reconstruccion del paso de los eventos atmosfericos, en base a las densidades espectrales de potencia de los registros sismicos de una hora, que se realiza mutuamente con las observaciones satelitales. La metodologia se aplico para estudiar el paso del huracan Dora y su tormenta tropical precedente (junio de 2017) y el sistema de frente frio numero 25 (enero de 2018). Se indicaron los periodos de accion de tormenta tropical, huracan y dos etapas del frente frio en las imagenes del helicorder. Luego se seleccionaron las formas de onda caracteristicas para cada periodo. El analisis de las caracteristicas espectrales de estas formas de onda demostro que las lluvias, ocurridas durante la tormenta tropical y el huracan y durante la etapa inicial del paso del frente frio, generaron las senales sismicas dentro del rango de frecuencia entre 1.0-1.8 Hz mientras que las nevadas durante la segunda etapa del paso del frente frio generaron las senales sismicas dentro del rango de frecuencia entre 2.6 y 3.7 Hz. La reconstruccion de la dinamica del paso de los eventos atmosfericos a partir de las densidades espectrales de potencia de los registros sismicos de una hora permitio ver la intensidad comparable de tormenta tropical y huracan, y dos etapas del frente frio. Estos resultados demuestran la posibilidad de monitorear el paso de perturbaciones atmosfericas en tiempo real o realizar la reconstruccion de la dinamica de estos eventos durante el tiempo pasado utilizando las senales sismicas de periodo corto registradas en las alturas altas. EnglishThe wind and products of snowfalls and rainfalls touching the ground generate seismic signals. During decades, the study of seismic signatures of atmospheric disturbances, cyclones, was based on analysis of the ambient seismic noise in the low-frequency range allowing the identification of cyclones and location of the storm position. The methodology monitoring the atmospheric events using short-period seismic signals recorded by a sensor installed at an altitude of about 4 km above sea level at the summit of dormant volcano Nevado de Colima is proposed. The methodology includes the identification of the seismic signatures of atmospheric disturbances on the daily helicorder displays of seismic signals with following analysis of waveforms, produced by the impact of rainfalls and snowfalls with the ground surface, and their Fourier spectral characteristics. Then, the reconstruction of the tracks of the atmospheric events, based on the power spectral densities of the one-hour seismic records, is performed mutually with the satellite observations. The methodology was applied to study the tracks of hurricane Dora and its preceding tropical storm (June 2017) and the cold front system number 25 (January 2018). There were indicated the periods of actions of tropical storm, hurricane, and two stages of the cold front on the helicorder images. Then the characteristic waveforms for each period were selected. Analysis of the spectral characteristics of these waveforms demonstrated that the rainfalls, occurring during the tropical storm, hurricane and the initial stage of the cold front tracks, generated the seismic signals within the frequency range between 1.0-1.8 Hz while the snowfall during the second stage of the cold front tracks generated the seismic signals within the frequency range between 2.6 and 3.7 Hz. The comparison of the tracks of the atmospheric events and the power spectral densities of the one-hour seismic records allowed to see the comparable intensity of tropical storm and hurricane, and two stages of the cold front. These results demonstrate the possibility to monitor the tracks of atmospheric disturbances in real time or to perform the reconstruction of the dynamics of these events during past time using the short-period seismic signals recorded at the high altitudes

This research is studying about one of the most important skills in the Arabic language that is hoped to be acquired by Malaysian students, either in secondary or university level. The aim of teaching essay writing at these two stages is to enable students to express a topic in writing in a good manner and in an organized manner of various kinds according to the correct rules of the Arabic language. It is noticeable that non-Arabic speaking students, especially Malaysian students, despite their mastery of grammatical and morphological rules, still fall into stylistic errors resulting from their lack of understanding of the ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases), their connotations and their functions in structural writing. Based on all of the foregoing, this research deals with theories related to the concept of stylistic errors and the concept of style and its elements, especially in the field of teaching Arabic as a second language. The research followed the descriptive and analytical method and was limited to analysing the ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) in the modern Arabic language and analysing their meanings, functions, and uses in structural writing. The research has reached many results, the most important of which is ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) as one of the most important elements of the Arabic language style that is hoped to be provided to Malaysian students, especially in the secondary and university degree stage, to control the stylistically sound structural writing. The research also stated some recommendations to facilitate the teaching and application of ‘ibarāt al rābitah (conjunctive phrases) at the secondary and university levels.

