Search

High spin states in 104Ag were populated via heavy-ion (32S) induced fusion evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 110 MeV. The de-exciting γ-rays were detected by 18 Compton suppressed HPGe clover detectors, placed in different (θ, φ) angles. Spin of several excited states were assigned firmly from the present angular correlation measurement.

Excited states of the $^{203}$Po ($Z = 84, N = 119$) have been investigated after populating them through $^{194}$Pt($^{13}$C,4n) fusion-evaporation reaction at E$_{beam}$ = 74 MeV and using a large array of Compton suppressed HPGe clover detectors as the detection setup for the emitted $\gamma$-rays. Standard techniques of $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy have been applied towards establishing the level structure of the nucleus. Twenty new $\gamma$-ray transitions have been identified therein, through $\gamma-\gamma$ coincidence measurements, and spin-parity assignments of several states have been determined or confirmed, following the angular correlation and linear polarization measurements on the observed $\gamma$-rays. The excited states have been interpreted in the framework of large basis shell model calculations, while comparing their calculated and experimental energies. They have been principally ascribed to proton population in the $h_{9/2}$ and $i_{13/2}$ orbitals outside the $Z = 82$ closure and neutron occupation of the $f_{5/2}$, $p_{3/2}$ and $i_{13/2}$ orbitals in the $N = 126$ shell.

The $^{137}\mathrm{La}$ nucleus was populated by the reaction $^{130}\mathrm{Te}(^{11}\mathrm{B}, 4n$) at 40-MeV beam energy and the lifetime of the $11/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state at $1004.6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$ was measured using a hybrid array of HPGe clover and ${\mathrm{LaBr}}_{3}$(Ce) detectors by electronic fast-timing technique, providing the value ${T}_{1/2}=263\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$. The reduced transition probability $B(E3)=23.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}.\mathrm{u}.$ is found to be significantly larger compared to the values observed in lighter odd-$A$ La isotopes. The experimentally determined $B(E3)$ value is compared with theoretical calculations of random-phase approximation which explains the enhanced transition probability to be arising from higher contribution of the ${g}_{9/2}$ orbital to the proton transition density.

Background: Mg 24 is a strongly deformed nucleus in the ground state. Deformation effects can be observed in the structure of the isoscalar giant monopole and quadrupole resonances. Mg 24 is also a nucleus that is well known to present different types of cluster-oscillation modes. Both giant resonances and cluster states are strongly populated by isoscalar transitions. Purpose: To extract the E 0 , E 1 , and E 2 transition strengths via Li 6 scattering. The Li 6 probe is a powerful tool for investigating the isoscalar nuclear response with a very favorable ratio of resonance-to-continuum background. Method: Double-differential cross sections of Li 6 inelastic scattering, at the beam energy of 100 MeV/u, were measured in the excitation-energy range 10 – 40 MeV and scattering angles 0 − 3 ∘ . A multipole-decomposition analysis was performed for extracting the isoscalar E 0 , E 1 , and E 2 strength distributions. Results: The extracted multipole strengths were compared with predictions from consistent quasiparticle random phase approximation calculations. The theoretical predictions are in fair agreement with the experimental data. The E 0 strength was also compared with results from antisymmetrized molecular dynamics calculations found in the literature. A few peaks in the experimental data might be associated with clustering in Mg 24 . Conclusions: Ground-state deformation effects were observed in the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) and isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance (ISGQR) distributions. The ISGMR strength is split in two peaks around 19 and 28 MeV. The ISGQR exhibits a pronounced peak at 20 MeV with a broadening at the low-energy region, similar to predictions from microscopic calculations. Signatures of excitation of cluster states were observed in the E 0 response. Further studies including particle-decay measurements will be required to confirm the nature of the observed peaks.

