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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect leisure mobilities globally In Australia, the pandemic has radically influenced the mobilities of domestic tourists, with travellers subjected to dynamic and intermittent restrictions on both intrastate and interstate movement since March, 2020 This paper reports on the findings of a study conducted between June and July 2020 that explored Australians’ intentions to participate in tourism as COVID-19 leisure travel restrictions eased It reveals that the participants sought to shift from modes of transport that involve high risks of exposure to other tourists, including cruise ships and air travel, to private, smaller-scale forms of leisure mobility such as cars and campervans The paper draws from this trend to offer recommendations that champion both the experiential qualities of tourist automobilities and the positioning of private vehicles as temporary facilitators of safer mobilities that may also support wellbeing These recommendations are afforded additional significance by the opportunities they imply for the stimulation of regional tourism economies severely affected by the unstable and volatile mobilities of the COVID-19 pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Leisure Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

Background Childhood poverty and adverse experiences contribute to child vulnerability, hindering healthy childhood growth and development pathways. Currently, the evidence on adversities related to vulnerable and homeless children's health and social needs in Tanzania is limited as a result of the complex social, economic, and political environment. Objectives This review investigates the biopsychosocial indicators of health and social needs related to vulnerable and homeless children facing poverty and a range of adversities in Tanzania. The main objective is to conduct a scoping review of the published literature to identify key evidence and to suggest future research needs.MethodsA data search was undertaken between May and September 2020. Data sources included literature identified through electronic databases, such as CINAHL, Pub Med, Psych Info, and Medline. Further additional studies were located through a manual search of an organisational website and reference list. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were: (i) Published in the English language; (ii) Peer-reviewed and published within the past 10 years; (iii) Subjects included children aged from 0-18 years who were vulnerable due to poverty and a range of adversities; and iv) Studies conducted only in Tanzania. The five-step scoping review process was followed, as developed by Arksey and Malley (2005). Data were analysed using thematic analysis, and conceptualised using the third iteration of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory to identify the indicators relating to vulnerable and homeless children's health and social needs (1, 2). Results Three themes were identified in the literature, including the increasing burden of disease and mortality, poor access to service delivery for vulnerable and homeless children, and a lack of adherence to local and national policies to protect children. The articles collated with similar themes were presented together. These themes were conceptualized using the third iteration of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory.Conclusion There is a need for greater investment in public health measures to detect vulnerable and homeless children's clinical risks, particularly given the COVID-19 pandemic which has exacerbated childhood adversities, with implications for children's overall health in Tanzania. Further research should explore ways to forge links for program implementation between multi-sector stakeholders and primary healthcare systems through early recognition of indicators and reduction of alienation within communities. This will enhance health and social support care for vulnerable and homeless children.

Leadership in public health is necessary, relevant, and important as it enables the engagement, management, and transformation of complex public health challenges at a national level, as well as collaborating with internal stakeholders to address global public health threats. The research literature recommends exploring the journey of public health leaders and the factors influencing leadership development, especially in developing countries. Thus, we aimed to develop a grounded theory on individual leadership development in the Nepalese context. For this, we adopted constructivist grounded theory, and conducted 46 intensive interviews with 22 public health officials working under the Ministry of Health, Nepal. Data were analysed by adopting the principles of Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory. The theory developed from this study illustrates four phases of leadership development within an individual–initiation, identification, development, and expansion. The ’initial phase’ is about an individual’s wishes to be a leader without a formal role or acknowledgement, where family environment, social environment and individual characteristics play a role in influencing the actualisation of leadership behaviours. The ’identification phase’ involves being identified as a public health official after having formal position in health-related organisations. The ’development’ phase is about developing core leadership capabilities mostly through exposure and experiences. The ’expansion’ phase describes expanding leadership capabilities and recognition mostly by continuous self-directed learning. The grounded theory provides insights into the meaning and actions of participants’ professional experiences and highlighted the role of individual characteristics, family and socio-cultural environment, and workplace settings in the development of leadership capabilities. It has implications for academia to fulfill the absence of leadership theory in public health and is significant to fulfill the need of leadership models grounded in the local context of Asian countries.

