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Mammalian females with unweaned offspring often engage in spatial and temporal segregation to avoid encounters with conspecifics, reducing the risks of infanticide and resource competition. Such behavioral strategies have been reported in bears (Ursus spp.), but knowledge is limited in Asiatic black bears (U. thibetanus). Here, we investigated the temporal segregation of Asiatic black bears with unweaned offspring as a behavioral strategy, using 21 camera traps in Shirakawa Village, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, from June to October 2019. Such a behavioral strategy would be influenced by food abundance, so we also evaluated the production of 6 fruits that are consumed by bears in the study area. Although a direct relationship may not be evident, our findings provided preliminary but suggestive evidence of temporal segregation, with females with unweaned offspring displaying increased daytime activity compared with solitary bears, possibly as an attempt to avoid infanticide and competition for food access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair hormone analysis has received increasing attention in the fields of wildlife management and conservation over the last decade. However, few studies focused on sex steroid hormones, even though hair sex steroid hormone analysis has the potential to provide information on an individual's reproductive health, leading to a better understanding of animal reproductive biology and the assessment of individual and population health. Here, we tested the assay validation and examined whether hair progesterone concentration (HPC) differs between different sexes and age classes in the Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus. We also investigated the effects of reproductive condition, age, and body condition index (BCI) on HPC to determine the utility of hair progesterone analysis in bears. The assay validation was reported in our study. We found a significantly higher HPC in adult females than in juvenile females and juvenile and adult males. In addition, we found no effects of age and BCI on HPC but a significant positive effect of reproductive condition, as the HPC in breeding adult females was significantly higher than in nonbreeding adult females. These results suggest that hair progesterone analysis has the potential to evaluate the reproductive condition of Asian black bears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a federally protected species facing conservation concerns due to habitat depletion, food and environment driven altitude migration and its conflicting domain with humans. This study, conducted in the Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, Sikkim Himalaya, emphasizes the need to understand seasonal variations in bear ecology and human interactions. Methods: Field surveys for four seasons viz. Spring (April-June), Summer (July-September), Autumn (October-December) and Winter (January-March) and interviews in the fringe villages (2021-2023), human-bear conflict secondary data (2019-2022) and camera trap data (2016-2017) were analysed using the GIS and statistical tools, revealing specific spatial distribution and seasonal patterns of human-bear conflicts. Result: Bears in Sikkim's Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, flourish mostly at 2200-2400 meter above mean sea level, in mixed temperate forests, exhibits bimodal activity and non-hibernating behaviour. Conflicts peak in summer and autumn, with 98.4% crop raiding on maize and livestock depredation peaking in autumn (p= <0.0001). Settlement proximity peaks in June-September (41%) and decreases in winter (59.9%). Locals rank bears as the primary threat (40.77%, rank 1). Understanding these dynamics informs conservation strategies for harmonious coexistence in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foraging plays a vital role in the survival of wildlife, and shifts in food availability can impact species fitness and survival. Ursids are known to consume a wide variety of foods and are known to be opportunistic omnivores. Consequently, seasonal shifts in diet, which correspond to temporal and spatial shifts in the availability of food resources, have long captivated researchers studying the foraging behavior of Ursidae. Nevertheless, comprehensive dietary studies encompassing both the population and individual levels remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the dietary patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) at both the population and individual levels, using data collected through GPS collars and field surveys of individual bear scat samples in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from 2016 to 2020. From early April to late June, bears mainly foraged on green vegetation. During this period, male and large‐bodied female bears showed a strong preference for green vegetation. Small‐bodied female bears also ate mostly green vegetation but tended to consume more fruit than other bears towards the end of this period. From June to October, bears' diets included a substantial amount of fruit, with notable peaks in fruit consumption in late June and early September. During the summer months, female bears often incorporated social insects into their diet compared to the population‐level trend. In mid‐September, the consumption of seeds from the Fagaceae family surged, becoming the primary dietary component during this period. This trend was consistently observed across the population. These findings underscore the importance conducting in‐depth dietary analyses that take into account individual characteristics such as sex, age, and body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are 1 of the 4 species of bears that occur in India. The extant range in India ranges from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. In this present study, we report the first photographic evidence of Asiatic black bear from Gorumara National Park and low-elevation (80–100 m above sea level) tea plantations and towns in the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal, India, during 2021 and 2022. There have been multiple reports of bear sightings from different tea estates and localities around the national park. These reports of bear presence in these low-lying habitats of northern West Bengal raise questions about their sudden exodus from the mountains to the plains and call for a detailed study both in their native and current habitat to understand their ecology and behavior and to gather knowledge about the drivers of these disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approximately 30-year-old intact female Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) was presented for annual examination and a history of ptyalism. A large 9.5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm, firm, round mass was identified attached to the hard palate on physical examination. A computed tomography scan was performed, and the heterogeneous, mineral-attenuating mass was seen arising from the right aspect of the palatine bone and extending rostrally to the level of the last maxillary molars, caudally into the oropharynx, and dorsally into the