The second-phonon ( n ω = 2 ) wobbling band has been established in the nucleus 135Pr. Conclusive evidence for its wobbling nature comes from the Δ I = 1 , E2 character of the transitions between the new band and the previously identified transverse wobbler band ( n ω = 1 ) in this nucleus. Theoretical calculations in the framework of the quasiparticle triaxial rotor and triaxial projected shell models are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

Lifetime measurements have been carried out for the levels of the negative parity yrast sequence in $^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$ nucleus using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The levels were populated via $^{94}\mathrm{Zr}(^{13}\mathrm{C}, 4n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$ fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 55 MeV. De-exciting $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were detected by utilizing the Indian National Gamma Array. The extracted transition probabilities and other auxiliary observations indicate that the sequence may be resulting from the antimagnetic rotational (AMR) motion of valence nucleons. The key characteristic feature of the AMR motion is the steady decrease of the $B(E2)$ transition probability with spin, which is seen in the present measured transitions for $^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions of tilted axis cranked approach based on the covariant density functional theory. It is noted that the properties of the AMR band structure for $^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$ predicted in this model analysis are in good agreement with the present experimental findings. Further, semi-classical particle-rotor model has been employed to substantiate the AMR interpretation of the observed band structure in $^{103}\mathrm{Pd}$ and it is shown that results are similar to the band structures observed in the neighboring isotopes, which have also been considered as candidates for AMR motion.

High-spin excited states of $^{135}\mathrm{Pm}$ have been investigated using the $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}(^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $2p2n$) reaction at 145-MeV beam energy. Three negative-parity bands have been investigated up to $\ensuremath{\sim}9.0\ensuremath{-}$, $7.6\ensuremath{-}$, and $6.9\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{MeV}$ excitation energies with spin parities $(55/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}})$, $(49/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}})$, and $(47/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}})\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\hbar}$, respectively. The experimental results have been interpreted using the triaxial projected shell model. It is shown that the observation of the parallel band structures can be explained in terms of crossing of two $s$ bands with the yrast band, which is a rare phenomenon for an odd-$A$ nucleus. Further, the lifetimes of levels in yrast band have been extracted using Doppler shift attenuation method. The evaluated $B(E2)$ values of yrast states show the loss of collectivity at higher spin, attributed to the alignment process.

An inelastic $\alpha$-scattering experiment on the unstable $N=Z$, doubly-magic $^{56}$Ni nucleus was performed in inverse kinematics at an incident energy of 50 A.MeV at GANIL. High multiplicity for $\alpha$-particle emission was observed within the limited phase-space of the experimental setup. This observation cannot be explained by means of the statistical-decay model. The ideal classical gas model at $kT$ = 0.4 MeV reproduces fairly well the experimental momentum distribution and the observed multiplicity of $\alpha$ particles corresponds to an excitation energy around 96 MeV. The method of distributed $m\alpha$-decay ensembles is in agreement with the experimental results if we assume that the $\alpha$-gas state in $^{56}$Ni exists at around $113^{+15}_{-17}$ MeV. These results suggest that there may exist an exotic state consisting of many $\alpha$ particles at the excitation energy of $113^{+15}_{-17}$ MeV., Comment: Accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal A

Quasi-elastic scattering measurements have been performed using 16O and 24Mg projectiles off 90Zr at energies around the Coulomb barrier. Experimental data have been analyzed in the framework of coupled channels (CC) calculations using the code CCFULL. The quasi-elastic scattering excitation function and derived barrier distribution for 16O + 90Zr reaction are well reproduced by the CC calculations using the vibrational coupling strengths for 90Zr reported in the literature. Using these vibrational coupling strengths, a Bayesian analysis is carried out for 24Mg + 90Zr reaction. The β 2 and β 4 values for 24Mg are determined to be + 0.43 ± 0.02 and − 0.11 ± 0.02 , respectively. The β 2 parameter determined in the present work is in good agreement with results obtained using inelastic scattering probes. The hexadecapole deformation of 24Mg has been measured very precisely for the first time. Present results establish that quasi-elastic scattering could provide a useful probe to determine the ground state deformation of atomic nuclei.