This paper gropes the stability and Hopf bifurcation of a delayed synthetic drug transmission model with two stages of addiction and Holling Type-II functional response. The critical point at which a Hopf bifurcation occurs can be figured out by using the escalating time delay of psychologically addicts as a bifurcation parameter. Directly afterwards, properties of the Hopf bifurcation are explored with aid of the central manifold theorem and normal form theory. Specially, global stability of the model is proved by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. To underline effectiveness of the obtained results and analyze influence of some influential parameters on dynamics of the model, some numerical simulations are ultimately addressed.

Purpose This article aims to evaluate how the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) respond to the intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and to assess the correlation between these changes. It will also assess the use of the baseline SFCT as a predictor for BCVA changes in eyes of treatment-naive, diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. Methods This retrospective, consecutive case series comprised 59 eyes of 39 treatment-naive DME patients. Complete slit-lamp assessment, swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) scans to measure SFCT and BCVA values were performed at two stages: baseline and one month after the third monthly injection of intravitreal bevacizumab. Results Patients' ages ranged from 46.3 to 76.4 years (mean: 62.6 ± 2.3). The mean SFCT was 318 ± 82 μm at baseline, which decreased after 3 months to 300 ± 66 μm (P-value = 0.021). There was an improvement in the mean of the logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from 0.7 (decimal equivalent: 0.2) to 0.5 (decimal equivalent: 0.3) (P-value = 0.019). There was no association between SFCT changes and BCVA changes (P-value = 0.180). Wilcoxon signed-rank test disclosed that a better BCVA improvement was related to a greater subfoveal choroidal thickness at baseline P-value Conclusion Eyes with a higher baseline subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) attained greater BCVA improvement than eyes with a lower baseline SFCT. In addition to this, changes to SFCT do not appear to correlate with BCVA changes. These findings do not support using OCT SFCT changes as a prognostic factor for changes to BCVA after intravitreal bevacizumab treatment in evaluating treatment-naive DME eyes.

ResumoNas últimas décadas foram propostas algumas iniciativas de reformulação dos programas de formação de professores de Ciências. Dentre elas, destacamos a implantação das Licenciaturas em Ciências da Natureza. Esses cursos têm como finalidade principal formar professores aptos a ensinar Ciências nos anos finais do ensino fundamental, sendo que alguns também ofertam habilitações para os campos disciplinares das Ciências da Natureza (Química, Física e Biologia). Em vista disso, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer o histórico, o perfil esperado do egresso e o modo de organização curricular de duas licenciaturas em Ciências da Natureza, com habilitação em Biologia, ofertadas pelo Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso (IFMT). Quanto à metodologia, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa, mediante um estudo exploratório e descritivo com base na análise documental dos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos supracitados. Por meio estudo realizado, foi possível perceber que essas licenciaturas almejam formar professores habilitados a lecionar os componentes curriculares de Ciências (ensino fundamental) e Biologia (ensino médio). Quanto aos objetivos de formação, depreende-se que eles se comprometem em ofertar uma formação docente que contribua com a ressignificação das práticas pedagógicas no ensino de Ciências da Natureza. No que tange à organização curricular, as licenciaturas se organizam em duas etapas: na primeira metade do curso, são ofertadas disciplinas voltadas à formação do professor de Ciências e, na segunda metade, disciplinas voltadas à formação de professores de Biologia. Todavia, entendemos que essa divisão do currículo possa se tornar um empecilho à oferta de uma formação interdisciplinar. Palavras-chave: Formação Docente. Professores de Biologia. Ensino de Ciências da Natureza. Institutos Federais. AbstractIn recent decades, some initiatives have been proposed for the reformulation of science teacher training programs. Among them, we highlight the implementation of Degrees in Nature Sciences. The main purpose of these courses is to train teachers able to teach Science in the final years of elementary school, and some also offer qualifications for the disciplinary fields of Natural Sciences (Chemistry, Physics and Biology). In view of this, the present work aims to know the history, the expected profile of the graduate and the way of curricular organization of two degrees in Natural Sciences, with specialization in Biology, offered by the Federal Institute of Mato Grosso (IFMT). As for the methodology, a qualitative approach was used, through an exploratory and descriptive study based on documental analysis of the pedagogical projects of the aforementioned courses. Through a study carried out, it was possible to see that these degrees aim to train teachers qualified to teach the curricular components of Science (primary education) and Biology (high school). As for the training objectives, it appears that they are committed to offering teacher training that contributes to the redefinition of pedagogical practices in the teaching of Natural Sciences. Regarding the curricular organization, the degrees are organized in two stages: in the first half of the course, subjects aimed at the formation of Science teachers are offered and, in the second half, subjects aimed at the formation of Biology teachers. However, we understand that this division of the curriculum can become an obstacle to the offer of an interdisciplinary training. Keywords: Teacher Education. Biology Teachers. Teaching of Natural Sciences. Federal Institutes.

