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Este Trabajo de Fin de Carrera (TFC) aborda la incertidumbre en torno al futuro de las centrales hidroeléctricas en España al llegar al término de sus concesiones administrativas, habida cuenta de su importancia en la red eléctrica como máquinas síncronas que proporcionan estabilidad. Se examina la evolución histórica de las concesiones, el marco legal vigente y los desafíos actuales del sector, para poder comprender la situación actual en la que nos encontramos. Se evalúan posibles escenarios tras el vencimiento de las concesiones actuales, incluyendo la gestión pública, la renovación de concesiones a empresas privadas y el desmantelamiento de las centrales. La investigación incluye un análisis comparativo a nivel internacional, identificando prácticas y soluciones aplicables al contexto español. Además, se realiza un estudio presupuestario de una central de bombeo para evaluar su rentabilidad y viabilidad, utilizando datos específicos de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir y de profesionales del sector. El objetivo final de este TFC es ofrecer una visión clara y fundamentada sobre el futuro de las concesiones hidroeléctricas en España, entendidas como parte de un recurso internacionalmente reconocido como estratégico. Ello va orientado a proporcionar recomendaciones para una gestión justa y equitativa del recurso hidroeléctrico.

Las royas son una enfermedad importante en el cultivo del trigo, generando pérdidas de producción y, por tanto, económicas, en el sector cerealista. Podemos distinguir principalmente tres especies que causan tres enfermedades diferentes: roya de la hoja (o parda), amarilla (o lineal) y del tallo (o negra). Hasta la temporada 2019-2020, la roya de la hoja estaba controlada, ya que los cultivares más sembrados en el sur de España tenían genes de resistencia contra ella, y los cultivares susceptibles estaban protegidos con fungicidas. Pero un problema surgió en la primavera de 2020, cuando todos los cultivares de trigo duro comenzaron a infectarse con una roya parecida a la de la hoja. La roya del tallo apenas está presente durante la temporada de cultivo regular, pero puede ser una enfermedad importante en el futuro. Se identificaron las principales razas como Clade IV-B y Clade IV-F, al igual que en la mayor parte de Europa y partes del norte de África. Para esta roya, las resistencias siempre son incompletas., Rusts are a significant disease in wheat cultivation, causing yield loss and economic losses in the cereal sector. We can distinguish three rust species causing three different diseases: leaf (or brown), yellow (or stripe) and stem (or black) rust. Until the 2019-2020 season, leaf rust was controlled since the most planted cultivars in southern Spain had resistance genes against it, and susceptible cultivars were protected with fungicides. A problem arose in the spring of 2020 when all durum wheat cultivars began to become infected with a kind of leaf rust. The leaves had large pustules, different from those of typical rust caused by P. triticina, and the teliospores sprouted rapidly after a few days of infections. The symptoms fitted P. tritici-duri, another wheat leaf rust species already reported in the western Mediterranean basin. This study, evaluated the severity of leaf rust in durum wheat field trials during the 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22 seasons in Huelva, Seville, Cádiz and Córdoba provinces. Additionally, during the spring of 2020 and 2021, isolates from individual leaf rust pustules were collected from different durum wheat cultivars. Inoculation of the isolate into a differential set of lines showed that five different races were present, of which two were of the P. tritici-duri subspecies. This subspecies is not new in southern Spain. Still, in the last 25 years, it has not been observed with such severity in almost all durum wheat cultivars (susceptible and resistant to P. triticina). Cultivar Calero constantly resisted all races of P. tritici-duri used in this study. Furthermore, effective mitigation of the current threat of yellow rust and the potential threat of stem rust to wheat production in southern Spain requires the characterization of the breeds currently present in the region. The results of this study indicated that the primary races of yellow rust now present in southern Spain are PstS10, PstS13 and PstS14, to which several widely plant

Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster explora la Planificación y Gestión hidrológica de la cuenca del Urumea en la situación actual con el principal objetivo de desarrollar un plan integral de gestión y planificación hidrológica para la cuenca que permita asegurar el uso sostenible y eficiente de sus recursos hídricos, garantizar la disponibilidad de agua para las generaciones presentes y futuras, y proteger los ecosistemas asociados. Para ello ha sido principal el uso de la Información Georreferenciada, conocida como SIG, la cual ha permitido identificar y describir la cuenca en su totalidad, localizado tanto las diferentes masas de agua, medio físico, etc., así como el Plan Hidrológico de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Cantábrico Oriental 2022-27, que ha facilitado la identificación de las diferentes demandas y escenarios del sistema. Una vez recogida toda la información tanto gráfica como numérica del sistema, se ha modelizado el Sistema de Explotación utilizando el Sofware AquaTool, donde se ha volcado toda la información ya discretizada y se han simulado diferentes escenarios, desde el análisis de 1 año de sequía hasta el estudio de los 76 años hidrológicos consecutivos de los que se tiene información. Dicha modelización ha permitido conocer tanto el funcionamiento de la cuenca, como realizar un balance hídrico, observar posibles situaciones de déficit para las demandas en diferentes situaciones del año etc. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que, en términos generales, la cuenca no presenta problema de abastecimiento de las demandas, pero sí una posible situación de superávit de recursos, lo cual sugiere la necesidad de futuras actuaciones. Este trabajo ofrece una base sólida para enfocar un uso sostenible y eficiente de los recursos hídricos de la cuenca, la protección del medio ambiente y el bienestar social. En la actualidad, la importancia del agua radica en su carácter esencial e insustituible para la vida, subrayando que, aunque no es un bien ilimitado, su gestió, This Master's Thesis explores the hydrological planning and management of the Urumea River Basin in its current state, with the main objective of developing a comprehensive plan for the management and planning of the basin's water resources. The aim is to ensure the sustainable and efficient use of these resources, guarantee water availability for present and future generations, and protect associated ecosystems. For this purpose, the use of Georeferenced Information Systems (GIS) has been crucial. GIS has allowed for the identification and description of the entire basin, locating the various water bodies, physical environment, etc., as well as the Hydrological Plan of the Eastern Cantabrian Hydrographic Demarcation 2022-27. This plan has facilitated the identification of different demands and scenarios of the system. Once all the graphical and numerical information of the system was gathered, the Exploitation System was modeled using the AquaTool software. All the discretized information was input into this software, and various scenarios were simulated, from the analysis of a 1-year drought to the study of 76 consecutive hydrological years for which information is available. This modeling has allowed us to understand the functioning of the basin, perform a water balance, observe possible deficit situations for demands in different times of the year, etc. The results obtained reveal that, in general terms, the basin does not present supply problems for the demands but does indicate a possible surplus of resources, suggesting the need for future actions. This work provides a solid foundation for focusing on the sustainable and efficient use of the basin's water resources, environmental protection, and social well-being. Today, the importance of water lies in its essential and irreplaceable nature for life, emphasizing that, although it is not an unlimited resource, responsible and sustainable management is fundamental to ensuring a prosperous future for all.

The water footprint is an increasingly demanded environmental sustainability indicator for certifications and labels in agricultural production. Processing tomatoes are highly water-intensive, and existing studies on water footprint have uncertainties and do not consider the impact of different irrigation configurations (e.g., surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI)) and irrigation strategies. This study presents a two-year experimental investigation to determine the water footprint of processing tomatoes grown in southern Spain (Andalusia) and the impact of SSDI and deficit irrigation. Five irrigation treatments were established: SDI1 (surface drip irrigation without water limitation), SDI2 (surface drip irrigation without water limitation adjusted by soil moisture readings), SSDI1 (subsurface drip irrigation without water limitation and a dripline depth of 15 cm), SSDI2 (similar to SSDI1 but with mild/moderate water deficit during the fruit ripening stage), and SSDI3 (subsurface drip irrigation without water limitation and a dripline depth of 35 cm (first year) and 25 cm (second year)). Measurements included crop vegetative growth, leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange, nitrate concentration in soil solution, and crop yield and quality. The soil water balance components (actual evaporation, actual transpiration, deep drainage), necessary for determining the total crop water footprint, were simulated on a daily scale using Hydrus 2D software. Results indicated that SSDI makes more efficient use of irrigation water than SDI. The water footprint of SSDI1 was 20–35% lower than that of SDI1. SSDI2 showed similar water footprint values to SDI1 under highly demanding environmental conditions and significantly lower values (≈40%) in a year with lower evaporative demand. The dripline depth in SSDI was critical to the water footprint. With a 35 cm installation depth, SSDI3 had a significantly higher water footprint than the other treatments, wh

Dataset generated in the work “Impact of Irrigation Management Decisions on the WaterFootprint of Processing Tomatoes in Southern Spain” whose main objective was to determine the water footprint of processing tomatoes grown in southern Spain under different drip irrigation methodologies.

