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The paper presents the result of the study of the effect of surgical treatment of age-related cataract on the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of the work is to develop a method for evaluating the effect of surgical cataract treatment on the progression of age-related macular degeneration. In 82 patients (93 eyes), the infl uence of the parameters of phacoemulsifi cation (PHACO), as well as operational and postoperative complications on the progression of AMD, was studied. It has been established that the risk factors for the progression of AMD after surgical treatment are Buratto lens core density, operation time, irrigation fl uid volume, cumulative scattered energy (mean power and linear ultrasound exposure and mean torsion amplitude and torsion time) and postoperative infl ammatory response. A scale was developed for assessing the progression of age-related malular degeneration after surgical treatment of cataracts.

This paper considers some theoretical provisions on the impact ultrasonic mechanical vibrations have on the throughput of an electroerosive piercing of small-diameter holes. The approximate estimates confirm the hypothesis that the cumulative jets mechanism makes the greatest contribution to the intensification of a multiphase medium flow in the interelectrode gap. A model is proposed for a periodic localization of the cavitation region in the bottom part of the annular side gap. It allows explaining the occurrence of a multiphase medium flow during hole processing.

Mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens) is widely used in agriculture as a green allowance and in crop rotation, due to its ability to fix nitrogen and recover degraded areas; without embargo, there is a slow and uneven germination. This study used some classical methods, together with the use of low-frequency ultrasound to accelerate and homogenize the germination and emergence of the seeds. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Cultivation Laboratory of the Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil. The design used was a completely randomized one, with five replications, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, the factors being: three pre-treatments for latency break: mechanical scarification, thermal scarification, and without scarification with six levels of ultrasound exposure: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 min, totaling 18 treatments. For eight days the germination and the initial stages of the seedlings were controlled. The method without scarification subjected to 4.5 min of ultrasound can become an excellent alternative, since it presented greater germination vigor, while 3.14 min of exposure to ultrasound were enough to improve the emergence speed, regardless of the method used in the preparation of seeds. In conclusion, only with the use of low-frequency ultrasound, it is possible to improve both the germination speed index and the germination vigor, without the need for additional treatments.

The first part of this CME article (issue 5/20) provided a detailed examination of the biophysical effects of ultrasound waves, the exposure values, and in particular the thermal effect. In vivo and in vitro measurements have shown that the temperature increase in tissue associated with B-mode ultrasound is far too low to pose a potential risk. Even experiments with exposure values in the range of pulsed Doppler have shown that temperature increases of over 1.5 °C can only occur in areas in direct contact with the probe, thus making a limited exposure time particularly in the case of transvaginal application advisable. The second part of this CME article describes various laboratory and animal experiments for evaluating non-thermal effects and also presents the most important epidemiological studies in the last 30 years in the form of an overview and review. In addition to direct insonation of isolated cells to examine possible mutagenic effects, the blood of patients exposed in vivo to ultrasound was also analyzed in multiple experiments. Reproducible chromosome aberrations could not be found in any of the studies. In contrast, many experiments on pregnant rodents showed some significant complications, such as abortion, deformities, and behavioral disorders. As in the case of thermal effects, the results of these experiments indicate the presence of an intensity- or pressure-dependent effect threshold. Numerous epidemiological studies examining possible short-term and long-term consequences after intrauterine ultrasound exposure are available with the most important studies being discussed in the following. In contrast to information presented incorrectly in the secondary literature and in the lay press, health problems could not be seen in the children observed in the postpartum period in any of these studies. Im ersten Teil dieses CME-Artikels (Heft 5/20) waren die biophysikalischen Effekte von Ultraschallwellen, die Expositionsgrosen und insbesondere die Warmewirkung ausfuhrlich behandelt worden. In-vivo- und In-vitro-Messungen hatten gezeigt, dass insbesondere die mit dem B-Modus einhergehende Temperaturerhohung im Gewebe weit unterhalb jeglichen Gefahrdungspotenzials lag. Selbst aus Versuchen mit Expositionen im Leistungsbereich gepulster Doppler war hervorgegangen, dass lediglich im direkten Kontaktbereich der Sonden Temperaturerhohungen von uber 1,5 °C auftreten konnen – Erwarmungen, die insbesondere bei transvaginaler Applikation eine zeitliche Befristung der Expositionsdauer nahelegen. Dieser zweite Teil des CME-Artikels beschreibt zum einen verschiedene Labor- und Tierversuche zur Evaluierung von nichtthermischen Effekten und stellt des Weiteren die wichtigsten epidemiologischen Studien der letzten 30 Jahre in Form eines Uberblicks und Reviews vor. Neben der direkten Beschallung von isolierten Zellen zur Untersuchung eventueller mutagener Folgen war in mehreren Versuchen auch das Blut von in vivo exponierten Patienten analysiert worden. In keiner der Studien konnte reproduzierbar eine Chromosomenaberration gefunden werden. Demgegenuber zeigten viele Versuche an trachtigen Nagern teils signifikante Komplikationen, wie Aborte und Fehlbildungen der Nachkommen sowie Verhaltensauffalligkeiten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Versuche deuten – vergleichbar mit den thermischen Effekten – auf das Vorhandensein einer leistungs- oder druckabhangigen Wirkungsschwelle hin. Epidemiologische Studien zur Untersuchung etwaiger Kurz- und Langzeitfolgen nach intrauterinen Ultraschallexpositionen stehen in groser Vielzahl zur Verfugung, wobei die wichtigsten Arbeiten nachfolgend besprochen werden. Anders als in der Sekundarliteratur und in der Laienpresse teilweise verfalscht wiedergegeben, konnte in keiner dieser Studien eine gesundheitliche Beeintrachtigung der post partum beobachteten Kinder gefunden werden.