This article presents the results of a study carried out with five teachers from the early years of elementary school in a municipal public school in the city of Afogados da Ingazeira PE, whose main objective was to verify the relationship between the manifested conceptions of algebra and the level of development of the algebraic thinking presented by these teachers. It was developed in two stages: the first, through a questionnaire with the objective of identifying the conceptions about algebra and the teaching of algebra in the early years of elementary school; and the second, through the resolution of an activity containing three algebra problems, whose objective was to identify the level of development of algebraic thinking mobilized by these teachers in the development of the activity. The results presented in the answers point to conceptions of algebra linked mainly to generalized arithmetic and to incipient levels of development of algebraic thinking presented by teachers in the early years of elementary school (level 1, above all), showing some coherence between the conceptions and the levels of development of algebraic thought manifested by them, for the proposed problems. Keywords: Algebra conceptions. Levels of development of algebraic thinking. Teacher training. Early years of elementary school.

We have developed a multiscale approach for solving 2D and 3D nonlinear inverse problems of gravity data in estimating the basement topography. The inversion is carried out in two stages in which the long-wavelength features of the basement are first estimated from smoothed gravity data via a stochastic optimization algorithm. The solution of this stage is used as the starting model for a deterministic optimization algorithm to reconstruct the short-wavelength features from the full-spectrum gravity data. The forward problem is capable of handling lateral and vertical variations in the density of sediments. Two cases are considered regarding prior knowledge about the density: (1) The density contrast between sediments at the surface and the underlying basement and its vertical variations are a priori known, and (2) only the density contrast at the surface is known with its vertical gradient to be recovered in the inversion. In the former case, the unknowns of the problem are the depths, whereas in the latter case, they are the depths and density gradients defined individually for each prism. Therefore, the inverse problem is ill-posed and has many local minima. The stochastic optimization algorithm uses a random initial model and estimates a coarse model of the basement topography. By repeating the stochastic inversion, an ensemble of solutions is formed defining an equivalent domain in the model space supposed to be within the neighborhood of the global minimum of which several starting solutions are extracted for the secondary deterministic inversion. The presented methodology has been tested successfully in converging to the global minima in 2D and 3D cases with 50 and 2352 total number of prisms, respectively. Finally, the inversion algorithm is used to calculate the thickness of the sediments in the South Caspian Basin using the EIGEN-6c4 global gravity model.

Mytilopsis leucophaeata is an estuarine bivalve native from the Gulf of Mexico and possibly part of the eastern USA, which invaded many regions around the globe. Despite the previous discovery that two genetic lineages of this species exist, one comprising the northeastern USA and Eurasia and another having invaded South America, there were no genetic data about specimens from native areas. We reveal for the first time the COI signatures of two native populations of M. leucophaeata, one in the eastern coast of Florida, another in its western coast, besides analyzing the nuclear gene 28S. The COI sequences from South America (Venezuela and Brazil) are similar to those from Florida, mainly to the population from the western coast, whereas the clade composed of sequences from NE USA and Eurasia diverges by 2.4–3.2% from remaining sequences. The 28S tree also confirmed the distinction of this lineage. We suspect that the cold-tolerant lineage may represent a distinct species originated in the mid-eastern or NE USA, possibly derived from glaciations or the formation of the Labrador Current, and having colonized Eurasia after human introductions. Based on data about ship trades, we also raise the hypothesis that the invasion in South America was composed of two stages, with an initial invasion in Venezuela or nearby Caribbean countries, followed by a secondary invasion in SE Brazil, although requiring further studies. These results may alter deeply our understanding about the invasion of M. leucophaeata around the globe.

The study involved 56 patients with advanced and late stages of Parkinsons disease, which could be considered as potentially requiring neurosurgical treatment-electrical stimulation of deep brain structures. An algorithm has been developed for selecting patients with advanced and late stages of Parkinsons disease for neurological treatment-implantation of a system for electrical stimulation of deep brain structures in distant neurosurgical centers, which includes two stages for patients with limited mobility - outpatient and inpatient. The development of an algorithm for referral to neurological treatment has shortened the path of a patient with limited mobility from a polyclinic to a neurological center. Electro stimulation of deep brain structures in Parkinsons disease significantly improved the condition of patients-to increase functional activity by 55%, reduce the severity of motor disorders by 55%, and reduce the dose of levodopa drugs by half., Comment: 7 Pages