This paper considers the problem of the deployment of a set of agents distributed on a disk-shaped grid onto three-dimensional (3-D) profiles, by using a continuum approximation (valid in the limit for a large number of agents) and then a control methodology for partial differential equations (PDEs). The agents’ collective behavior is modeled by a pair of radially-varying diffusion–reaction PDEs in polar coordinates, whose state determines the agents’ position. Having a radially-varying reaction coefficient not only increases the challenge of kernel equations becoming singular in radius, but also brings more potential deployment manifolds. To stabilize and increase the convergence of the deployment, a boundary controller and a boundary observer are designed by combining an infinite-dimensional backstepping approach with a Fourier series decomposition technique, thus driving all agents to the desired profile. A key feature of the presented result is that the desired profile only needs to be known by the leaders, with the followers only needing to follow a simple control strategy which requires only the measurement of its current position and communication with its neighbors as defined by the multi-agent system topology. The method provides closed-loop exponential stability with any prescribed convergence rate in the L2 norm. Simulation tests are shown to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Refrigeration capacity and effect of ageing on the operation of cellulose evaporative cooling pads, by wind tunnel analysis”. This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) by means of research grant AGL2015-68050-R (Spain). This study investigates the temperature reduction capacity and water consumption of a fan-pad system installed in a greenhouse located in the coastal regions of Almería. The suitability of this system for coastal zones with high environmental humidity during the summer is analyzed. Historical temperature and relative humidity series are studied, obtaining the thermal difference and maximum, medium, and minimum monthly water consumption of the pads based on the operation data of the evaporative cooling pads.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Volatile organic compounds removal by means of a felt-based living wall to improve indoor air quality”. This is part of the project “Fytorremediation of air and water by means of living walls” financed by the Andalusian Plan of Research, development and innovation 2020 (grant number P18-TP-1657) in the 2018 call for Research projects for universities and qualified public research entities as agents of the Andalusian Knowledge System (Junta de Andalucía, Spain). As vegetation can act as a biofilter capturing air pollutants, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of a living wall module in the removal of the Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) for IAQ improvement. An airtight glass chamber was used to release contaminants, monitoring the TVOCs both with the chamber empty (control) and with a small Fytotextile® living wall module planted with Nephrolepis exaltata L. A substantial reduction of TVOCs was observed when the living wall was inside the chamber. In few hours, TVOCs levels were reduced below the recommended limit (following Spanish regulations).

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Improving the performance of felt-based living wall systems in terms of irrigation management”. This work aims to improve an existing commercial system (Fytotextile) in order to optimise water retention and vegetation performance in harsh climate conditions. Therefore, three evolutions of the Fytotextile system were tested in terms of water retention capacity, drainage and vegetation performance.

Este trabajo se ha centrado en mejorar la precisión y la sincronización espaciotemporal en el transplante de tomates, usando una transplantadora de cultivos modificada. La metodología incluye el análisis de visión por ordenador digital en color y de alta velocidad para estudiar el movimiento y la dinámica de las plantas de tomates transplantados. Este análisis condujo al desarrollo de un mecanismo de soporte de planta, que resultó en una reducción significativa, del 25%, de la desviación en la ubicación de las plantas en el suelo, en comparación con métodos convencionales. Esta mejorar es un paso importante hacia un sistema mectrónico capaz de transplatar cultivos en un patrón de cuadrícula a lo largo de la línea de cultivo. Este sistema serí un componente clave en un enfoque de tratamiento individualizado por planta y totalmente automatizado, lo cual es muy relevante para cultivos intensivos como el tomate. Los conjuntos de datos generados en este estudio, que se realizaron entre 2012 y 2014, se basaron en un sistema de control de retroalimentación cerrada para regular la velocidad angular de la rueda de plantación. Esta velocidad se ajustó de acuerdo a la detección de la velocidad angular de una rueda sin motor, empleando para ello un codificador óptico de rotación de eje. El archivo suministrado, un documento de Excel, incluye tres pestañas: "Velocity&Aceleration" (Velocidad y Aceleración), "Height&Diameter" (Altura y Diámetro), y "Supported&Control" (Soporte y Control). Este archivo contiene información numérica detallada que respalda y valida los resultados obtenidos en la investigación.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the paper: “Optimal operation of evaporative cooling pads: A review”. The paper conducts a critical review on the existing experimental and theoretical research on commercial and alternative wetted media, identifies the gaps in the literature, proposes uniform nomenclature and methodologies, and provides a critical view on the optimal operating conditions from wetted-surface evaporative coolers.

This article deals with one of the types of “Satellite Range Scheduling” problems arising in Earth Observation Satellite operations, Antenna-Satellite Scheduling. Given a set of satellites, a set of available antennas and a time horizon, the problem consists of designing an operational plan that assigns satellites to antennas in an optimal fashion. Extending a previous integer linear programming (ILP) model (shortening model, with only integer variables), we propose a mixed ILP (MILP) (shaving model, which includes both continuous and integer variables), to more efficiently solve this problem. After computing the passes generated by the satellites' windows of visibility from the antennas, the optimal planner is able to cancel a pass, move it to another antenna, or shorten its duration, in order to avoid scheduling conflicts. In contrast to the shortening model, which used intersections between passes to determine the best schedule, the shortening operation is now referred to as shaving, since the shaving model can arbitrarily adjust the duration of a pass in a razor-like fashion, giving the model its name. Computational results obtained in tests over realistic scenarios prove that the shaving model outperforms the shortening model, producing fewer cancellations, smaller shaved times, and a fairer distribution of cancelled passes among satellites, with much shorter preprocessing times.

Dataset obtained for the study published in the paper: “Direct evaporative cooling from wetted surfaces: Challenges for a clean air conditioning solution”. Evaporative cooling has a major role to play in fighting climate change and in achieving a low-carbon economy. Wetted media are commonly called evaporative cooling pads and are widely used in greenhouses, intensive livestock farming, and industrial facilities. These can enhance their application to indoor occupied spaces such as residential or commercial cooling, or in hybrid air conditioning systems. Existing results on these less studied performance issues are reviewed, and we identify the gaps in the literature in addition to highlighting the main challenges encountered, in an effort to guide future researchers in the field and enhance the application of direct evaporative cooling. Existing results on these less studied performance issues are reviewed, and we identify the gaps in the literature, such as power requirements and the coefficient of performance, water consumption, risk of water entrainment, material decay, and air quality, as well as the effect of water temperature and salinity, solar radiation, or wind speed. In addition to highlighting the main challenges encountered, in an effort to guide future researchers in the field and enhance the application of direct evaporative cooling.

We reveal for the first time by experiments that within a narrow parameter regime, two cavitation bubbles with identical energy generated in antiphase develop a supersonic jet. High-resolution numerical simulation shows a mechanism for jet amplification based on toroidal shock wave and bubble necking interaction. The microjet reaches velocities in excess of 1000 m s-1. We demonstrate that potential flow theory established for Worthington jets accurately predicts the evolution of the bubble gas-liquid interfaces unifying compressible and incompressible jet amplification.

We report numerical simulations confirming the predictions in Gordillo & Riboux (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 941, 2022, A10), where we elucidated the lubrication mechanism by which a drop of a low-viscosity liquid impacting over a smooth solid substrate skates over a thin gas film that prevents contact with the wall. Moreover, with the purpose of explaining the so-called lift-off mechanism reported in Kolinski et al. (Phys.Rev.Lett., vol. 112, issue 13, 2014, 134501), we extend our previous findings and derive expressions for the time-varying thickness of the gas layer at the region where the distance to the wall is minimum, finding good agreement with the numerical results. In addition, we report that our predictions for the minimum thickness of the gas film separating a falling drop from a wall at room temperature follow closely the experimental values when gas kinetic effects https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.20 Published online by Cambridge University Press are retained in the analysis, and also report that the analogous equation for the minimum thickness of the vapour layer formed after a drop impacts a superheated wall predicts well the experimental measurements.