Despite formal ultrasound training becoming prevalent in preclinical medical student education, significant barriers remain to the continuation of this training during clinical years. We sought to develop a program for third-year medical students to continue ultrasound training after an already robust preclinical ultrasound curriculum and evaluate their scanning confidence after participation. We developed a program to facilitate bedside ultrasound scanning of patients being cared for by third-year students. Students identified appropriate patients to be scanned, obtained consent for scanning, and determined which scans were most appropriate given the patient's clinical problems. Trained facilitators met with students at the bedside in 1-hour sessions called Gel Rounds to observe and direct the students' scans of their patients. Fifty-one students were surveyed after completing Gel Rounds. Students were significantly more likely to feel comfortable with independently acquiring and interpreting images after Gel Rounds than before completing the activity. Approximately 67% of students felt that ultrasound had utility in assisting bedside clinical reasoning, and this proportion did not change significantly after completing Gel Rounds. Gel Rounds was a positive continuation of the ultrasound curriculum into the third-year clerkship environment. A minority of students reported prior ultrasound exposure in their third year, reflecting difficulty with developing a longitudinal curriculum. The activity helped students to independently acquire and interpret images in patients. Because Gel Rounds can be performed at the discretion of students and faculty, it fits naturally in a variety of existing longitudinal curricula.

Relevance.This article presents the results of a study of the process of sucrose inversion in vegetable and fruit monocomponent purees with and without sucrose under the influence of ultrasonic action on them.Methods.For the study, experimental samples of carrot, pumpkin and Apple puree of two types were made – a monocomponent natural puree (without sugar) and puree with the addition of 5% sucrose (by weight). The main part of the study was to study the depth of sucrose inversion in experimental samples, depending on the specified parameters of ultrasound exposure at a frequency of 21.6 kHz for 30 minutes on a laboratory cavitation unit in a flow-through cyclic mode.Results.It was found that in all experimental samples, the amount of total reducing sugars increased significantly compared to the values obtained in control samples that were not subjected to ultrasonic treatment. So, in natural apple puree (without adding sucrose) after ultrasound exposure, an increase in total reducing sugars was detected by 9.3%, and in experimental samples of apple puree with added sucrose – by 10.9%, in relation to control samples, which is 1.2 times higher than in natural puree. In samples of carrot puree (without adding sucrose), the increase in total reducing sugars was 6.7%, and in puree with added sucrose, the increase was 12.2%, which is 1.8 times higher than the inversion in puree without sugar. In samples of pumpkin puree without sugar, the increase in reducing sugars was 4.2%, and in samples with added sucrose – 9.9%, i.e. 2.4 times higher than in samples without sugar.These data allow us to conclude that ultrasound exposure can intensify the inversion of sucrose with an increase in the number of reducing sugars, and this process takes place more deeply in products containing added sucrose.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify the possibility of ultrasonic intensification of drug dissolution of cholesterol calculi of the gallbladder using conventional ultrasound frequency and intensity from 0.1 to 0.5 W/cm2. Design/methodology/approach For research purposes, the physical model was developed containing pig bile, pig liver, pigskin, fat and muscles, as well as human cholesterol calculus removed by surgery and a drug with ursodeoxycholic acid. Findings The studies have shown the possibility of accelerating the drug dissolution of calculi of the gallbladder with ultrasound exposure. The ultrasound intensity of 0.4 W/cm2 is the most preferable to intensify the dissolution of calculus. Originality/value The results will be used to advance with development of the device and methodology for ultrasonic intensification of drug dissolution of gallbladder calculi.