Inelastic ${}^{6}$Li scattering at 100 MeV/u on ${}^{12}$C and ${}^{93}$Nb have been measured with the high-resolution magnetic spectrometer Grand Raiden. The magnetic-rigidity settings of the spectrometer covered excitation energies from 10 to 40 MeV and scattering angles in the range $0^\circ < \theta_{\text{lab.}}< 2^\circ$. The isoscalar giant monopole resonance was selectively excited in the present data. Measurements free of instrumental background and the very favorable resonance-to-continuum ratio of ${}^{6}$Li scattering allowed for precise determination of the $E0$ strengths in ${}^{12}$C and ${}^{93}$Nb. It was found that the monopole strength in ${}^{12}$C exhausts $52 \pm 3^\text{(stat.)} \pm 8 ^\text{(sys.)}$\% of the energy-weighted sum rule (EWSR), which is considerably higher than results from previous $\alpha$-scattering experiments. The monopole strength in ${}^{93}$Nb exhausts $92 \pm 4^\text{(stat.)} \pm 10 ^\text{(sys.)}$\% of the EWSR, and it is consistent with measurements of nuclei with mass number of $A\approx90$. Such comparison indicates that the isoscalar giant monopole resonance distributions in these nuclei are very similar, and no influence due to nuclear structure was observed.

We report measurement of the $g$-factor for the ${11/2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isomeric state at 535 keV in $^{133}\mathrm{La}$, employing the time differential perturbed angular distribution technique (TDPAD). This isomer was populated in the reaction $^{126}\mathrm{Te}(^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $4n)^{133}\mathrm{La}$ at beam energy of 52 MeV. From the observed nuclear spin precession, analysed through combined, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine interactions, we obtain the $g$ factor for the $11/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state as $g=1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$. In addition, this analysis provides the spectroscopic quadrupole moment $|Q|=1.71\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.34\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}b$, yielding the deformation parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$. Further, we have performed theoretical calculations using the large-scale shell model and the Monte Carlo shell model. The results successfully describe the low-lying levels and the band structures of $^{133}\mathrm{La}$, and the calculated $g$ factor compares well with the values obtained from our experiment. The dominant configuration of $11/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isomeric state in $^{133}\mathrm{La}$ is inferred to be $\ensuremath{\pi}({h}_{11/2})\ensuremath{\bigotimes}^{132}\mathrm{Ba}({0}^{+})$.

Spectroscopic factors of neutron-hole and proton-hole states in 131Sn and 131In, respectively, were measured using one-nucleon removal reactions from doubly magic 132Sn at relativistic energies. For 131In, a 2910(50)-keV γ ray was observed for the first time and tentatively assigned to a decay from a 5=2− state at 3275(50) keV to the known 1=2− level at 365 keV. The spectroscopic factors determined for this new excited state and three other single-hole states provide first evidence for a strong fragmentation of singlehole strength in 131Sn and 131In. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations based on the relativistic particle-vibration coupling

Isoscalar giant resonances, being the archetypal forms of collective nuclear behavior, have been studied extensively for decades with the goal of constraining bulk nuclear properties of the equation of state, as well as for modeling dynamical behaviors within stellar environments. An important such mode is the isoscalar electric giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) that can be understood as a radially symmetric density vibration within the saturated nuclear volume. The field has a few key open questions, which have been proposed and remain unresolved. One of the more provocative questions is the extra high-energy strength in the $A\approx 90$ region, which manifested in large percentages of the $E0$ sum rule in $^{92}$Zr and $^{92}$Mo above the main ISGMR peak. The purpose of this article is to introduce these questions within the context of experimental investigations into the phenomena in the zirconium and molybdenum isotopic chains, and to address, via a discussion of previously published and preliminary results, the implications of recent experimental efforts on extraction of the nuclear incompressibility from this data., 9 pages, 7 figures, invited to be submitted to a special issue of EPJA honoring Prof. P. F. Bortignon

Spectroscopic factors of neutron-hole and proton-hole states in ^{131}Sn and ^{131}In, respectively, were measured using one-nucleon removal reactions from doubly magic ^{132}Sn at relativistic energies. For ^{131}In, a 2910(50)-keV γ ray was observed for the first time and tentatively assigned to a decay from a 5/2^{-} state at 3275(50) keV to the known 1/2^{-} level at 365 keV. The spectroscopic factors determined for this new excited state and three other single-hole states provide first evidence for a strong fragmentation of single-hole strength in ^{131}Sn and ^{131}In. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations based on the relativistic particle-vibration coupling model and to experimental information for single-hole states in the stable doubly magic nucleus ^{208}Pb.