We present an hybrid VOF/embedded boundary method allowing to model two-phase flows in presence of solids with arbitrary shapes. The method relies on the coupling of existing methods: a geometric Volume of fluid (VOF) method to tackle the two-phase flow and an embedded boundary method to sharply resolve arbitrary solid geometries. Coupling these approaches consistently is not trivial and we present in detail a quad/octree spatial discretization for solving the corresponding partial differential equations. Modelling contact angle dynamics is a complex physical and numerical problem. We present a Navier-slip boundary condition compatible with the present cut cell method, validated through a Taylor–Couette test case. To impose the boundary condition when the fluid–fluid interface intersects a solid surface, a geometrical contact angle approach is developed. Our method is validated for several test cases including the spreading of a droplet on a cylinder, and the equilibrium shape of a droplet on a flat or tilted plane in 2D and 3D. The temporal evolution and convergence of the droplet spreading on a flat plane is also discussed for the moving contact line given the boundary condition (Dirichlet or Navier) used. The ability of our numerical methodology to resolve contact line statics and dynamics for different solid geometries is thus demonstrated

This research delves into the nuanced dynamics influencing photocurrent generated in bifacial photovoltaic modules within the framework of agrovoltaic applications. Our findings underscore the necessity of using spectral data over absolute values regards to the wavelength dependence for precise energy yield predictions. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the ground reflectance plays a pivotal role. The type of soil (compact or tilled) and crop growth cycle contribute to temporal variations, significantly affecting energy production. In order to validate the proposed methodology for estimating photocurrent generated by APV systems based on spectral data, we conducted tests in two different irradiance conditions, deliberately chosen for their contrast: clear sky and hazy sky conditions. Experimental measurements were conducted for global, direct, and diffuse irradiance spectral components in both atmospheric scenarios. Additionally, we performed comprehensive spectral reflectance measurements for various soil types and crops throughout an entire growth cycle to depict the temporal variations in these values. It is observed an overestimation in the ratio between front and rear photocurrent generated by the bifacial PV module when the model relies on absolute values of solar irradiance and ground reflectance, compared to utilizing spectral input data. Furthermore, the analysis of absolute values fails to reveal a significant dependence on atmospheric conditions. In summary, this research discussed the implications of spectral data, geometry and atmospheric conditions, for bifacial PV modules in agrovoltaic applications.

This study evaluates the efficacy of hyperspectral data for detecting yellow and brown rust in wheat, employing machine learning models and the SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) augmentation technique to tackle unbalanced datasets. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) models were assessed. Overall, SVM and RF models showed higher accuracies, particularly when utilizing SMOTE-enhanced datasets. The RF model achieved 70% accuracy in detecting yellow rust without data alteration. Conversely, for brown rust, the SVM model outperformed others, reaching 63% accuracy with SMOTE applied to the training set. This study highlights the potential of spectral data and machine learning (ML) techniques in plant disease detection. It emphasizes the need for further research in data processing methodologies, particularly in exploring the impact of techniques like SMOTE on model performance.

La importancia estratégica de la Órbita Baja Terrestre (LEO) ha crecido significativamente con el aumento de despliegues de satélites. Esta región se ha vuelto crucial para la economía espacial, con la Agencia Espacial Europea estimando más de 8500 satélites activos en LEO, que representan solo una fracción del total de objetos en esta banda orbital. La última década ha visto un aumento exponencial en la población de satélites, principalmente debido al advenimiento de mega-constelaciones para Internet global y la reducción de los costes de lanzamiento. Esta tesis profundiza en las complejidades de la detección de maniobras en mitad de los desafíos presentados por la congestión orbital y la basura espacial en LEO. Algunos satélites no comunican la realización de maniobras, lo que hace que sus trayectorias sean impredecibles. La detección de maniobras es fundamental para mantener catálogos orbitales y prever posibles colisiones, necesitando pues de métodos de detección robustos y eficientes. Esta tesis presenta el desarrollo de nuevas métricas y algoritmos para la detección de maniobras en órbita baja terrestre. Se centra en un escenario donde solo se dispone de datos de una única estación de radar, con el objetivo final de crear algoritmos de detección de maniobras para el Radar de Vigilancia y Seguimiento Espacial Español. La estructura sigue la evolución cronológica de la investigación, cada capítulo revisando contribuciones específicas de las etapas del doctorado. Inicialmente, la detección de maniobras se aborda desde el punto de vista del análisis de accesibilidad, estudiando la viabilidad de una métrica de Distancia de Mahalanobis (MD) derivada de un attributable en el espacio de medidas, y su inclusión en un Filtro de Detección de Maniobras. Los métodos desarrollados se prueban en datos reales de satélites con éxito variable, mostrando dónde residen los aspectos críticos del problema. La correcta representación de la incertidumbre bajo largos intervalos de pro, The strategic importance of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) has grown significantly, with increased satellite deployments for various applications. This region has become crucial for the space economy, with the European Space Agency (ESA) estimating over 8500 active satellites in LEO, representing only a fraction of the total objects in this orbital band. The last decade has seen an exponential increase in satellite populations, primarily due to the advent of mega-constellations for global internet coverage like Starlink and OneWeb and the reduction in launch costs. This thesis delves into the complexities of maneuver detection amidst the challenges posed by orbital congestion and space debris in LEO. Non-cooperative satellites do not broadcast their maneuver plans, making their trajectories unpredictable and potentially dangerous. Accurate maneuver detection is vital for maintaining orbital catalogs and predicting potential collisions, necessitating robust and efficient detection methods. This thesis presents the development of novel metrics and algorithms for maneuver detection in LEO. The main focus is on a scenario where only data from a single radar station is available, the final aim being to create automatic maneuver detection algorithms for the Spanish Space Surveillance and Tracking Surveillance Radar (S3TSR). The structure follows the chronological evolution of the research effort, each chapter reviewing specific contributions of the PhD stages. At first maneuver detection is approached from the point of view of reachability analysis, studying the feasibility of an attributable-derived Mahalanobis Distance (MD) metric in measurement space, and its inclusion in a Maneuver Detection Filter (MDF). The developed methods are tested on real satellite data with varying degrees of success, showing where the critical aspects of the problem reside. Stemming from the constrained source of radar data, the correct uncertainty representation under the long propagation gaps become

Deception Island is an active volcano with a submerged caldera open to the sea called Port Foster. Several post-caldera collapsed volcanic events, as well as hydrodynamics, have changed its inner coastline, shaping new volcanic deposits. A hydrodynamic model is presented to predict accretion and erosion trends in this bay, which could have an impact on the mobility of researchers and tourists. New historical orthophotos and spatio-temporal differences between digital elevation and bathymetric models were used for validation purposes. The model reveals that the south-facing coast is more susceptible to erosion, while the east- or west-facing coast experiences sedimentation. A visual study for the periods 1970–2003 and 2003–2020 in Port Foster obtained similar annual erosion/accretion lineal rates (0.3–2 m/year) in the areas not affected by the last eruptive period, as well as increases of 0.023 km2/year and 0.028 km2/year of the inner bay and coastal sedimentation rates of 0.007 km2/year and 0.002 km2/year, respectively. Only part of the significant total volume loss is received within the bay, including its own erosion, and accumulates on the bay bottom. This is largely because the volume input is composed of snow, and it is also due to the transfer of material outside to balance the figures.