nasal choana. Surgical debulking was performed to remove the portion of the mass within the oral cavity. Histopathologic analysis was consistent with a keratinizing ameloblastoma. Nine months postoperatively, the patient was asymptomatic for the tumor. The patient was euthanized 23-months postoperatively, and severe diffuse pustular dermatitis, growth of the ameloblastoma on the hard palate, and various degenerative and aging changes were noted on necropsy at that time. This is the first report of an ameloblastoma in a member of the Ursidae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of wildlife corridors usually prioritizes ecological data while often overlooking the perspectives of local communities despite their relevance. This oversight may contribute to human-wildlife conflicts in surrounding areas. This study aims to demonstrate how multiple data sources and aspects can be integrated to identify wildlife corridors using the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex as a case study. Suitable areas serving as additional wildlife corridors for the Asiatic black bear were identified, and appropriate management strategies to enhance the overall suitability of the wildlife corridor were determined. Firstly, road segments having the potential to serve as additional wildlife corridors were selected based on four criteria related to physical barriers. Then a Bayesian Belief Network was developed to assess the corridor suitability for each proposed road segment by including data from various sources and aspects (ecological data, the human dimension and landscape characteristics). Afterward, eight scenarios were tested to evaluate how they could impact the overall suitability. From seven potential road segments, only three segments showed high suitability to be additional wildlife corridors. Within the assessed 58 km2 area, 13 km2 (22%) were identified as highly suitable for wildlife corridors under current situations. Improving human attitudes toward wildlife corridor construction emerged as the scenario that could increase the overall suitability the most (from 13 to 29 km2) while increasing human threats (hunting, wildlife pet trade, and vehicle collisions) was the scenario that reduced overall suitability the most (from 13 to 4 km2). Our framework in this study is practical, adaptable, and flexible for various decision-making processes. It can also be adapted to other areas and focal species by making relevant adjustments to align with specific landscapes and contexts.

Relatively little is known about the nutritional ecology of omnivorous Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Pakistan. The species is categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and its population is reportedly declining in its range, mainly as a result of conflict with humans. Although the black bear is reported from different parts of the country including high-elevation hilly areas, data on its ecology are so far poorly documented. In the present study, we investigated diet composition of the species by using a noninvasive technique of scat analysis and determined distribution by surveying potential habitats and recording direct and indirect field signs (such as scats, tracks, prey remains, hairs) in the Bajaur Agency area, Pakistan, from September 2017 to July 2018. Results showed black bear were distributed at elevations of 790 m to 2,286 m above sea level. Analysis of the scat samples (n = 34) indicated different food components including plant materials, with a major contribution from maize crop and animal matter consisting of invertebrates (insects), wild prey (hare [Lepus spp.]), and domestic prey (goat [Capra hircus], sheep [Ovis aries], and cow [Bos taurus]). Most frequently consumed food items (on a % volume basis) were 72.5% plant matter, and 27.5% animal matter. Consumption of maize crops and domestic goats and sheep by Asiatic black bears indicates its conflict with humans in the study area, which needs to be addressed for successful conservation of the black bear species. We recommend awareness campaigns pertaining to different mitigating interventions, and training that consequently reduces the risk of negative interactions, which will assist in future conservation of Asiatic black bears in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sleeping is essential for animals, little is known about the characteristics of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) bed sites (resting sites). We studied bed-site selection of Asiatic black bears in the Central Alps, Japan, 2021–2022, by monitoring 12 GPS-collared bears and examining 56 bed sites. We assessed horizontal visibility, canopy openness, and dominant vegetation at both bed and control sites, accounting for season and time of day. Findings suggest bears prefer bed sites at the base of thick trees, such as Japanese red pines (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese larches (Larix kaempferi). Bed sites with low visibility were chosen during spring or autumn, corresponding with higher human activity, but not in summer. Proximity to foods, particularly in broad-leaved forests with abundant food such as buds, leaves, and acorn seeds, may influence bed-site selection during spring or autumn. Both sexes showed similar trends. This implies the interplay of safety and food access in Asiatic black bear bed-site selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Foraging plays a vital role in the survival of wildlife, and shifts in food availability can impact species fitness and survival. Ursids are known to consume a wide variety of foods and are known to be opportunistic omnivores. Consequently, seasonal shifts in diet, which correspond to temporal and spatial shifts in the availability of food resources, have long captivated researchers studying the foraging behavior of Ursidae. Nevertheless, comprehensive dietary studies encompassing both the population and individual levels remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the dietary patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) at both the population and individual levels, using data collected through GPS collars and field surveys of individual bear scat samples in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from 2016 to 2020. From early April to late June, bears mainly foraged on green vegetation. During this period, male and large‐bodied female bears showed a strong preference for green vegetation. Small‐bodied female bears also ate mostly green vegetation but tended to consume more fruit than other bears towards the end of this period. From June to October, bears' diets included a substantial amount of fruit, with notable peaks in fruit consumption in late June and early September. During the summer months, female bears often incorporated social insects into their diet compared to the population‐level trend. In mid‐September, the consumption of seeds from the Fagaceae family surged, becoming the primary dietary component during this period. This trend was consistently observed across the population. These findings underscore the importance conducting in‐depth dietary analyses that take into account individual characteristics such as sex, age, and body weight.