Lifetimes of excited states of the ground-state rotational band in the $^{136}\mathrm{Sm}$ nucleus have been measured up to ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={20}^{+}$ using the Doppler-shift attenuation method. The states were populated in the reaction $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$($^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $1p2n$) at 145-MeV beam energy and the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted from the excited states were detected using the Indian National Gamma Array at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. The extracted transitional quadrupole moments indicate a reduction of collectivity with increasing spin after the band crossing. The results have been compared with the predictions of the cranked shell model as well as the triaxial projected shell-model calculations and indicate that the nucleus evolves from prolate $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-soft to a stable triaxially deformed shape after the first and the second crossing involving $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}^{2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}^{2}$ configurations, respectively.

Garrett et al. systematically investigated band-crossing frequencies resulting from the rotational alignment of the first pair of i13/2 neutrons (AB) in rare-earth nuclei. In that study, evidence was found for an odd-even neutron number dependence attributed to changes in the strength of neutron pairing correlations. The present paper carries out a similar investigation at higher rotational frequencies for the second pair of aligning i13/2 neutrons (BC). Again, a systematic difference in band-crossing frequencies is observed between odd-N and even-N Er, Yb, Hf, and W nuclei, but in the BC case, it is opposite to the AB neutron-number dependence. These results are discussed in terms of a reduction of neutron pairing correlations at high rotational frequencies and of the effects of Pauli blocking on the pairing field by higher-seniority configurations. Also playing a significant role are the changes in deformation with proton and neutron numbers, the changes in location of single-particle orbitals as a function of quadrupole deformation, and the position of the Fermi surface with regard to the various ω components of the neutron i13/2 shell.

High-spin states in Zr89 were populated in the Se80(C13,4n) reaction, and γ-ray coincidences were measured using the Indian National Gamma Array. The level scheme of Zr89 has been extended up to spin I=49/2 with the observation of a new dipole band. Directional correlation and polarization asymmetries of the γ rays have been measured to determine spin and parity of the levels. Line shapes of several transitions have been analyzed to determine lifetimes of the levels. Possible configurations of the band have been discussed using the cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model. The calculations suggest a triaxial shape of the nucleus at high spins, and the band may represent rotation of the nucleus about the longest axis.

Excited states of the $^{61}\mathrm{Ni}$ ($Z=28,N=33$) nucleus have been probed using heavy-ion-induced fusion evaporation reaction and an array of Compton suppressed germanium (clover) detectors as detection system for the emitted $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. Seventeen new transitions have been identified and placement of six transitions have been modified with respect to the previous measurements, following which the level scheme of the nucleus has been extended up to an excitation energy ${E}_{x}\ensuremath{\approx}7$ MeV and spin $\ensuremath{\approx}10\ensuremath{\hbar}$. Higher excitations involving the ${g}_{9/2}$ orbital in the $fpg$ model space have been established. The experimental results on the level structure of the nucleus have been interpreted in the light of large basis shell model calculations that lead to an understanding of the single particle configurations underlying the level structure of the nucleus. The comparison can be suggestive of further refinements in the shell model interactions for better overlap of the theoretical results with the experimental data.

The yrast and a few of the yrare negative-parity states in the 49V nucleus have been investigated employing the 27Al(28Si, α2p)49V reaction. Most of the levels and the deexciting γ rays, reported earlier in 49V, have been observed in this measurement using the Indian National Gamma Array (INGA) spectrometer. Mean lifetimes up to the band-terminating state have been extracted following Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM), and reduced transition probabilities have been deduced. Large Scale Shell Model (LSSM) calculations in the full fp shell employing various effective interactions with no restrictions imposed on the valence orbitals have been performed. The results that have been obtained from calculations are in fair agreement with the experimentally obtained values.