This paper presents an approach for integrating uncertainty information in air traffic flow management at the tactical phase. In particular, probabilistic methodologies to predict sector demand and sector congestion under adverse weather in a time horizon of 1.5 h are developed. Two sources of uncertainty are considered: the meteorological uncertainty inherent to the forecasting process and the uncertainty in the take-off time. An ensemble approach is adopted to characterize both uncertainty sources. The methodologies rely on a trajectory predictor able to generate an ensemble of 4D trajectories that provides a measure of the trajectory uncertainty, each trajectory avoiding the storm cells encountered along the way. The core of the approach is the statistical processing of the ensemble of trajectories to obtain probabilistic entry and occupancy counts of each sector and their congestion status when the counts are compared to weather-dependent capacity values. A new criterion to assess the risk of sector overload, which takes into account the uncertainty, is also defined. The results are presented for a historical situation over the Austrian airspace on a day with significant convection.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el diseño, análisis y optimización de la estructura de un nanosatélite CubeSat, bajo las cargas dinámicas asociadas a los principales lanzadores del mercado. Todo esto se asegura cumpliendo las especificaciones CubeSat y la normativa ECSS. Para ello se hace uso de software computacional: • Catia, para hacer un diseño gráfico en 3D de la estructura. • Ansys, para realizar un análisis estructural del diseño gráfico realizado, permitiendo modelar el entorno en el que se encontraría el CubeSat, y deduciendo si la estructura sería apta o no. El trabajo comienza con una introducción del CubeSat, así como algunos detalles a tener en cuenta en su diseño y fases de fabricación (aunque este trabajo se limita al diseño virtual, se busca que se fabrique el modelo real). A continuación se buscan las guías de algunos de los lanzadores espaciales con mayor uso en el mercado, teniendo en cuenta sus entornos para simular las condiciones más restrictivas. Posteriormente se procede al diseño gráfico, partiendo de un prototipo de una empresa, el cual ha sido modificado, y teniendo en cuenta especificaciones del CubeSat. Este diseño se simplifica para poder mallarlo y simularlo dentro del entorno del cohete. Luego, según unos criterios tomados, se verifica si la estructura es apta para volar y se comentan los resultados obtenidos de los análisis hechos. Las conclusiones presentadas finalmente no son solo un cierre para esta etapa del proyecto, sino que también son un faro para aquellos que se aventurarán en el diseño y análisis de CubeSats en el futuro. Al mirar hacia adelante, identificamos líneas futuras de investigación que abarcan desde la mejora de la resistencia estructural hasta la implementación de tecnologías avanzadas en la próxima generación de CubeSats. A medida que la tecnología espacial continúa evolucionando, los CubeSats seguirán desempeñando un papel esencial en la exploración espacial y en la adquisición de datos cruciales para comprender

Una aeronave que vuela en el seno de una corriente de aire moviéndose a una velocidad que forma un ángulo elevado con respecto a la corriente, es decir, un ángulo de ataque alto, puede experimentar la entrada en pérdida, momento en que la sustentación cae de forma súbita y puede perderse el control. Antes de llegar a este punto, el flujo de aire deja de ser estable, formándose vórtices y desprendiéndose la capa límite, entre otros fenómenos. A lo largo de los cuatro cursos del grado, se estudian y detallan problemas en las que se suponen ángulos de ataque pequeños, con el objetivo de asegurar la estabilidad del flujo en todo momento. En este documento, se investigan perfiles aerodinámicos con diferentes ángulos de ataque, buscando el momento en que la corriente pasa a ser inestable, para conocer los rangos de trabajos que deben seguir para que no se produzca la entrada en pérdida, sirviendo de introducción a este campo de estudio. Se comparan soluciones de un perfil simétrico y uno asimétrico, así como los resultados en dos programas informáticos, MATLAB y ANSYS FLUENT, permitiendo conocer por primera vez este segundo software, ampliamente usado en el campo de la dinámica de fluidos computacional., An aircraft flying within an airflow moving at a speed that forms a high angle to the airflow, i.e. a high angle of attack, may experience stall, where the lift suddenly decreases and control may be lost. Before reaching this point, the airflow is no longer stable, vortices are formed and the boundary layer is shed, among other phenomena. Throughout the course, problems where small angles of attack are assumed are studied and detailed, with the aim of ensuring the stability of the flow at all times. In this paper, airfoils with different angles of attack are investigated, looking for the moment when the flow becomes unstable, in order to know the working ranges that must be followed to avoid stall, serving as an introduction to this field of study. Solutions of a symmetrical and an asymmetrical profile are compared, as well as the results in two computer programs, MATLAB and ANSYS FLUENT, allowing to know for the first time this second software, widely used in the field of computational fluid dynamics.

El gran problema que existe en la actualidad con la energía fotovoltaica es su nula flexibilidad y la imposibilidad de almacenar grandes cantidades de energía eléctrica de manera eficiente. El motivo de este trabajo es buscar una solución a este problema, con el almacenamiento de la energía fotovoltaica en forma de energía potencial gracias a las centrales reversibles. Se considerará que la central híbrida no vierte nada de energía fotovoltaica a la red eléctrica al existir un fuerte crecimiento de la potencia fotovoltaica instalada en España que podría dificultar la venta de energía de origen fotovoltaico durante el periodo de vida útil del proyecto. Para ello se estudia el caso de la Central de Guillena, que sirve como base de partida para estudiar la viabilidad de la hibridación. El comportamiento horario de la central se modelizará en Excel para el rango de horas donde se bombea con la energía fotovoltaica. Para hacer los cálculos se tienen en cuenta tanto los datos de irradiación en la localidad de la central, como los precios de la electricidad del OMIE para todas las horas de los 365 días del año. De esta forma, se determina el rango horario de bombeo más favorable para buscar reducir al máximo los costes de bombeo de agua de la central reversible al incorporar el sistema fotovoltaico., The big problem that currently exists with photovoltaic energy is its lack of flexibility and the impossibility of storing large amounts of electrical energy efficiently. The reason for this work is to find a solution to this problem, with the storage of photovoltaic energy in the form of potential energy thanks to reversible power plants. It will be considered that the hybrid power system does not feed any photovoltaic energy into the electricity grid as there is a strong growth in installed photovoltaic power in Spain that could hinder the sale of photovoltaic energy during the useful life of the project. Accordingly, the case of the Guillena Power Plant is studied, which serves as a starting point to study the feasibility of hybridization. The hourly behavior of the plant will be modeled in Excel for the range of hours where it is pumped with photovoltaic energy. To make the calculations, both the irradiation data in the location of the plant and the OMIE electricity prices for all hours of the 365 days of the year are taken into account. In this way, the most favorable pumping hourly range is determined to seek to minimize the costs of pumping water from the reversible plant by incorporating the photovoltaic system.

En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG), se investiga y se presenta una metodología detallada para desarrollar complejas simulaciones que modelan el intercambio de calor entre las celdas de una batería y el aire en movimiento en su interior. El proceso comienza con la creación del modelo de celda en Battery Design Studio, donde se configuran los parámetros fundamentales de la batería. Posteriormente, se realiza la simulación en Star-CCM+, un software de dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD), que permite analizar el comportamiento del flujo de aire en el interior de la batería y evaluar el intercambio de calor con las celdas. Esto se hace para entender mejor cómo la batería responde a diferentes condiciones, como la carga y descarga. Además, se exploran diversas estrategias de diseño y operación para optimizar la transferencia de calor y mejorar el rendimiento de la batería. Mi trabajo durante la temporada 2021/2022 en el departamento de Aerodinámica del equipo ARUS no se limitó solo a desarrollar simulaciones para mejorar y optimizar la refrigeración por aire del ART-20E de la temporada anterior. Además, fui responsable del diseño y desarrollo de un innovador sistema para la estructura de los ventiladores y una toma de aire que introducía aire dentro del chasis, en contraste con los diseños de años anteriores., In the present Bachelor’s Thesis, a detailed methodology is investigated and presented for developing complex simulations that model the heat exchange between the cells of a battery and the moving air inside it. The process starts with creating the cell model in Battery Design Studio, where the fundamental parameters of the battery are configured. Subsequently, the simulation is performed using StarCCM+, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software that allows analyzing the behavior of airflow inside the battery and evaluating the heat exchange with the cells. This is done to better understand how the battery responds to different conditions, such as charging and discharging. Additionally, various design and operation strategies are explored to optimize heat transfer and improve battery performance. My work during the 2021/2022 season in the Aerodynamics department of the ARUS team was not limited to developing simulations to enhance and optimize the air cooling of the ART-20E from the previous season. Moreover, I was responsible for designing and developing an innovative system for the fan structure and an air intake that introduced air into the chassis, contrasting with designs from previous years.

La Vela Solar Eléctrica (E-sail) es una novedosa tecnología propulsiva sin propelente aplicable a vehículos espaciales, que genera el empuje necesario a partir de la interacción eléctrica entre cables (tethers) muy largos cargados eléctricamente y los iones del viento solar. Así pues, el presente trabajo aborda el problema de control de actitud de las E-sails, con el objectivo principal de ampliar el rango de validez de trabajos recientes ([1], [2]), que logran realizar maniobras de cabeceo manteniendo el eje de giro en una alineación próxima con el Sol, y considerando una deformación simétrica de los tethers. Para tal fin, en este proyecto se propone un modelo de deformación no simétrico, que permite a los tethers deformarse de forma independiente según la orientación relativa al Sol y el voltaje aplicado, tal y como sucedería en realidad. Esta propuesta es entonces analizada bajo control LQR para comprobar su rango de validez y estudiar la respuesta al control de la vela solar eléctrica, y, después, bajo control LQG para incluir la influencia de las perturbaciones y el ruido procedente de los sensores en el análisis., The Electric Solar Sail (E-sail) is an innovative propellantless propulsion technology for spacecraft, which generates thrust from interaction of long electrically-charged tethers with solar wind ions. This thesis addresses the attitude control problem for E-sails, with the main objective of widening the validity range of recent work ([1], [2]), that are able to perform pitch change maneuvers near a Sun-facing configuration, assuming a symmetrical deformation of all tethers. For this purpose, a non-symmetrical deformed shape model is proposed to allow the tethers deform independently according to relative orientation from Sun and applied voltage, as it would happen in reality. This proposal is then analyzed under LQR control to check the validity range and study the behaviour of the E-sail’s control response, and, later, under LQG control to include the effects of disturbances and sensors’ noise.