Simple Summary: Lameness scales are useful tools to identify and monitor potentially painful conditions in animals, such as acute bone, tendon, or tissue injuries as well as chronic arthritis. Pain assessment is an integral part of assessing animal welfare, especially in a zoo, aquarium, or sanctuary setting, where residents may acquire injuries or suffer from chronic conditions due to old age. While lameness scales have been developed for domestic animals, none are available for bears. Using existing scales, the Bear Lameness Scale was developed for Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) housed at their sanctuaries and can be used on other bear species. The scale was tested for reliability within different assessors and shown to be reliable regardless of previous experience working with bears. Having a reliable scale such as this improves the medical care given to bears in captivity, therefore improving their overall welfare. Lameness in animals is a welfare concern as it can be an indicator of pain. A standardized bear lameness scale would significantly improve the ability of facilities that house bears to monitor, manage, and treat lameness in their animals. The Animals Asia bear rescue center in Vietnam holds over 180 rescued bears with varying health and mobility conditions as a result of the illegal bear bile trade, and a reliable lameness assessment system was needed. Bear locomotion includes a lumbering gait, which differs from domestic animal locomotion, necessitating the modification of domestic animal lameness scales, and a five-point lameness scale was developed. Professionals from various veterinary-related backgrounds scored bear lameness videos to assess interobserver reliability and the intraclass correlation coefficient indicated good to excellent reliability. A 15-min training video with examples of lameness and grades was provided before assessment. The lameness scale developed herein addresses the lack of a published lameness scale for bears, and, due to the similar locomotion of the genus, can be used on any bear species. This scale is a consistent and reliable tool for evaluating and documenting lameness in addition to monitoring response to treatment. It will benefit bear welfare by indirectly characterizing the level of pain a bear is experiencing due to lameness as well as serving to document trends in pain status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population estimation survey of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus G. (Baron) Cuvier, 1823) was conducted in Kaghan and Siran Valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The different surveys (questionnaire, sighting, and sign survey) were conducted in all sites of the forests from June to November 2018. Thirteen different types of signs were observed during the field survey. Potential site selection was based on sign observation (Encounter Rate; ER). Four black bears were observed from three different spots. Two mature male bears were seen in Kaghan Valley (Kamal Bann and Malakandi Reserve Forest) and a mother with a single cub was observed in Siran Valley during dusk. Population estimation was carried out by transect method, with 18 transects were in Kaghan and 15 transects in Siran Valley. A total of 1858 signs were recorded during the field survey; among these 1213 dig marks, 186 plants uprooting and two setting places. An average of 49.95 signs/km2 was recorded; this is a very high encounter rate. According to BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Science and Nature, the home range size of Asiatic black bears is 10 to 20 km2, so we concluded that more than 24 black bear were present in both valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of species with similar ecological niches implies that species must segregate along one or more niche axes in order to avoid competition. Partitioning of time, space, or resources is an essential niche dimension along which competitor species tend to coexist. The intensity of interspecific competition may vary under varying anthropogenic pressures, but such knowledge is scarce. We investigated the co‐occurrence patterns of two bear species, Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus and Himalayan Brown Bear Ursus arctos isabellinus, at two sites in the Western Himalayan region of India with similar ecological conditions and varying anthropogenic pressures. Camera trap datasets from the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) in Himachal Pradesh and the Bhagirathi basin in Uttarakhand were used to assess the species interactions. We used two species interaction models and kernel density estimates to understand the co‐occurrence pattern of the bear species and their interactions with humans. Our results provide insights into the spatiotemporal behavior of the two bear species and reveal their sympatric and allopatric relationships in two different anthropogenic environments. We found (1) a prominent association between the two bear species (98%) indicating spatial overlap in GHNP, but found spatial separation among the two species (93%) in Bhagirathi basin (2). In GHNP, the spatially co‐occurring bear species were found to be temporarily segregated, whereas in