Background: Inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering is important for understanding core-collapse supernovae and the detection of emitted neutrinos from such events in earth-based detectors. Direct measurement of the cross sections is difficult and has only been performed on a few nuclei. It is, therefore, important to develop indirect techniques from which the inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections can be determined. Purpose: This paper presents a development of the (Li-6,Li-6*[T = 1, T-z = 0, 0(+), 3.56 MeV]) reaction at 100 MeV/u as a probe for isolating the isovector spin-transfer response in the inelastic channel (Delta S = 1, Delta T = 1, Delta T-z = 0) from which the Gamow-Teller transition strengths from nuclei of relevance for inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections can be extracted. Method: By measuring the Li-6 ejectile in a magnetic spectrometer and selecting events in which the 3.56 MeV gamma ray from the decay of the Li-6*[3.56 MeV] state is detected, the isovector spin-transfer selectivity is obtained. High-purity germanium clover detectors served to detect the gamma rays. Doppler reconstruction was used to determine the gamma energy in the rest frame of Li-6. From the Li-6 and 3.56 MeV gamma-momentum vectors the excitation energy of the residual nucleus was determined. Results: In the study of the C-12(Li-6,Li-6*[3.56 MeV]) reaction, the isovector spin-transfer excitation-energy spectrum in the inelastic channel was successfully measured. The strong Gamow-Teller state in C-12 at 15.1 MeV was observed. Comparisons with the analog C-12(Li-6,He-6) reaction validate the method of extracting the Gamow-Teller strength. In measurements of the Mg-24, Nb-93(Li-6,Li-6*[3.56 MeV]) reactions, the 3.56 MeV gamma peak could not be isolated from the strong background in the gamma spectrum from the decay of the isoscalar excitations. It is argued that by using a gamma-ray tracking array instead of a clover array, it is feasible to extend the mass range over which the (Li-6,Li-6*) reaction can be used for extracting the isovector spin-transfer response up to mass numbers of similar to 25 and perhaps higher. Conclusions: It is demonstrated that the (Li-6,Li-6*[3.56 MeV]) reaction probe can be used to isolate the inelastic isovector spin-transfer response in nuclei. Application to nuclei with mass numbers of about 25 or more, however, will require a more efficient gamma-ray array with a better tracking capability.

This paper reports on an investigation on the level structure of the odd-mass $^{29}\mathrm{Al}$ nucleus populated via heavy-ion induced fusion evaporation reaction. Rotational sequences with fast magnetic dipole transitions have been identified. These sequences exhibit the essential characteristic features of magnetic-rotation-like behavior, which has been corroborated through lifetime measurements using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The sequences also show features exhibited by axially deformed nuclei. Thus, the level structure presents the possibility of existence of multifaceted excitation modes in $^{29}\mathrm{Al}$, which are believed to be the first of its kind observed in the $A\ensuremath{\approx}$ 30 region. Shell model calculations, carried out within the $sd$-model space, qualitatively reproduce the experimental observations.

The isoscalar giant monopole, dipole, and quadrupole strength distributions have been deduced in $^{90,92}\mathrm{Zr}$ and $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$ from ``background-free'' spectra of inelastic $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle scattering at a beam energy of 385 MeV at extremely forward angles, including ${0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. These strength distributions were extracted by a multipole-decomposition analysis based on the expected angular distributions of the respective multipoles. All these strength distributions for the three nuclei practically coincide with each other, affirming that giant resonances, being collective phenomena, are not influenced by nuclear shell structure near $A\ensuremath{\sim}90$, contrary to the claim in a recent measurement.

Excited states of the $^{64}\mathrm{Cu}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(Z=29,N=35)$ nucleus have been probed using heavy-ion-induced fusion evaporation reaction and an array of Compton-suppressed Clovers as detection system for the emitted $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. More than 50 new transitions have been identified and the level scheme of the nucleus has been established up to an excitation energy ${E}_{x}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}6$ MeV and spin $\ensuremath{\sim}10\ensuremath{\hbar}$. The experimental results have been compared with those from large-basis shell-model calculations that facilitated an understanding of the single-particle configurations underlying the level structure of the nucleus.

The Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonance (ISGMR) and the Isoscalar Giant Dipole Resonance (ISGDR) compression modes have been studied in the doubly-magic unstable nucleus 56Ni. They were measured by inelastic α-particle scattering in inverse kinematics at 50MeV/u with the MAYA active target at the GANIL facility. The centroid of the ISGMR has been obtained at Ex=19.1 ±0.5MeV. Evidence for the low-lying part of the ISGDR has been found at Ex=17.4 ±0.7MeV. The strength distribution for the dipole mode shows similarity with the prediction from the Hartree–Fock (HF) based random-phase approximation (RPA)[1]. These measurements confirm inelastic α-particle scattering as a suitable probe for exciting the ISGMR and the ISGDR modes in radioactive isotopes in inverse kinematics This work was supported by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR (contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany, and the United States National Science Foundation (Grants Number PHY-1068192 and PHY-1419765) SI

The isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) strength distribution in $^{24}$Mg has been determined from background-free inelastic scattering of 386-MeV $\alpha$ particles at extreme forward angles, including 0$^{\circ}$. The ISGMR strength distribution has been observed for the first time to have a two-peak structure in a light-mass nucleus. This splitting of ISGMR strength is explained well by microscopic theory in terms of the prolate deformation of the ground state of $^{24}$Mg., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; to be published in Phys. Lett. B

The high-spin states in $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$, populated using the reaction $^{130}\mathrm{Te}(^{7}\mathrm{Li},4n)$ with 45-MeV beam energy, have been extended up to an excitation energy of 5.265 MeV using the Indian National Gamma Array. The observed one- and three-quasiparticle bands in $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$, built on the $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{7/2}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}{d}_{5/2}$; and ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{7/2}\ensuremath{\pi}{d}_{5/2})}^{1}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ configurations, respectively, have similar structure as seen in the lighter odd-$A$ Cs isotopes. The experimental level scheme has been compared with the large-scale shell model calculation without truncation using the $jj55pna$ interaction, showing a good agreement for both positive- and negative-parity states.

Excited states in the $^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$ nucleus were investigated through the $^{75}\mathrm{As}(^{31}\mathrm{P},2p3n)$ fusion-evaporation reaction at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=125$ MeV by using the Indian National Gamma Array spectrometer equipped with 21 clover Ge detectors. The level scheme is considerably extended for medium spin values. New positive-parity band structures in $^{101}\mathrm{Pd}$ have been studied within the framework of the projected shell model and are found to undergo transition from single quasiparticle to high-$K$ three quasiparticle configuration after band crossing, i.e., from principal-axis rotation to tilted-axis rotation. The negative-parity band structures are discussed in the framework of the hybrid version of tilted-axis cranking shell model calculations. The observed alignment gain in the lowest excited $\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ negative-parity band results from successive ${(\ensuremath{\nu}{g}_{7/2})}^{2}$ and ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{9/2})}^{2}$ pair alignments. The higher excited negative-parity bands are reproduced for the $\ensuremath{\nu}[{h}_{11/2}{({g}_{7/2}/{d}_{5/2})}^{2}]$ and ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{9/2})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ configurations.

The (10Be,10B [1.74 MeV]) charge-exchange reaction at 100 AMeV is presented as a new probe for isolating the isovector (ΔT = 1) non-spin-transfer (ΔS = 0) response of nuclei, with 28Si being the rst nucleus studied. By using a secondary 10Be beam produced by fast fragmentation of 18O nuclei at the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility, applying the dispersion-matching technique with the S800 magnetic spectrometer to determine the excitation energy in 28Al, and performing high- resolution -ray tracking with the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking Array (GRETINA) to identify the 1022-keV ray associated with the decay from the 1.74-MeV T = 1 isobaric analog state in 10B, a ΔS = 0 excitation-energy spectrum in 28Al was extracted. Monopole and dipole contributions were determined through a multipole-decomposition analysis, and the isovector giant dipole (IVGDR) and monopole (IVGMR) resonances were identi ed. The results show that this probe is a powerful tool for studying the elusive IVGMR, which is of interest for performing stringent tests of modern density functional theories at high excitation energies and for constraining the bulk properties of nuclei and nuclear matter. The extracted distributions were compared with theoretical calculations based on the normal-modes formalism and the proton-neutron relativistic time-blocking approximation. Calculated cross sections based on these strengths underestimate the data by about a factor of two, which likely indicates de ciencies in the reaction calculations based on the distorted wave Born approximation.