En el estudio de las actuaciones de rotores en vuelo axial son muchas las teorías utilizadas para modelar el comportamiento de estos. Así, el presente trabajo se enfoca en el estudio del vuelo axial ascensional de un rotor de helicóptero, considerando diversas teorías que van desde las más sencillas a las más complejas. El desarrollo de las teorías se realizará de forma incremental en complejidad, comenzando con teorías muy básicas las cuales permiten comprender ideas generales del comportamiento del rotor. Estas teorías serán cruciales para etapas iniciales del desarrollo de un proyecto de diseño, donde únicamente valores rápidos y estimados son requeridos. A medida que se avanza en el desarrollo, se introducirán teorías más complejas, las cuales permiten un modelado local del problema, modelando fenomenología compleja y permitiendo valores de las variables de interés mucho más cercanos a los esperados en la realidad. Estos valores son necesarios cuando la precisión toma mayor importancia, especialmente en etapas más avanzadas del proceso de diseño. El aspecto clave de todo este desarrollo reside en la comparativa de las diferentes teorías a estudiar, identificando puntos fuertes y débiles de cada una de ellas, regímenes de aplicación, etc. De esta forma, dada la necesidad de realizar un dimensionado de un rotor en una situación particular, se tengan las herramientas necesarias para poder saber qué metodología ofrece mejores resultados, en precisión y tiempo de cálculo. Finalmente, se pretende realizar un estudio de detalle de la distribución de fuerzas generadas en las palas del rotor con la teoría más avanzada a modelar, donde podrán identificarse las zonas de mayor carga aerodinámica, así como la distribución de velocidades en el rotor de forma local., In the study of rotor performances in axial flight, there are many theories used to model their behavior. Thus, this work focuses on the study of the ascending axial flight of a helicopter rotor, considering various theories ranging from the simplest to the most complex. The development of these theories will be carried out incrementally in complexity, starting with very basic theories that allow for a general understanding of rotor behavior. These theories will be crucial for the initial stages of design projects, where only quick and estimated values are required. As the development progresses, more complex theories will be introduced, allowing for local modeling of the problem, and capturing intricate phenomena, thereby providing values of variables of interest much closer to real-world expectations. These values are necessary when precision becomes more critical, especially in later stages of the design process. The key aspect of this entire development lies in the comparison of the different theories under study, identifying their strengths, weaknesses, applicable regimes, etc. Thus, when sizing a rotor for a specific situation, one will have the necessary tools to determine which methodology offers better results in terms of accuracy and calculation time. Eventually, a detailed study of the distribution of forces generated on the rotor blades will be conducted using the most advanced theory to be modeled. This study will help identify areas of higher aerodynamic load and the local distribution of velocities in the rotor.

Una aeronave que vuela en el seno de una corriente de aire moviéndose a una velocidad que forma un ángulo elevado con respecto a la corriente, es decir, un ángulo de ataque alto, puede experimentar la entrada en pérdida, momento en que la sustentación cae de forma súbita y puede perderse el control. Antes de llegar a este punto, el flujo de aire deja de ser estable, formándose vórtices y desprendiéndose la capa límite, entre otros fenómenos. A lo largo de la carrera, se estudian y detallan problemas en las que se suponen ángulos de ataque pequeños, con el objetivo de asegurar la estabilidad del flujo en todo momento. En este documento, se investigan perfiles aerodinámicos con diferentes ángulos de ataque, buscando el momento en que la corriente pasa a ser inestable, para conocer los rangos de trabajos que deben seguir con objeto a no producirse la entrada en pérdida, sirviendo de introducción a este campo de estudio. Se comparan soluciones de un perfil simétrico y uno asimétrico, así como los resultados en dos programas informáticos, MATLAB y ANSYS FLUENT, permitiendo conocer por primera vez este segundo software, ampliamente usado en el campo de la dinámica de fluidos computacional., An aircraft flying within an airflow moving at a speed that forms a high angle to the airflow, i.e. a high angle of attack, may experience stall, where the lift suddenly decreases and control may be lost. Before reaching this point, the airflow is no longer stable, vortices are formed and the boundary layer is shed, among other phenomena. Throughout the course, problems where small angles of attack are assumed are studied and detailed, with the aim of ensuring the stability of the flow at all times. In this paper, airfoils with different angles of attack are investigated, looking for the moment when the flow becomes unstable, in order to know the working ranges that must be followed to avoid stall, serving as an introduction to this field of study. Solutions of a symmetrical and an asymmetrical profile are compared, as well as the results in two computer programs, MATLAB and ANSYS FLUENT, allowing to know for the first time this second software, widely used in the field of computational fluid dynamics.

Tratamos de encontrar una solución del problema electrohidrodinámico de los conos de Taylor coaxiales con tres dominios siendo la fase más interna un fluido gaseoso. Primero se resuelve la solución en equilibrio analíticamente y posteriormente se busca una solución real con emisión de microburbujas gaseosas., We aim to find a solution to the electrohydrodynamic problem of coaxial Taylor cones with three domains so that the inner phase is a gaseous fluid. Firstly, the static solution is analytically solved and afterwards a real solution with emission of a gas jet leading to a stream of microbubbles is searched.

La industria de la ingeniería aeroespacial es un mundo complejo y globalizado, donde las habilidades técnicas adquiridas en la etapa universitaria ya no son suficientes para garantizar el éxito en un campo tan competitivo. Este trabajo analiza la relevancia de las soft skills para un ingeniero aeroespacial, como la comunicación eficaz, empatía, trabajo en equipo o actitud positiva. Estas habilidades se han vuelto fundamentales para las empresas del sector aeroespacial y, además, pueden ser el factor diferenciador para no ser reemplazados por una inteligencia artificial en la era de la industria 4.0. Para ello, se busca conocer si hay conciencia de la importancia de las soft skills a través de encuestas, entrevistas y experiencias de alumnos de la asignatura de Cálculo de Aeronaves del último curso del Grado en Ingeniería Aeroespacial de la especialidad de Aeronaves que se imparte en la Universidad de Sevilla; docentes del Grado en Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Máster Universitario en Ingeniería Aeronáutica de la Universidad de Sevilla; y, por último, profesionales de empresas de ingeniería participantes en el Encuentro sobre Ingeniería y Empleo (ESIEM 2019 y 2023) de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Sevilla. Finalmente, se sacan conclusiones de los datos recogidos y, con ellas, se proponen estrategias para mejorar la formación en soft skills del futuro ingeniero aeroespacial de la Universidad de Sevilla. De esta manera, se busca beneficiar a los tres colectivos implicados, a través de la convergencia de intereses entre el alumno, el profesorado de la Universidad y las empresas del sector aeroespacial., The aerospace engineering industry is a complex and globalized world, where the technical skills acquired in college are no longer sufficient to ensure success in such a competitive field. This research project analyzes the relevance of soft skills such as effective communication, empathy, teamwork or positive attitude for aerospace engineers. These skills have become essential for companies in the aerospace sector. In addition, they may be the differentiating factor to avoid being replaced by artificial intelligence in the era of industry 4.0. For this reason, we seek to know if there is awareness of the importance of soft skills based on surveys, interviews and experiences of Aircraft Calculation students in the final year of the Degree in Aerospace Engineering (speciality Aircrafts) at University of Seville; teachers of the Degree in Aerospace Engineering and Master in Aeronautical Engineering of the University of Seville; and finally, professionals from engineering companies participating in the Meeting on Engineering and Employment (ESIEM 2019 & 2023) of the School of Engineering of Seville. Finally, conclusions are drawn from the data collected and, from them, strategies are proposed to improve the training in soft skills for future graduates in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Seville. In this way, the aim is to benefit the three groups involved through the convergence of interests between the student, University faculty and companies in the aerospace sector.