O ensino de Astronomia nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental possui algumas peculiaridades. Uma delas diz respeito ao fato de contar com um professor formado em um curso de Ciências Biológicas. Na maioria das vezes, a grade curricular de tal curso não contempla uma disciplina específica de ensino de Astronomia. Essa ausência afeta diretamente a forma como tal conhecimento é abordado em sala de aula. Com o intuito de contribuir com o ensino de Astronomia na Educação Básica, nosso trabalho objetivou avaliação do potencial pedagógico de um caderno de atividades práticas interdisciplinares de Astronomia para os anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Nosso trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, a primeira possui abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritiva para a qual utilizamos como instrumento de constituição dos dados o diário de campo produzido pelo professor pesquisador durante a implementação das atividades, bem como os documentos produzidos pelos alunos. A segunda etapa possui uma abordagem quantitativa, para essa, foi realizado um experimento, comparando o desempenho de alunos do Ensino Fundamental a partir de um instrumento de avaliação composto de 29 questões acerca de Física e Astronomia, antes e após a implementação do caderno de atividades práticas interdisciplinares de Astronomia. Os resultados dessa etapa foram organizados por intermédio do teste paramétrico t pareado. A escolha desse teste leva em consideração a dependência intra-indivíduo das observações. De modo geral, nossos resultados evidenciam uma construção de pensamento prático e dinâmico que motivou os alunos a terem um interesse pela temática Astronomia e o mais importante: uma mudança de postura do professor-pesquisador diante da sala de aula. Entendemos assim, que o material implementado possui um grande potencial pedagógico, com um caráter motivador e reflexivo.

India’s Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) responses to feminism developed in two stages. In the 1980s, BJP women worked to delegitimize feminism by co-opting feminist language and is...

This research aims at understanding the effect of Socioscientific Issues (SSI)-based interactive multimedia (MMI) on the gadget (MMI-SSI-GADGET) toward the junior high school student’s critical thinking skills. The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage was the preparation, which was done to design the learning tools. The next stage was the teaching and learning process in the classroom using pre-test post-test design. The subjects of the research were 28 students of class VII A3 at MTsN 3 Trenggalek. The results of this research showed that the validity score for the learning tools was 3.84 with a percentage of 98.04%, which was categorized as very valid. The practicality percentage was 88.5% which was categorized as very practical, and the N-gain effectiveness was 0,77, which was categorized as very good. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that SSI-based MMI on gadgets was categorized as 'very suitable' to improve the junior high school students' critical thinking

On January 27, 2021, a small-scale loess landslide occurred in Dangchuan Village, Yongjing County, Gansu Province, China. Timely monitoring and warning helped to prevent any casualties. The sliding mass of the Dangchuan landslide fell in two stages with an interval of 24 s and lasted for a total of 31 s. Eventually, the Dangchuan landslide had a descent height of approximately 120 m and a sliding portion stretching approximately 350 m. The landslide volume was approximately 3 × 104 m3. Based on the investigation of different stages of the Dangchuan landslide and the characteristics of the deposition area, the induction of this landslide was attributed to the effect of frozen stagnant water. Following field investigation of the landslide source and crack areas, a potential sliding mass model with a volume of 5 × 104 m3 was obtained via calculation. To predict the disaster scope of potential landslides, we first used DAN3D software to invert this Dangchuan landslide. Then, based on the numerical model parameters obtained from the inversion, the sliding accumulation process of the potential slide mass was simulated. The results showed that the maximum disaster scope of the potential slide mass would be larger than that of the Dangchuan landslide. The new deposit would cover an area of approximately 3.5 × 104 m2, with a thickness in the range of 0–6 m. The new deposition area would expand by approximately 50 m in the long-axis direction compared to the Dangchuan landslide, impacting the houses and roads. The DAN3D prediction results of the disaster scope will help residents in the potential danger zone evacuate in advance, reducing unnecessary damage.

Este estudo objetivou mapear e analisar escalas existentes na literatura nacional sobre comprometimento organizacional. A pesquisa contou com duas etapas: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica, na qual foram mapeadas as publicações sobre o tema, abrangendo o período de 1990 a 2020; e (ii) mapeamento e análise das escalas a nível nacional, buscando verificar aspectos relacionados à formulação de itens, escala de respostas e procedimento de validação. Foram analisadas 314 publicações a partir da busca nas principais bases e sites dos periódicos brasileiros e verificou-se que os anos de 2008 a 2018 foram os dez anos mais produtivos no Brasil, com 213 trabalhos. Identificou-se a predominância das medidas que se baseiam no modelo tridimensional, porém é significativa a produção de escalas que vão além desse modelo, propondo mais dimensões em alguns casos e uma perspectiva unidimensional em outros. Como limitação, destaca-se a não comparação sistematizada de índices psicométricos entre todas as escalas propostas, devido à indisponibilidade de tais dados em alguns estudos analisados.