Research efforts in the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on the actual and potential impacts on societies, economies, sectors, and governments. Less attention was paid to the experiences of individuals and less still to the impact of COVID-19 on an individual’s wellbeing. This research addresses this gap by utilising a holistic wellbeing framework to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the overall wellbeing of individuals in the Australian state of South Australia through an online survey. The research framework for the survey comprises six dimensions: psychological and emotional health, physical health, living standards, family and community vitality, governance, and ecological diversity and resilience. The results show that most respondents (71%) were able to maintain overall wellbeing during the pandemic. However, more than a half of the respondents could not maintain wellbeing in psychological and emotional health. Further examination of the drivers of inability to maintain overall wellbeing reveals that low-income individuals, younger respondents (aged 18–24) and women suffer disproportionate hardships. Defining poverty in terms of multi-dimensional deprivations in wellbeing enables a nuanced analysis of the unequal impacts of COVID-19 mitigation policies that can be used to improve policymaking.

The internal migration of Bengali people to the CHT since the 1970s has been a significant factor in the long-standing ethnopolitical conflict in this region. The prevailing view is that while poverty and environmental disasters were push factors in this migration, government settlement programmes were primarily responsible for this population shift. This article offers a fresh perspective on this historic migration by exploring its environmental causes. It shows through an analysis of a questionnaire survey and interviews with Bengali settlers in the CHT that climatic events such as floods, cyclones, and riverbank erosion contributed to the migration decisions of the majority of the respondents. Government protection and provision of land and social networks in the CHT were mediating factors that enabled Bengali migrants to settle permanently in the CHT. This insight challenges the conventional narrative that the settlement was primarily politically motivated and confirms that complex migration motivations cannot be reduced to single drivers.

Timor-Leste's nation-building process faces significant demographic challenges because of its current and prospective population dynamics. Based on the 2010 census data this paper projects the demographic structure of Timor-Leste by 2030 and discusses the impact of the same on peace, development and environmental sustainability. This paper projects that Timor-Leste's population will increase from 1.06 million in 2010 to 1.82 million in 2030, and because of a slow decline in total fertility rates, its population characteristics will remain that of a very youthful country with an extraordinarily high dependency ratio. Timor-Leste will have extremely high proportion of excess labour, high concentration of uneducated and jobless youth in small urban areas and an ever-increasing demand on natural resources in the next two decades. In the context of poor performing domestic economy, very low formal sector employment and weak environmental governance, these challenges may well contribute to social conflict which is evident in the nation's recent past. This paper is an attempt to reflect upon the implications of Timor-Leste's population dynamics by 2030 on urbanisation, economy (labour market) and the environment which tend to have a strong relationship with social stability.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Using information collected through semi-structured questionnaires in 483 households, this paper examines the relationships between livelihood risks and livelihood capitals amongst rural farming communities in China’s Shiyang River Basin. Based on an index system of livelihood risks (health, environmental, financial, social, information and connectivity risks) and livelihood capitals (human, physical and natural, financial and social capitals), relationships are measured and evaluated through a linear regression model. Results suggest that health risk and social risk have clear negative effects on livelihood capitals. This finding may support evidence-based policies intended to reduce health risk and social risk threats as well as underpinning improvements in rural farmers’ capacities to withstand livelihood risk and to enhance well-being. View Full-Text

The aim of this chapter is to present innovations associated with the linkage of statistics and well-being and human development, where the contexts of application are poor countries, and where there is a further linkage with international efforts to tackle multidimensional poverty. The chapter begins with background information focused on the following themes: recent developments in the search for innovations; flaws in the assumptions of the existing metric (GDP); the importance of process data and its linkage with subjectivity; innovations in the human development index (HDI) system; subjective/processual breakthrough enabled by the gross national happiness system; and a brief introduction to the Flinders University statistical innovation developed to assess people's experiences of development. The chapter then presents the technical details of this innovation, operationalized in calculating human well-being in Timor-Leste, and in the Indian state of Assam. This section covers the computation of the HDI of a section of the population defined by age, namely, the population of the youth of Timor-Leste. No previous attempt is known to have been made to compute HDI for a section of the population defined by age. The final part of the chapter describes the quantification of well-being, which was operationalized as the human well-being index in Assam. This index is presented as a complementary component of the HDI system. It represents the first time a National Human Development Report has attempted to measure well-being, a subjective aspect of the quality-of-life, through developing a dedicated index.