Aim. To study the influence of a single 24-hour episode of exposure to ultrasound waves propagating in air on microcirculation and parameters of hemostasis in rats. Methods. The study was performed on 28 Wistar male rats. The experimental group was exposed to ultrasound for 24 hours. Geometric mean frequency was 25 kHz, acoustic pressure was 84.3 dB. Parameters of microcirculation of experimental rats received by laser Doppler flowmetry were compared with those of intact animals. Also comparative analysis of platelet and coagulation hemostasis, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic plasma activity was performed in rats from both groups. Results. In experimental rats in response to 24-hour exposure to ultrasound, significant decrease of the studied active and passive factors of blood flow modulation occurred compared to those of intact animals: parameters of microcirculation, flax, endothelial and vasomotor wave amplitude, respiratory and pulse wave amplitude. When studying the parameters of hemostasis, significant hypercoagulation of extrinsic pathway and at the latest stages of coagulation which worsened with anticoagulant plasma activity inhibition along with decrease of fibrinolytic activity. The character of changes of hemostatic parameters confirmed the development of stress-reaction in rats registered during the study of microcirculation. Conclusion. 24-hour ultrasound exposure causes significant disorders of microcirculation and unfavorable shifts in hemostasis - the signs of distress.

Regulations on safe ultrasound exposure limits are based on a very limited number of studies, which have only considered audiometric threshold shifts as indicators of hearing deficits. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of exposure to high-intensity ultrasound on a range of measures of hearing function, which included audiometric thresholds, as well as subclinical measures of hearing deficits: speech-in-noise understanding, supra-threshold auditory brainstem response wave I amplitude and latency, and frequency following response levels to amplitude modulated (AM) tones. Changes in these measures were assessed before and after exposure of the left ear to high-intensity ultrasound in a group of nine young listeners. These changes were compared to those observed in a control group of nine young listeners. Exposure consisted in the presentation of a 40-kHz AM tone at levels of 105, 110, 115, and 120 dB SPL for 10 minutes at each level, plus an exposure to a 40-kHz unmodulated tone during an ultrasound detection task, for a total duration of 50 seconds. None of the measures of hearing function was found to change significantly more for the left compared to the right ear, for participants of the exposure group compared to control participants. Electroencephalographic recordings obtained during exposure to the AM tone did not show significant phase-locked activity at the modulation frequency or at low-frequency subharmonics of the ultrasound tone. One out of nine participants was able to perform the ultrasound detection task above chance level, although due to limitations of the experimental setup the mechanism by which she could detect the presentation of the tone remains unclear.