Cacing tambelo merupakan moluska yang menetap pada batang Rhizophora sp yang sudah mati. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat toksisitas dari ekstrak cacing tambelo dengan metode brine shrimp letahlity test (BSLT). Cacing tambelo diambil dari hutan mangrove di Desa Moolo, Kecamatan Batukara, Kabupaten Muna, Sulawesi Tenggara. Ekstrak cacing tambelo dipreparasi memakai larutan metanol. Uji toksisitas BSLT pada penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap, uji preliminary dan uji definitif. Uji preliminary bertujuan untuk menentukan kisaran lethal concentration (LC50), nilai kisaran konsentrasi tersebut akan digunakan pada uji selanjutnya (uji definitif). Uji preliminary menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak tambelo sebesar 10, 100, 1.000 μg/mL dan 0 sebagai kontrol. Uji definitif menggunakan 4 konsentrasi (masing-masing 3 ulangan) yaitu:17,78; 31,61; 56,21; 99,94 μg/mL dan 0 sebagai kontrol. Data yang diperoleh dari uji definitif selanjutnya dianalisis dengan probit. Hasil analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC50-24jam dari ekstrak tambelo ialah 42,43 μg/mL. Nilai LC50 tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa ekstrak cacing tambelo bersifat sangat toksik terhadap larva udang.

Pig farms are susceptible to infection by Escherechia coli bacteria which causes Colibacillosis. A dirty cage is one of the causes. This can be prevented by disinfection. Eco- enzymes are fermented fruits that contain enzymes and are anti-microbial. This study aims to find a dilution of Eco- enzyme that can suppress the population of Escherechia coli in pig pens. The study was carried out in two stages, first was in in vitro to find the best treatment and second was in in vivo to determine the decrease in the population of E. coli in pig pens after disinfection with Eco-enzymes. The in vitro treatments were P1: Eco enzyme diluted 1:10; P2 1:20 and P3 1:30. Parameters are the area of the inhibition zone and the antimicrobial index. In an in-vivo study, the data taken were the population of E. coli on the floor of the cage and in the waterways before and after disinfection. The results showed that Eco enzyme diluted 1:30 had the best inhibition zone and antimicrobial index. Disinfection of pig pens using Eco-enzyme dilution of 1:30 was successful in reducing the population of E.coli in pig pens.

The ability of the Paris Agreement to achieve its ambitious long-term temperature goal depends on mechanisms that can promote a ramp-up of ambitions. Pledge-and-review may facilitate deeper cooperation over time by enhancing trust between parties. It has been proposed that starting out with easier cooperation that entails larger shares of domestic benefits, such as cooperation on short-lived climate pollutants, could also help promote the credibility and trust necessary for the ramping-up of contributions over time. Using a lab experiment we explore how these two mechanisms perform across two stages in a controlled and stylized setting where individual participants face incentives that mirror those of countries deciding on national contributions. We find that starting with easier cooperation does not produce higher levels of trust, and it leads to lower levels of cooperation when cooperation becomes more difficult in stage 2. The pledge-and-review approach does not, in itself, lead to significantly higher levels of cooperation, but it does offset the negative effect of starting with the easy cooperation. It can be seen as a safeguard against failed strategies.

Consumers’ health plan choices are highly persistent even though optimal plans change over time. This paper separates two sources of inertia, inattention to plan choice and switching costs. We develop a panel data model with separate attention and choice stages, linked by heterogeneity in acuity, i.e., the ability and willingness to make diligent choices. Using data from Medicare Part D, we find that inattention is an important source of inertia but switching costs also play a role, particularly for low-acuity individuals. Separating the two stages and allowing for heterogeneity is crucial for counterfactual simulations of interventions that reduce inertia. (JEL D12, G22, H51, I13, I18, L65)

Given the ongoing need for projects to achieve profitability, it is critical that they are completed on time and to the agreed-upon contractual specifications and quality. The need to identify the most important classified performance indicators (CPIs) for assessing construction projects' progress toward these objectives, as well as the satisfaction of the various stakeholders involved in the projects. As a result, the goal is to identify and prioritize CPIs that reflect Egyptian construction project performance. CPIs are identified in two stages and are divided into eight major perspectives (financial, operation, supporting, stakeholders, human capital, health, safety, and environmental, social, and innovation, learning, and growth). The first stage involved identifying (110) factors from the literature, which were then filtered and developed. The second stage involved creating a questionnaire based on the significant factors that had been identified. As a result, the (40) most important CPIs affecting the performance of the development project were identified.