Using data collected from semi-structured interviews with 485 households, this research evaluates the effect of perceived livelihood risk on livelihood strategies within farming households in China&rsquo, s Shiyang River Basin. Perceived livelihood risk was evaluated by establishing an index system of livelihood risk (health, environmental, financial, social, and information and connectivity risks). Different livelihood strategies were identified, including reducing consumption, seeking help from relatives and friends, securing loans, seeking employment, and converting assets into cash. The effect of perceived livelihood risk on livelihood strategies was measured and evaluated using multinomial logistic regression. The results indicate that the effect of different perceived livelihood risk on livelihood strategies varies. Personality traits, as well as perceived health risk, financial risk, social risk, and environmental risk influence livelihood strategies, while perceived information risk and connectivity risk do not appear to have obvious relationships to livelihood strategies. Finally, we present proposals for ensuring farmers&rsquo, livelihood strategies are more effective.

The nation-building process of Timor-Leste the newest nation in Asia faces significant demographic challenges due to its high population growth which is the fastest in Asia. The major contributor for this unprecedented growth is the extremely high total fertility rate of Timor-Leste among the highest in the world. It is of great concern that if the current fertility rate and its implied population growth continue the population of Timor-Leste will double in 17years. The analysis in this paper clearly shows that the current extremely high dependency ratio will decline only marginally in the next 10years and this will put tremendous pressure on the government to constantly keep up with the increasing number of children entering school every year. However as the intrinsic value of human resource development feeds back into the overall society and economy an adequate public investment in knowledge-producing services at the earliest stages of life and throughout that life has the potential to change the demographic concern of Timor-Leste into a future demographic dividend.

We identify the 10 major terrestrial and marine ecosystems in Australia most vulnerable to tipping points, in which modest environmental changes can cause disproportionately large changes in ecosystem properties. To accomplish this we independently surveyed the coauthors of this paper to produce a list of candidate ecosystems, and then refined this list during a 2-day workshop. The list includes (1) elevationally restricted mountain ecosystems, (2) tropical savannas, (3) coastal floodplains and wetlands, (4) coral reefs, (5) drier rainforests, (6) wetlands and floodplains in the Murray-Darling Basin, (7) the Mediterranean ecosystems of southwestern Australia, (8) offshore islands, (9) temperate eucalypt forests, and (10) salt marshes and mangroves. Some of these ecosystems are vulnerable to widespread phase-changes that could fundamentally alter ecosystem properties such as habitat structure, species composition, fire regimes, or carbon storage. Others appear susceptible to major changes across only part of their geographic range, whereas yet others are susceptible to a large-scale decline of key biotic components, such as small mammals or stream-dwelling amphibians. For each ecosystem we consider the intrinsic features and external drivers that render it susceptible to tipping points, and identify subtypes of the ecosystem that we deem to be especially vulnerable.

Timor-Leste, the newest nation in Asia stands out demographically. The nation-building process of Timor-Leste faces significant demographic challenges due to the population growth which is the fastest in Asia and almost the fastest in the world. This unprecedented growth is primarily an outcome of the extremely high total fertility rate of Timor-Leste which is amongst the highest in the world. Amidst the worrying socio-economic condition in this new nation, it is of great concern that if the current fertility rate and its implied population growth continue as predicted, the population of Timor-Leste will double in 17 years. This paper offers an insight into the future of Timor-Leste’s demography with a particular focus on the impact of rapid pace of population growth on the health sector. The analysis is largely based on 2004 census data, as well as drawing on the broader literature and qualitative research already carried out by the lead author into the reasons behind high fertility in Timor-Leste. On this basis, the authors extrapolate key impacts of this projected population growth, and implications for the health sector.