The aim of this study was to improve the sensitivity of magnetic resonance-acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) to minimize pressures required to localize focused ultrasound (FUS) beams, and to establish safe FUS localization parameters for ongoing ultrasound neuromodulation experiments in living non-human primates. We developed an optical tracking method to ensure that the MR-ARFI motion-encoding gradients (MEGs) were aligned with a single-element FUS transducer and that the imaged slice was prescribed at the optically tracked location of the acoustic focus. This method was validated in phantoms, which showed that MR-ARFI-derived displacement sensitivity is maximized when the MR-ARFI MEGs were maximally aligned with the FUS propagation direction. The method was then applied in vivo to acquire displacement images in two healthy macaque monkeys (M fascicularis) which showed the FUS beam within the brain. Temperature images were acquired using MR thermometry to provide an estimate of in vivo brain temperature changes during MR-ARFI, and pressure and thermal simulations of the acoustic pulses were performed using the k-Wave package which showed no significant heating at the focus of the FUS beam. The methods presented here will benefit the multitude of transcranial FUS applications as well as future human applications.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged in both community and hospital settings, partly due to the misuse of antibiotics. The inventory of viable antibiotics is rapidly declining, and efforts toward discovering newer antibiotics are not yielding the desired outcomes. Therefore, alternate antibacterial therapies based on physical mechanisms such as light and ultrasound are being explored. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging therapeutic approach that involves exposing target tissues to a nontoxic sensitizing chemical and low-intensity ultrasound. SDT can enable site-specific cytotoxicity by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to ultrasound, which can be harnessed for treating bacterial infections. This approach can potentially be used for both superficial and deep-seated microbial infections. The majority of the sonosensitizers reported are nonpolar, exhibiting limited bioavailability and a high clearance rate in the body. Therefore, targeted delivery agents such as nanoparticle composites, liposomes, and microbubbles are being investigated. This article reviews recent developments in antibacterial sonodynamic therapy, emphasizing biophysical and chemical mechanisms, novel delivery agents, ultrasound exposure and image guidance strategies, and the challenges in the pathway to clinical translation.

Ultrasound and microbubbles, an ultrasound contrast agent, have recently increased attention to developing novel drug delivery systems. Ultrasound exposure can induce mechanical effects derived from microbubbles behaviors such as an expansion, contraction, and collapse depending on ultrasound conditions. These mechanical effects induce several biological effects, including enhancement of vascular permeability. For drug delivery, one promising approach is enhancing vascular permeability using ultrasound and microbubbles, resulting in improved drug transport to targeted tissues. This approach is applied to several tissues and drugs to cure diseases. This review describes the enhancement of vascular permeability by ultrasound and microbubbles and its therapeutic application, including our recent study. We also discuss the current situation of the field and its potential future perspectives.

Обсяг дипломної роботи становить 61 сторінку, міститься 20 ілюстрацій, 15таблиць. Загалом опрацьовано 37 джерел. Актуальність:поєднання в апараті методів електро-, лазеро-, та ультразвукової пунктури розширить можливості лікування та проведення профілактичних процедур великої кількості хвороб та патологій. Завдяки стимуляції БАТ різними методами, унеможливлюється звикання точки до одноманітного подразнення та пришвидшується процес одужання. Також зменшуються витрати часу на маніпуляції лікаряпри проведені пошуку та стимулюванні БАТ. З’являється можливість проведення комплексної стимуляції. Мета: створити електричну принципову та функціональну схему апарату для багатофункціонального стимулювання БАТ. Завдання: 1. Проведення науково-технічного аналізу патентів та наукових статей на тему: методи стимуляції БАТ та їх застосування у клінічній практиці. 2. Проведення розрахунків лікувальних доз та основних параметрів, необхідних для коректної стимуляції БАТ. 3. Проведення вибору лазера, за технічними параметрами, для проведення лазеропунктури. 4. Розробка функціональної схеми апарату багатофункціонального стимулятору БАТ. 5. Розробка принципової схеми апарату, розрахунок та підбір компонентів схеми та проведення моделювання роботи електричної схеми. The graduate work has 61 pages, contains 20illustrations, 15 tables. In general, 37 sources had been processed. Relevance of the work: the combination of electro-, laser- and ultrasonic puncture methods in the device will expand the possibilities of treatment and preventive procedures of a large number of diseases and pathologies. Due to the stimulation of BAT by various methods, it is impossible to get used to the point of monotonous stimulation and accelerates the healing process. It also reduces the time spent on the manipulation of the doctor in the search and stimulation of BAT. There is a possibility of complex stimulation.The goal: to create an electrical schematic and functional diagram of the device for multifunctional stimulation of BAP. Task: 1. Conducting scientific and technical analysis of patents and scientific articles on the topic: methods of stimulation of BAT and their application in clinical practice. 2. Calculation of therapeutic doses and basic parameters required for correct stimulation of BAP. 3. Laser selection, according to technical parameters, for laser acupuncture. 4. Development of the functional scheme of the device of the multipurpose stimulator of BAP. 5. Development of the schematic diagram of the device, calculation and selection of circuit components and modeling of the electrical circuit.