The Navier-Stokes equations are one of the pillars upon which rest the great edifice that is fluid mechanics. As such, they play an important role in the Aerospace Engineering curriculum, where, among other subjects, they are essential in the realm of aerodynamics. Nonetheless, the usual approach when teaching this discipline is to simplify these equations so that analytic or semi-analytic solutions can be obtained and explored. This project aims in an opposite direction: it will present a technique for the resolution of supersonic aerodynamic scenarios by means of a numerical integration of the almost complete Navier-Stokes equations. Thus, it will explain and implement a time-marching, MacCormack scheme and will show the results that can be obtained with it.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio y optimización de las actuaciones y la planta propulsora de una aeronave con planta de potencia eléctrica. El avión estudiado es el INTA ALO, avión de reconocimiento y vigilancia en tiempo real con capacidad de recolección de imágenes en el espectro visible y de infrarrojos. La misión estudiada por su parte, es la que dicho avión desarrolla en el centro de investigación del Arenosillo. En el desarrollo del trabajo se ha estudiado la configuración inicial de la aeronave, obteniendo los consumos de potencia y energía. Posteriormente se ha desarrollado el proceso de optimización, identificando las posibilidades de mejora a introducir en la nueva configuración. Una vez seleccionada la configuración final, se han vuelto a calcular los consumos de potencia y energía para la misma, comparando estos con los resultados iniciales, verificándose así las mejoras introducidas por las modificaciones., The objective of this work is the study and optimization of the actions and the propulsion plant of an aircraft with electric power plant. The aircraft studied is the INTA ALO, a real-time reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft with image collection capacity in the visible and infrared spectrum. The mission studied, on the other hand, is the one that this aircraft develops in the Arenosillo research center. In the development of the work, the initial configuration of the aircraft has been studied, obtaining the power and energy consumption. Subsequently, the optimization process has been developed, identifying the possibilities of improvement to be introduced in the new configuration. Once the final configuration has been selected, the power and energy consumption for it has been recalculated, comparing these with the initial results, thus verifying the improvements introduced by the modifications.

Debido al efecto de las perturbaciones, el cual es difícil de modelar con precisión, siempre aparece un cierto grado de incertidumbre asociado a la órbita. Para modelar y trabajar con dicha incertidumbre se puede utilizar la teoría de la probabilidad. El objetivo de este proyecto es el de estudiar y analizar distintos métodos que permitan la propagación de la incertidumbre a lo largo de la órbita, tales como el método Montecarlo, Linealización, Unscented Transform (UT) o los Elementos Orbitales Equinocciales. Asimismo, las perturbaciones más importantes para los satélites en órbita baja, el J2 y la resistencia aerodinámica, son estudiadas también. Además, el efecto que tienen en los elementos orbitales de la órbita y en la propia evolución de la incertidumbre es analizado de igual forma., Due to perturbation effects, which are difficult to model accurately, there is always a certain degree of uncertainty associated with the orbit. To model and work with such uncertainty, probability theory can be utilized. The objective of this project is to study and analyze different methods that allow us to propagate this uncertainty along the orbit, such as the Monte Carlo method, Linearization, Unscented Transform (UT), or Equinoctial Orbital Elements. Additionally, the most significant perturbations for satellites in low earth orbit, the J2 effect and aerodynamic drag, are also studied. Besides, their impact on the orbital elements and the evolution of uncertainty itself are also analyzed.

En esta tesis se abordan tres aspectos relacionados con el impacto de gotas sobre superficies lisas y rugosas, tanto hidrofílicas como hidrófobas. El estudio del impacto de gotas sobre sustratos sólidos puede clasificarse en: i) el análisis de la expansión, conocida como spreading, y posterior retracción (en caso de que la hubiere), y ii) en la determinación de la velocidad crítica a partir de la cual la gota se disgrega en otras más pequeñas (fenómeno denominado splashing). Así, tras una breve introducción de los fenómenos a analizar, el segundo capítulo de esta tesis se dedicará al estudio de la evolución temporal de la expansión de gotas de líquidos de baja viscosidad al impactar sobre superficies lisas e inclinadas, siendo este proceso totalmente semejante al impacto de una gota formando una trayectoria inclinada con respecto a un substrato sólido horizontal. En estas situaciones, el proceso de expansión desarrolla asimetrías que no habían sido cuantificadas hasta la fecha. El tercer y cuarto capítulos están relacionados entre sí. En ellos se realiza un análisis exhaustivo del proceso de splashing en superficies rugosas, tanto hidrofílicas como hidrófobas, y se logra construir un diagrama que permite determinar la velocidad de transición al splash a presión atmosférica en función de las propiedades materiales del líquido, del ángulo de contacto estático, así como de la rugosidad relativa de la superficie. Por tanto, en esta tesis se proporciona una descripción completa de la transición al splash sobre superficies genéricas que posee un claro interés tecnológico., This thesis addresses three different topics related to drop impact on smooth and rough surfaces, not only in the hydrophilic case but also for hydrophobic substrates. The analysis of the drop impact over solid substrates can be classified in: i) drop spreading and subsequent retraction (if any), and ii) determination of the critical velocity at which the droplet disintegrates into smaller pieces, the so-called splashing process. Thus, once the problem at hand is introduced, the second chapter of this thesis is devoted to the study of the temporal evolution of the drop expansion that takes place when drops of low viscosity liquids impact over smooth inclined surfaces, being this process comparable to the impact of a drop following an inclined trajectory with respect to a horizontal substrate. In these cases, the drop expansion shows some asymmetries that had not been quantified hitherto. Chapters three and four are interrelated. Here, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the splash transition over rough surfaces, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and we elaborate a diagram that allows determining the spreading-splashing transition at atmospheric conditions as a function of the liquid material properties, the static contact angle, and of the relative surface roughness. Therefore, this thesis provides a complete description of the splashing process over arbitrary substrates that possesses a clear technological interest.

El marco general de este Trabajo Fin de Máster (TFM) es el estudio de las consecuencias de las tormentas en el tráfico aéreo. En concreto se analiza la relación entre las desviaciones que sufren las aeronaves respecto a su trayectoria planificada y los patrones meteorológicos que recogen probabilidad de formación de tormentas. En el trabajo se analizan diferentes indicadores meteorológicos creados para representar la convección existente en la atmósfera. Este nivel de convección será el responsable de que se puedan formar tormentas. Estos indicadores se relacionan con diferentes desviaciones que sufre una aeronave de la trayectoria planificada. Para esto se ha contado con dos fuentes de datos: por un lado, los datos meteorológicos reales del mes de junio de 2018, por otro lado, las trayectorias planificadas y reales de los vuelos que sobrevolaron la región de estudio dicho mes (latitud entre 20 y 80 norte, longitud entre -40 y 50 respecto al meridiano de Greenwich). Las desviaciones analizadas son: retraso en la hora de despegue, retraso acumulado durante la ruta y desviaciones laterales, verticales y longitudinales en cada uno de los puntos de paso que registran los datos con los que se ha trabajado. Se asocian los valores de los indicadores en cada punto de la trayectoria planificada con el valor de las diferentes desviaciones, obteniendo un modelo. Este análisis presentado, puede constituir un primer paso para el desarrollo de una herramienta capaz de prever las posibles desviaciones que se tendrán en un vuelo, usando el modelo obtenido junto con los pronósticos meteorológicos. Esto puede servir de ayuda para que diferentes actores de la red de afluencia de tráfico aéreo (como las aerolíneas, aeropuertos y proveedores de servicios de navegación aérea), optimicen sus operaciones.