(2008). Gender, Development and HIV/AIDS in Vietnam: Towards an Alternative Response Model among Women Sex Workers. Asian Journal of Women's Studies: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 98-119.

The present study to assess the technology adoption behaviour of farmers of different land based enterprises under diversified farming system was conducted in Sonitpur district of Assam, India. A sample size of 135 farmer respondents was drawn from three Agricultural Sub-Divisions of the district by using proportionate random sampling technique. The study shows that among the socio-economic variables under study, except age, other variables namely; education, extension contact and annual income were found having positively significant correlation with technology adoption of all the selected enterprises, while the variable operational land holding had shown positive and significant relation with rice cultivation and dairy farming. The study further reveals that economic motivation and innovation proneness were the two psychological variables which had positive and significant correlation with technology adoption of all selected four enterprises. While variables-risk orientation, decision making ability and attitude towards farm diversification of the respondents had positively significant association with technology adoption of dairy and fishery, fishery and rice, vegetable and fishery respectively under diversified farming system.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Background: Due to the multifaceted aspect of child malnutrition, a comprehensive approach, taking social factors into account, has been frequently recommended in health literature. The Alma-Ata declaration explicitly outlined comprehensive primary health care as an approach that addresses the social, economic and political causes of poor health and nutrition. Iran as a signatory country to the Alma Ata Declaration has established primary health care since 1979 with significant progress on many health indicators during the last three decades. However, the primary health care system is still challenged to reduce inequity in conditions such as child malnutrition which trace back to social factors. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of the Iranian health stakeholders with respect to the Iranian primary health care performance and actions to move towards a comprehensive approach in addressing childhood malnutrition. Health stakeholders are defined as those who affect or can be affected by health system, for example health policy-makers, health providers or health service recipients. Methods: Stakeholder analysis approach was undertaken using a qualitative research method. Different levels of stakeholders, including health policy-makers, health providers and community members were interviewed as either individuals or focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to interpret and compare/contrast the viewpoints of the study participants. Results: The results demonstrated that fundamental differences exist in the perceptions of different health stakeholders in the understanding of comprehensive notion and action. Health policy-makers mainly believed in the need for a secure health management environment and the necessity for a whole of the government approach to enhance collaborative action. Community health workers, on the other hand, indicated that staff motivation, advocacy and involvement are the main challenges need to be addressed. Turning to community stakeholders, greater emphasis has been placed on community capabilities, informal link with other social sectors based on trust and local initiatives. Conclusion: This research provided a picture of the differences in the perceptions and values of different stakeholders with respect to primary health care concepts. The study suggests that a top-down approach, which still exists among health policymakers, is a key obstacle that delays, and possibly worse, undermines the implementation of the comprehensive strategy codified by the Alma-Ata Declaration. A need to revitalise primary health care to use its full potential and to combine top-down and bottom-up approaches by narrowing the gap between perceptions of policy makers and those who provide and receive healthrelated services is crucial.

Global statistics of HIV/AIDS infection reveals the disastrous effects of discrimination against women in the area of human health. Women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS reflects their wider social, economic and sexual disadvantages compared to their male counterpart. Although the gender context of HIV/AIDS has received a considerable attention recently, however, in case of Vietnam gender aspects of the epidemic have still been a neglected area of research. Little is known about how gender affects the epidemic as well as how the epidemic affects the life of women. This paper reveals that the gender context of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Vietnam has a much complex reality. Institutions, social norms and opportunity structures, of which “Doi Moi” [Renovation] has become an integral part, combine to create new norms and conditions put women more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. A gendered strategy is crucial in order to successfully fight against the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The publisher regrets that the co-author Samantha Setterfield name was not included in the original version of the article. The author list mentioned above is the corrected version.