The present study was performed to investigate the influence of ultrasound exposure on liver distribution and hepatoprotective effect of herpetrione nanosuspension (HPE NS) via oral administration. HPE NS was prepared by nanoprecipitation method and then characterized by particle size analysis, TEM, SEM and XRD. The pharmacokinetics and liver distribution of HPE NS after oral administration with the ultrasound exposure were evaluated and the protective effect of HPE NS against acute liver injury induced by CCl4 was also evaluated in a rat model. HPE NS with particle size of 213 ± 18 nm was successful prepared using nanoprecipitation method (bottom-up) by solvent–antisolvent addition. The images of TEM and SEM showed HPE NS were regular round shape with uniform and narrow size distribution. Results of XRD showed that HPE was amorphous state in both coarse powder and nanosuspension. In the in vivo pharmacokinetics and liver distribution studies in rats, ultrasound exposure had no influence on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of HPE NS after oral administration, but significantly increased the liver distribution of HPE NS. As evidenced by the lowering serum levels of ALT and AST and mitigating pathological lesions, the oral administration of HPE NS with the ultrasound exposure showed a superior hepatoprotective effect against CCl4 induced acute liver injury in rats as compared to oral administration of HPE NS without ultrasound exposure. These results revealed that ultrasound exposure could increase the liver distribution of HPE NS via oral delivery and ameliorate its hepatoprotective effect against CCl4 induced acute liver injury.

The use of a mixture of fatty acids (LC) without separation in the synthesis of Pro-oxidants (PO), which are salts of metals of variable valence, allows for the effective utilization of waste from the stage of refining vegetable oils. The use of the LC mixture in the synthesis of SOFTWARE is justified by the similarity of the IR spectra of the mixture of LC and stearic acid (SC). SOFTWARE synthesis was carried out by a method including saponification of the mixture with sodium compounds, followed by interaction with compounds of two and trivalent iron. The use of ultrasound exposure to high-intensity 150?200 W/dm3 in the synthesis in the melt promotes the intensification of the process and ensures the implementation stage of the saponification at a temperature of 150?170 OC, and the stage of synthesis at a temperature of about 110 OS with the release of more than 99,0% of the mass. with a total duration less than 20 min. Using highly efficient ultrasonic treatment during the synthesis of QOL reduces emissions of polluting substances (pollutants) into the atmosphere through leakage of the reactor, because in the synthesis of iron stearate (FW) observed decrease in emissions of SV into the atmosphere more than 13 times, and in the synthesis of QL only 5.5 times, due to the presence of low-boiling LC, including unsaturated in the mixture.