En proyectos de investigación y trabajos en disciplinas como ingeniería, arquitectura y física, es común encomendar la fabricación de componentes específicos, modelos y prototipos a empresas externas. Las tecnologías de impresión 3D han surgido como una alternativa para reducir los costos y los tiempos de espera que suelen estar asociados con la subcontratación de este tipo de trabajos. El propósito de este trabajo es abordar la creación integral de una impresora 3D desde cero. Inicialmente, se realiza un análisis del mercado de impresoras 3D y se elabora una lista de componentes críticos que definirán las especificaciones de la impresora a diseñar, acorde a un presupuesto establecido. A continuación, se procede al diseño completo del hardware de la impresora. Esto involucra la creación de una estructura sólida y un armazón que servirán como base de la máquina. Se incorporan diferentes mecanismos que se basan en sistemas de correas, motores y husillos, permitiendo que la impresora pueda moverse y llevar a cabo impresiones en los tres ejes principales. Se diseña un cabezal de impresión que incluye el extrusor, así como el sistema de calefacción y ventilación necesarios para el manejo del filamento de impresión. Además, se implementa toda la electrónica requerida para que la máquina pueda llevar a cabo sus funciones. Una vez que el diseño físico de la impresora está completo, se aprovecha la plataforma Arduino y el firmware Marlin para codificar e implementar todas las funcionalidades y especificaciones de la máquina. Se desarrollan las funciones relacionadas con el movimiento del hardware, la extrusión y la calefacción, además de incorporar mecanismos de protección, limitación de movimiento y memoria, lo que permite que la máquina sea altamente adaptable y personalizable incluso después de su construcción. Se introduce el software externo necesario para controlar la impresora y gestionar las impresiones. Utilizando herramientas como Printrun y sus extensiones Pronter, In research projects and endeavors within fields such as engineering, architecture, and physics, it is commonplace to delegate the manufacturing of specific components, models, and prototypes to external companies. 3D printing technologies have emerged as an alternative to mitigate the costs and waiting times typically associated with outsourcing such tasks. The aim of this work is to undertake the comprehensive creation of a 3D printer from scratch. Initially, an analysis of the 3D printer market is conducted, followed by the compilation of a list of critical components that will define the specifications of the printer to be designed, all in accordance with a predetermined budget. Subsequently, the complete hardware design of the printer is undertaken. This encompasses crafting a robust structure and frame that will serve as the foundation of the machine. Various mechanisms are incorporated, relying on belt systems, motors, and screws, enabling the printer to move and execute prints along the three principal axes. A printing head is designed, inclusive of the extruder, as well as the requisite heating and ventilation systems for filament management. Furthermore, all necessary electronics are implemented to facilitate the machine's functionalities. Once the physical design of the printer is finalized, the Arduino platform and Marlin firmware are harnessed to encode and implement all functionalities and specifications of the machine. Functions pertaining to hardware movement, extrusion, and heating are developed, alongside the incorporation of safeguards, motion constraints, and memory mechanisms, endowing the machine with high adaptability and customization even after its construction. External software necessary for printer control and print management is introduced. Utilizing tools like Printrun and its Pronterface and Pronsole extensions, the process of calibration, tracking, and adjustment is elucidated through a graphical interface and G-code command language.

El comportamiento de los fenómenos de evolución hacia el equilibrio en un sistema tiene una explicación evidente al analizar el movimiento de las partículas que lo componen, lo cual es posible gracias a los métodos de simulación provistos por la Dinámica Molecular. Con el objetivo de estudiar y comprender este comportamiento se constituye este trabajo, en el que, mediante la simulación de la interacción de distintos conjuntos de partículas, se tratará de alcanzar conclusiones generales a nivel tanto molecular como macroscópico, especialmente en cuanto a la evolución hacia el equilibrio en procesos irreversibles. En estas simulaciones se pondrán en contacto conjuntos de partículas a distintas temperaturas y se observará cómo la temperatura del equilibrio tiende a la temperatura media de los conjuntos iniciales, así como la evolución de otras magnitudes termodinámicas. Asimismo, se estudiará la distribución en el espacio de las partículas durante la tendencia al equilibrio y durante el mismo, concluyendo que estas procuran mantenerse en el mayor estado de azar posible una vez alcanzado dicho equilibrio. A pesar de las limitaciones para los resultados que se puedan obtener a partir de métodos relativamente sencillos, estos ilustrarán la relación entre el mundo microscópico y el macroscópico, y serán susceptibles de ser extrapolados a conjuntos mayores de partículas., The behavior of the phenomenons of evolution towards equilibrium for a system involves an evident explanation when the movement of the particles composing it is analyzed, which is possible thanks to the simulation methods proposed by Molecular Dynamics. In order to study and understand this behavior, this work will try to reach conclusions concerning both molecular and macroscopic levels, particularly for the evolution towards equilibrium in irreversible processes. During this simulations, ensembles of particles at different temperatures will be put in contact, so it will be possible to analyze how final temperature will tend to be the medium temperature of the initial ensembles. Furthermore, spatial distribution of particles during the evolution towards equilibrium will be studied, concluding that they try to keep the biggest random state possible once the equilibrium is reached. Despite limitations for the results obtained by these relatively simple methods, they will illustrate the relation between microscopic and macroscopic worlds and might be extrapolated to bigger ensembles of particles.

Esta tesis se ha planteado como una contribución para la mejora de procesos en la agroindustria de la aceituna concretamente dos mejoras en la industria de aceituna de mesa y una en la industria del aceite. Siendo sus objetivos los siguientes: 1. Caracterización del proceso de cocido de la aceituna verde “estilo sevillano” mediante visión artificial. 2. Diferenciación entre aceites de oliva virgen extra (AOVEs) mediante impedancia eléctrica y redes neuronales. 3. Mejora en el funcionamiento de máquinas deshuesadoras, rellenadoras y rodajadoras (DRR) mediante el uso de visión artificial. La metodología seguida ha sido: Partiendo de datos tomados en varias agroindustrias de campañas anteriores (cocido (2017) y deshuesado (2018) y de los datos obtenidos del análisis de aceites comerciales de la campaña de 2022 se han planteado tres hitos: 1. El análisis del cocido de la aceituna de mesa estilo sevillano siguiendo el procedimiento descrito en la patente P201100462/WO2012146799 A1/PCT/ES2012/000104. 2. Clasificado de cuatro AOVEs (ampliado a 18 aceites monovarietales, y dos aceites de control uno de orujo y otro de girasol), mediante redes neuronales. 3. Una mejora en el funcionamiento de las máquinas DRR mediante técnicas de visión artificial que permite ver la correcta selección de calibres de las aceitunas que llegan a la máquina DRR así como la bondad en el ajuste mecánico de la misma a partir del conteo de aceitunas mal posicionadas cuando van a ser deshuesadas.

Este proyecto presenta un sistema automatizado diseñado para mejorar la asignación de ponentes en las conferencias IECON, la Conferencia Internacional de Electrónica Industrial. Con el objetivo de elevar tanto la experiencia de los asistentes como la eficiencia para los organizadores, el sistema utiliza avanzadas técnicas de procesamiento del lenguaje natural y aprendizaje automático. Estas técnicas permiten agrupar a los ponentes según la similitud temática de sus investigaciones, fomentando así una mayor coherencia y fluidez en las sesiones conferenciales de este destacado evento internacional. Esto, a su vez, contribuye a una gestión más eficiente de los proyectos IECON en términos de asignación temática de ponentes. La metodología del sistema se basa en la extracción de características relevantes de las tesis de los ponentes, las cuales son utilizadas para entrenar un modelo de aprendizaje automático encargado de llevar a cabo la agrupación. La evaluación del modelo se ha realizado mediante comparaciones con métodos tradicionales de asignación de ponentes, asegurando la eficacia y superioridad del enfoque propuesto, específicamente en el contexto de las conferencias IECON., This project introduces an automated system designed to enhance speaker allocation in IECON conferences, the International Conference on Industrial Electronics. With the aim of improving both attendee experience and efficiency for organizers, the system employs advanced natural language processing and machine learning techniques. These methods facilitate the grouping of speakers based on the thematic similarity of their research, fostering greater coherence and fluidity in the conference sessions of this prominent international event. This, in turn, contributes to more efficient management of IECON projects in terms of speaker thematic allocation. The system’s methodology relies on extracting relevant features from the papers of the speakers, which are used to train a machine learning model responsible for the grouping process. The model’s effectiveness has been evaluated through comparisons with traditional speaker allocation methods, ensuring the efficiency and superiority of the proposed approach, specifically within the context of IECON conferences.

Coaxial electrospray is a well established procedure to generate coaxial micro- and nano-structures (microcapsules and coaxial fibers). In this work we show the capabilities of a high-precision numerical code using dynamic mapping, analytic Jacobian formulation and the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric model (LDM) to deal with real coaxial electrospray configurations. Since the number of parameters involved in the problem is large, we focus on an experimentally tested liquid pair configuration where the thickness, relative position, and end sharpness of the coaxial feeding tubes are geometrical parameters of interest. The effects of those parameters and the voltage applied at the tubes on the coaxial liquid menisci, liquid streamlines, size of jet and core, and electric current are discussed.