Clinical laboratory assays using mass spectrometry are invariably developed in-house. Careful attention must therefore be given to both regulatory requirements and standards of professional practice regarding the validation, quality control, and competency/compliance aspects of offering, such assays. Here we review multiple guidelines and sources of information regarding this process: from federal requirements of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA), accreditation requirements of the College of American Pathologists (CAP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance related to the pharmaceutical industry, and recommendations/reviews from the literature. We also discuss proposals for new FDA regulations regarding laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) that may have dramatic impact on clinical laboratories that utilize mass spectrometry. Only liquid and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry are discussed in this chapter.

Trace metals are inorganic micronutrients that are required, by humans, in very low concentrations. They act as cofactors for the proper functioning of many enzymes and other proteins. Their deficiency leads to specific signs and symptoms. Sometimes trace metals deficiency is not dietary, but is due to defects in intestinal absorption, transport, or recycling. Direct measurement of trace metals or other tests such as enzyme assays and molecular testing are used to confirm the clinical suspicion of trace metal deficiency. In this chapter, metabolic disorders of various trace metals including zinc, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium are discussed. Confounding factors that may mimic trace metal deficiency are also discussed.

Hyperammonemia, characterized by excess ammonia in the blood, can be a life-threatening condition. Clinical symptoms are nonspecific, and include poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, tachypnea, seizures, obtundation, and respiratory insufficiency. Hyperammonemia is due to defect in detoxification or overproduction of ammonia. Defects in the urea cycle lead to the most severe hyperammonemia. Other causes of hyperammonemia include various metabolic defects such as certain organic acidurias, fatty acid oxidation defects, drugs and liver disease. The most important diagnostic test for the diagnosis of hyperammonemia is measuring plasma ammonia. Various biomarkers are used for the differential diagnosis of hyperammonia. They include plasma and urine amino acid profiles, urine organic acid profiles, and plasma acylcarnitine profiles. Management of acute hyperammonia includes discontinuation of protein intake, and treatment with nitrogen scavengers and glucose. Arginine is administrated in all urea cycle defects except arginase deficiency. Disease follow-up biomarkers include plasma ammonia levels, specific amino acids, and urine orotic acid. Since patients are on a low protein diet, markers of nutritional deficiency are also monitored.

Vitamins and cofactors are essential for the health and development of humans. Most are not synthesized by humans and must be obtained from exogenous sources. They are involved in a number of biochemical functions, mostly as enzyme cofactors. For their actions, they must be transported to specific intracellular sites. Deficiencies of vitamins and cofactors could be nutritional or due to inborn errors of metabolism of intracellular recycling or storage. In this chapter, inborn errors of metabolism of various vitamins and cofactors including thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7), and cobalamin (vitamin B12) are discussed. Confounding factors that may mimic inborn errors of metabolism are also discussed.

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are genetic disorders of intermediary metabolism that result in metabolic defects due to deficiency of enzymes, membrane transporters, or other functional proteins. Many of these disorders are detected through newborn screening or clinical suspicion. Laboratory tests and use of biomarkers are essential in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with IEM. Specialized tests are not available in most hospitals, and need special attention in specimen collection, processing, and transport. Routine tests, although not necessarily diagnostic, are important in initial patient management and in providing guidance for further testing and management. Furthermore, there may be conditions that present with biochemical findings that mimic or confound a diagnosis. Unlike routine laboratory tests that are generally automated, most biochemical genetics tests are developed in-house. Method development and quality control can be challenging due to lack of standardized reagents and limited availability of external assessment programs. Treatment and prognosis of these disorders varies significantly, from dietary management to enzyme replacement therapies.