Rice bran is a by-product of the rice milling process, found worldwide in abundance and highlighted due its protein content. This study optimized the conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of protein from defatted rice bran (DRB) and characterized the rice bran protein concentrate (RBPC). A sequential strategy of experimental design was employed; the effect of pH, temperature, ultrasound exposure time, and amplitude were evaluated regarding the percentage of protein extraction by a Full factorial design (FFD) with a fixed frequencies (FFD-A: 37 kHz; FFD-B: 80 kHz). Subsequently, the percentage of protein extracted was optimized employing a Central composite rotatable design (variables: pH and ultrasound exposure time) and RBPC obtained was characterized regarding chemical and functional properties. The pH and ultrasound exposure time had positive effect (P ≤ 0.05) on percentage of protein extraction; moreover, 37 kHz frequency was more effective in protein extraction. The optimized condition (frequency: 37 kHz; temperature: 30 °C; pH: 10; ultrasound exposure time: 30 min; and amplitude: 100%) allowed 15.07% of protein recovery and the RBPC presented 84.76 g 100 g-1 of protein. Magnesium and copper were the main mineral in RBPC (34.4 and 25.5 µg g-1, respectively), while leucine was the limiting amino acid (0.42) and threonine presented the highest chemical score (1.0). The RBPC solubility was minimal at pH 4 and higher at pHs 6-10; the water and oil absorption capacity were higher than bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the emulsifying capacity was comparable to BSA, with a suitable stability. It was possible to obtain a higher purity RBPC than described in the literature, due to the optimization in the extraction process steps, with functional properties suitable for application in food products, especially emulsified ones. RESUMO: O farelo de arroz é um subproduto do processo de moagem do arroz, encontrado em abundância em todo o mundo e destacado devido ao seu teor de proteínas. Este estudo otimizou as condições para a extração assistida por ultrassom da proteína do farelo de arroz desengordurado (DRB) e caracterizou o concentrado de proteína do farelo de arroz (RBPC). Uma estratégia sequencial de desenho experimental foi empregada; o efeito do pH, temperatura, tempo de exposição ao ultrassom e amplitude foram avaliados em relação à porcentagem de extração proteica por um Delineamento Fatorial Completo (FFD) com frequências fixas (FFD -A: 37 kHz; FFD-B: 80 kHz). Posteriormente, a porcentagem de proteína extraída foi otimizada empregando um Planejamento Composto Central (variáveis: pH e tempo de exposição ao ultrassom) e o RBPC obtido foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades químicas e funcionais. O pH e o tempo de exposição ao ultrassom tiveram efeito positivo (P ≤ 0,05) na porcentagem de extração proteica. Além disso, a frequência de 37 kHz foi mais eficaz na extração de proteínas. A condição otimizada (frequência: 37 kHz; temperatura: 30 °C; pH: 10; tempo de exposição ao ultrassom: 30 min; e amplitude: 100%) permitiu 15,07% de recuperação de proteínas e o RBPC apresentou 84,76 g 100 g-1 de proteína. Magnésio e cobre foram os principais minerais da RBPC (34,4 e 25,5 µg g-1, respectivamente), enquanto a leucina foi o aminoácido limitante (0,42) e a treonina apresentou o maior escore químico (1,0). A solubilidade do RBPC foi mínima em pH 4 e superior em pH 6-10; a capacidade de absorção de água e óleo foi maior que a albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e a capacidade de emulsificação foi comparável à BSA, com uma estabilidade adequada. Assim, foi possível obter um RBPC com elevada pureza, maior do que o descrito na literatura, devido à otimização nas etapas do processo de extração, com propriedades funcionais adequadas para aplicação em produtos alimentícios, principalmente emulsificados.

Passive cavitation detection can be performed to monitor microbubble activity during brain therapy. Microbubbles under ultrasound exposure generate a response characterized by multiple nonlinear emissions. Here, the wide bandwidth of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) was exploited to monitor the microbubble signature through a rat skull and a macaque skull. The intrinsic nonlinearity of the CMUTs was characterized in receive mode. Indeed, undesirable nonlinear components generated by the CMUTs must be minimized as they can mask the microbubble harmonic response. The microbubble signature at harmonic and ultra-harmonic components (0.5–6 MHz) was successfully extracted through a rat skull using moderate bias voltage.

The “Ordinance on Protection Against the Harmful Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Human Applications” will go into effect at the beginning of 2021 1 . § 10 of this ordinance prohibits non-medical fetal ultrasound exposure thereby resulting in uncertainty, particularly among affected patients, with respect to the generally accepted theory regarding the lack of ultrasound side effects. Although not a single study has shown a detrimental effect on fetal or child development following exposure to ultrasound, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety has justified the ban with the purely hypothetical possibility of an unidentified side effect. The first part of the following study shows which ultrasound-induced biophysical effects are known and which dose-dependent threshold values must be taken into consideration. In particular, the study focuses on the well-researched heat effect with some in vivo measurements in humans showing that the actual temperature increase is less than the theoretically calculated values. The planned second part of this study will discuss the non-thermal effects and present the most important epidemiological studies. Mit dem Jahreswechsel 2020/2021 wird die „Verordnung zum Schutz vor schadlichen Wirkungen nichtionisierender Strahlung bei der Anwendung am Menschen (NiSV)“ in Kraft treten 1 . Da diese Verordnung mit seinem § 10 auch die nichtmedizinische Ultraschallexposition des Fotus unter Strafe stellt, ist insbesondere unter den betroffenen Patientinnen eine Unsicherheit in Bezug auf die allgemein postulierte Nebenwirkungsfreiheit von Ultraschall aufgetreten. Obwohl keine einzige Studie einen schadlichen Einfluss auf die fetale und kindliche Entwicklung nach Ultraschallexposition erkennen lasst, begrundet das BMU das Verbot mit der rein hypothetischen Moglichkeit einer bislang nicht erkannten Nebenwirkung. Die nachfolgende Arbeit zeigt im ersten Teil, welche ultraschallinduzierten biophysikalischen Effekte bekannt und welche dosisabhangigen Schwellenwerte zu beachten sind. Dabei steht insbesondere die gut erforschte Warmewirkung im Mittelpunkt, wobei einige in vivo erfolgten Messungen am Menschen zeigen, dass die tatsachliche Temperaturerhohung hinter den theoretisch errechneten Werten zuruckblieb. Im geplanten zweiten Teil werden die nichtthermischen Wirkungen behandelt sowie die wichtigsten epidemiologischen Studien vorgestellt.