We study the linear stability of bubbles in a capillary tube under external flow. Yu et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 911, 2021, pp. 1-19) showed that a rich variety of bubble dynamics occurs when a downward external flow is applied, opposing the buoyancy-driven ascent of the bubble. They found experimentally and numerically the existence of two branches of solutions that overlap over a finite range of the capillary number of the downward external flow in cases where the Reynolds number is small and the Bond number is larger than the critical value for which the bubble can rise spontaneously (Bretherton, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 10, issue 2, 1961, pp. 166-188). Furthermore, inertialess, symmetry-breaking steady-state shapes were found as the bubble transits near the tipping points of the solution branches. In this work, using steady axisymmetric simulations, we show that the reported multiplicity of solutions can be described using bifurcation diagrams with three branches of steady axisymmetric solutions and two limit points. The linear global stability analysis of the different branches of the stationary axisymmetric solutions demonstrates that the symmetry breaking is due to the development of three-dimensional instabilities with azimuthal wavenumber.

We study experimentally and numerically the onset of tip streaming in an electrified droplet. The experiments show that, for a sufficiently small dimensionless conductivity, the droplet apex oscillates before ejecting a liquid jet. This effect is caused by the limited charge transfer from the bulk to the interface. This reduces the electrostatic pressure at the droplet's stretching tip, preventing liquid ejection. This reduction of the electrostatic pressure is compensated for by the electric shear stress arising during apex oscillations, which eventually leads to the jet formation. The stability limit calculated from the global stability analysis perfectly agrees with experimental results. However, this analysis predicts non-oscillatory, non-localized instability in all the cases, suggesting that both the oscillatory behavior and the small local scale characterizing tip streaming arise during the nonlinear droplet deformation.

Las Velas Solares Eléctricas son una alternativa interesante a los sistemas de propulsión tradicionales, un nuevo tipo de propulsión espacial sin combustible que obtiene la energía de los protones del viento solar, obteniendo unos niveles de aceleración que las hace potencialmente útiles para misiones interplanetarias. Pese a que estos sistemas surgen como una alternativa para alcanzar objetos lejanos sin depender de maniobras asistidas por gravedad, la combinación de ambos puede ser muy prometedora. El primer objetivo de este proyecto es analizar diferentes trayectorias con asistencia gravitatora para Velas Solares Eléctricas. Tras esto, estas trayectorias han de ser optimizadas con el fin de reducir el tiempo de vuelo. Existen múltiples alternativas de optimización disponibles, y de entre estas opciones, se han elegido específicamente los algoritmos genéticos. Los algoritmos genéticos, un algoritmo evolutivo que ha experimentado un crecimiento significativo en el campo de estudio en la última década debido a los avances computacionales, proporcionan excelentes resultados; no obstante, implican un costo computacional sustancial. Distintas variaciones en los parámetros de control y las operaciones son llevadas a cabo, dando lugar a resultados comparables con un tiempo computacional reducido., Electric Solar Wind Sails are an interesting alternative to traditional propulsion systems, a new type of spacecraft propellantless propulsion system that gets its energy from solar wind protons, making them potentially useful for interplanetary missions. Despite the fact that these systems emerge as an alternative to reach far away objects without depending on gravity assist maneuvers, the combination of both can be very promising. The first goal of this project is to analyze different gravity-assist trajectories for Electric Solar Wind Sails. Then, these trajectories have to be optimized in order to reduce the flight time. There are multiple optimization alternatives available, and out of these options, genetic algorithms have been specifically chosen. Genetic algorithms, an evolutionary algorithm that has experienced significant growth in the field of study over the last decade due to computational advancements, provide excellent results; however, they imply a substantial computational cost. Several variations on control parameters and operations are conducted, resulting in comparable results with reduced computational time. V

Micro/nanofibers are structures that nowadays have a wide range of cutting-edge applications including energy generation and storage devices, smart textiles, cell growth, and tissue engineering. These fibrous materials are mostly produced from polymer solutions spun, under laminar flow conditions, into nanofibers by external forces. However, the turbulent interaction of gas-liquid interfaces offers an innovative approach for the high-throughput production of nanofibers. Here, we present Flow Blurring (FB), a solely pneumatic approach for the massive production of liquid threads of polymer solutions, which relies on a micro-mixing mechanism that triggers a turbulent motion capable of fragmenting a viscous flow. The as-ejected threads are subsequently processed thermally, on-line in a single-step, thus producing micro/nanofibers that form mats. The method operates with relatively large liquid flow rates, equivalent of a high production rate, and is thus suitable for industrial production of engineered nanomaterials. In this work, we used solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to study its ejection and fragmentation dynamics through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, the physics underlying the regulation of the liquid flow rate in FB atomizers are proposed. Fibers with typical diameters in the range 400-800 nm were produced by online heating of the liquid threads. Liquid ejection experiments were performed under different operating conditions thus verifying the capability of the method for synthesizing submicrometer-sized fibers with high uniformity and production rates suitable for scaling up.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Water consumption of felt-based outdoor living walls in warm climates”. This study aims to quantify the water consumption of commercial outdoor felt-based living walls installed in four different Spanish cities, assessing the influencing variables (i.e., location, size, exposition, recirculation). To do so, 16 living walls were monitored during 1–4 years to compute the volume of water used to irrigate them during the year.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Particularities of having plants at home during the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic”. This study evaluated the role of having plants at home during the confinement period as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that deprived people of freely visiting open green spaces. Preferences concerning the quantity of the desired vegetation as well as the ways in which the COVID-19 crisis affected the change of perceptions with regard to having plants at home were also evaluated. The dataset presents the responses to a questionnaire filled by 4205 participants, which provided an evaluation of the impact of indoor and outdoor plants on their emotional welfare considering behavioural, social, and demographic variables.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Suitability and optimization of FAO's small-scale aquaponics systems for joint production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and fish (Carassius auratus)”. This study evaluated the performance of three different small-scale aquaponic systems for the joint production of lettuce and Carassius auratus. The dataset presents the data acquired of the different variables for water quality, plant production and fish production.

Dataset acquired for the study published in the article: “Detection of unfavourable urban areas with higher temperatures and lack of green spaces using satellite imagery in sixteen Spanish cities”. This is part of the project “Urban Sustainability using new Data Mining developments (URSUS-DM)” the Spanish R & D Programme for projects addressing the challenges of the society (2018 call), in the framework of the State Plan of Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017–2020, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, grant number RTI2018095097-B-100. This study aims to identify the most unfavourable areas of a city in terms of high temperatures and the absence of green infrastructure. An automatic methodology based on remote sensing and data analysis has been developed and applied in sixteen Spanish cities with different characteristics. Landsat-8 satellite images were selected for each city from the July-August period of 2019 and 2020 to calculate the spatial variation of land surface temperature (LST). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the abundance of vegetation across the city. Based on the NDVI and LST maps created, a k-means unsupervised classification clustering was performed to automatically identify the different clusters according to how favourable these areas were in terms of temperature and presence of vegetation. A Disadvantaged Area Index (DAI), combining both variables, was developed to produce a map showing the most unfavourable areas for each city.

Indoor air pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world. Plants are known to be able to reduce the effect of air pollution and improve indoor air quality (IAQ). The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of four plant species (Tradescantia zebrina hort. ex Bosse, Philodendron scandens K. Koch & Sello, Ficus pumila L. and Chlorophtytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques) planted in an active living wall (ALW) for capturing particle pollutants. The ALW was introduced in a glass chamber and exposed to large (10-40 µm) and fine (1.2-10 µm) airborne particles containing a fixed concentration of potentially toxic elements (Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb). The surface particle deposition (sPM) was estimated in the leaves from the four species and the potentially toxic element concentration in the particulate matter (PM) was measured in plants, medium culture and in the ALW support system. The distribution of different particle size fractions differed between species. The capacity to trap particles on leaf surfaces was similar among the species (4.7-13 ng cm-2 ) except when comparing Tradescantia and Chlorophytum with Ficus, being higher in the latter species. Differences in toxic elements accumulation capacity were observed between species depending on the elements considered. The percentage of reduction in indoor pollution using an ALW was in a range of 65-79% being similar between species. Plants were the most important component of the ALW in terms of accumulation of indoor potentially toxic elements. The data presented here could be used to model the effectiveness of ALW systems schemes in improving IAQ.