We have previously reported methods for the active control of microbubbles, and the use of cells surrounded by microbubbles to deliver drugs in human blood vessels using acoustic radiation force. However, the effect and degree of damage to blood vessel walls has not previously been studied with respect to the application of continuous and burst ultrasound emissions. We examined the destruction of lipid bubbles, which were injected into the circulation path, to measure the fragility under various conditions of ultrasound exposure. Next, the cell viability of vascular endothelial cells in the presence of bubbles was verified, where the various conditions of ultrasound were irradiated to suspension composed with the cells and the bubbles. We confirmed that cell viability decreased in the presence of bubbles in proportion to a sound pressure and a duty ratio. Furthermore, we found a significant relationship between the cell viability and the destruction coefficient of bubbles.

Context: as it known diabetes mellitus Diabetes is a worsening pandemic and slim solutions. One of the vital important cells in human body are Platelets which are overlapping with diabetes mellitus. The increasing of platelets activity may cause vascular complications. this increasing may happening by kinds of stressor like ultrasound. Materials and Method: Our study aimed to evaluate mean platelet volume MPV in diabetes patients when exposed to stressor factor which is ultrasound. this study was done in-vitro model. blood samples have been collected from 100 individuals divided in to two groups, 55 individuals were diabetes other 45 individuals were healthy. MPV was evaluated before exposing to ultrasound for all cases. After that all cases were exposed to ultrasound separately. The exposure period was determined for two periods 5-10minutes. Results: Our result showed that after 5 minutes MPV start to increase in healthy and diabetic patients (mean±SD 9.04±0.86 for healthy, 8.91±0.90 for diabetic patients). After 10 minutes of ultrasound exposure, in healthy cases, MPV significantly increases (mean±SD 9.40±0.91). Surprisingly, in diabetic patients MPV significantly decrease (8.64±0.94) p-value for both were 0.001. Conclusion: Mean platelet volume can be affected by diabetes, which leads to passive response. Furthermore, Ultrasound has an effective negative effect on mean platelet volume MPV. Ultrasound may be able to help reduce mean platelet volume in diabetic patients who are suffering from increasing of mean platelet volume as a type therapy

A lipid–polymer composite structure was developed for tuning of inertial cavitation activity of microbubbles under ultrasound exposure. The incorporation of a thin layer of polymer networks inside the lipid monolayer resulted in marked reduction in the inertial cavitation dose. This strategy has the potential to increase the safety of ultrasound theranostic applications assisted by microbubble cavitation.

Purpose: In southern Iran with a tropical climate, the above and underground cisterns of drinking water are the main habitats for immature stages of mosquitoes. The local people do not agree with u...

Despite goat milk having health benefits over cow milk, goat milk yogurt (GY) presents low consistency and viscosity, which reduces its overall acceptability by the consumer. Thus, new innovative methods can be an alternative to improve the quality of GY. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound (US) treatment with different sonication times on quality parameters of probiotic GY during refrigerated storage. US treatment was conducted at 20 KHz for 3, 6, and 9 min in yogurt. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 were sensitive to US treatment, presenting a decrease in the yogurts stocked. This loss of viability led to reduced post-acidification due to smaller lactose metabolization in yogurt samples submitted to the US. Among tested treatments, the application of 6 min enhanced the apparent viscosity and consistency index of GY yogurts. In addition, this time also reduced tyramine and total biogenic amine (BAs) content. These findings suggest that 6 min of sonication is a promising way to improve the rheological properties and reduce the acidity and BAs content in GY. Further studies should be performed to optimize the US setting conditions to preserve the probiotic culture viability in yogurts.

In recent decades, ultrasound (US) irradiation technique has established itself for its potential application in several processes in the field of food processing and biotechnology. Although ultrasound treatment was earlier explored mainly for inactivation of microbes by conferring an adverse effect on cellular structure, a recent development in the field has presented another approach where ultrasound exposure will not affect macromolecules such as an enzyme if provided at mild experimental conditions. Moreover, at the appropriate intensity and frequency level of ultrasonication, the catalytic activity of the enzyme may enhance significantly. US-assisted biocatalysis has been studied all over the world since it offers notable enhancement in the rate of reaction while maintaining the integrity of the enzyme structure. This chapter provides a brief overview of the literature concerning the effect of ultrasound on biocatalysis while offering possible improvements for the future. It also covers all the experimental parameters that direct the overall efficiency of the process. Moreover, it also includes the effect of ultrasound on enzyme kinetics along with its thermodynamic parameters. Also, US-assisted biocatalysis can reduce the amount of enzyme required since it enhances the overall catalysis by improving the mass transfer in the system. Finally, the ideal parameters to obtain an efficient and sustainable US-assisted biocatalysis protocol are discussed.

The application of ultrasound in mice has increased the activity of mice and showed anxious behavior that affects the blood cells of mice. This study aims to observe the effect of 40 kHz ultrasound exposure on the content of leukocytes and erythrocytes in blood cells of mice. For this purpose, five ultrasound treatments with sound pressure levels were 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90 dB respectively and one control in six sample groups, each consisting of five mice with the same weight and age. Sound treatment is carried out with a 40 kHz continuous ultrasound exposure of the same duration for two hours. Taking blood samples of mice is carried out as soon as the sample is given a sound treatment. Based on the results of blood tests of mice it was found that the average increase in the number of leukocyte mice varied between 40-1,070 cells/mm3 for variations in sound pressure levels from 70 to 90 dB with an increase in the highest average number of leukocyte (1,070 cells/mm3) at the sound pressure level 75 dB. With the same level of sound pressure level, the decrease in the average number of erythrocytes varied between 920,000-190,000 cells/mm3 with a decrease in the highest average number of erythrocytes (920,000 cells/mm3) at an 80 dB sound pressure level. The optimum level of sound pressure that can affect the average number of leukocytes and erythrocytes in blood cells of mice are still unknown.

The goal of the study presented in this paper was to increase the effectiveness of stent sanitation with the purpose of avoiding the undesirable effects of internal drainage (in particular, incrustation). Here we suggest a new method for noninvasive ultrasound treatment and develop new equipment for more effective sanitation of ureteral stents. It was shown that ultrasound exposure of the ureteral stent is an inexpensive, efficient, and safe method for reducing salt obstruction. This method can be recommended for use as one of the therapeutic measures aimed at the prevention of obstructive pyelonephritis.

During the last decade less invasive endovenous methods of treatment of lower limb varicose veins (LLVV) have obtained widespread appreciation. Nevertheless, the problem of improving their long-term results is still actual. The aim of this study is investigation of the biothermomechanical response of the venous wall to the low-frequency ultrasound exposure, which is an advanced method in the treatment of LLVV. The model designed to analyze frequency range of the ultrasound instrument and the different values of its pullback velocity. According to the simulation results, the frequency range, in which necrotic changes of the venous wall can be caused was determined. The dependencies of the venous wall collagen denaturation time on the temperature and pullback velocity of the ultrasound instrument were obtained. After the developed model is supplemented with temperature dependencies of the physical properties of the venous wall, these results can be used to form requirements for ultrasound treatment modes for lower limb varicose veins.

Lionfish is an invasive and predatory species with low local consumption due to a lack of culinary knowledge of its preparation. A new way to prepare lionfish was proposed to increase variety and provide added value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high power ultrasound application on the textural properties measured by the texture profile analysis, sensory attributes, and shape preference of surimi patties (rounded and square) made from lionfish. Patties were prepared using lionfish surimi processed with ultrasound (37 kHz; 150 W), sodium citrate (0.3%), sucrose (1%), and salt (2%). Ultrasound exposure increased the hardness of the patties by 35.1%, decreased cohesiveness by 89.7%, and decreased the chewiness by 49.1%. Results show that high power ultrasound showed potential as an environmentally friendly technology to create surimi as a base for patties with sensory and textural appropriateness, increasing the potential culinary applications of lionfish.