Bhagirathi, they showed spatial avoidance and similar activity patterns (3). In GHNP, human activities in the alpine habitat had a significant negative impact on brown bear presence. The comparative study revealed that the brown bear uses the forested habitats of GHNP due to high anthropogenic disturbances in the alpine areas, whereas no spatial association was observed in the Bhagirathi basin with comparatively low anthropogenic disturbances. The results highlight that, in addition to biological factors, anthropogenic pressures can also influence interspecific competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of apex consumers increases the need for coexistence efforts, and it is important to understand how apex consumers respond to human-modified landscapes. Roads can restrict movement and gene flow as well as increase mortality risk, however, can also provide attractive food resources along roadside and enhance movement efficiency of apex consumer. To investigate the selectivity (preference/avoidance) and movement patterns of an apex consumer in relation to roads, we carried out an integrated step selection analysis of GPS data from Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains, Japan. During the reproductive season, adult males preferred areas near all types of roads, but preferred areas further from roads during the day compared to the night. Also, adult males displayed slower movements as well as avoided less dense vegetation near main roads and faster movement near minor roads. In comparison, adult females avoided areas near main roads and preferred areas near minor roads. In addition, adult females preferred areas further from minor roads during the day compared to the night. In the hyperphagia season, neither sex exhibited any selectivity in relation to roads in general, but preferred areas farther from all types of roads during the day. Our results suggest that Asiatic black bears not only generally perceive roads as a risk but also may use areas near roads for food resources or travel routes depending on sex, season, and human activity level. To minimize bear-human encounters near roads, we propose that management of roadside vegetation focuses on creating habitats with high visibility and plant species unattractive for bears.

Climate and land use changes are increasingly recognized as major threats to global biodiversity, with significant impacts on wildlife populations and ecosystems worldwide. The study of how climate and land use changes impact wildlife is of paramount importance for advancing our understanding of ecological processes in the face of global environmental change, informing conservation planning and management, and identifying the mechanisms and thresholds that underlie species' responses to shifting climatic conditions. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a prominent umbrella species in a biodiversity hotspot in Southwestern China, and its conservation is vital for safeguarding sympatric species. However, the extent to which this species' habitat may respond to global climate and land use changes is poorly understood, underscoring the need for further investigation. Our goal was to anticipate the potential impacts of upcoming climate and land use changes on the distribution and dispersal patterns of the Asiatic black bear in the Sichuan‐Chongqing Region. We used MaxEnt modeling to evaluate habitat vulnerability using three General Circulation Models (GCMs) and three scenarios of climate and land use changes. Subsequently, we used Circuit Theory to identify prospective dispersal paths. Our results revealed that the current area of suitable habitat for the Asiatic black bear was 225,609.59 km2 (comprising 39.69% of the total study area), but was expected to decrease by −53.1%, −49.48%, and −28.55% under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 projection scenarios, respectively. Across all three GCMs, the distribution areas and dispersal paths of the Asiatic black bear were projected to shift to higher altitudes and constrict by the 2070s. Furthermore, the results indicated that the density of dispersal paths would decrease, while the resistance to dispersal would increase across the study area. In order to protect the Asiatic black bear, it is essential to prioritize the protection of climate refugia and dispersal paths. Our findings provide a sound scientific foundation for the allocation of such protected areas in the Sichuan‐Chongqing Region that are both effective and adaptive in the face of ongoing global climate and land use changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective conservation and management of Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus requires the identification and in-depth knowledge of suitable habitats. Habitat suitability models (HSMs) have wide use in the understanding of niche requirements, hence prioritizing management and conservation issues for threatened species. This study aimed to identify the current range and suitable habitat of black bear in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) using the maximum entropy model. Field surveys were conducted between 2015 and 2020 to collect data using direct and indirect evidence. Maximum entropy (Maxent) models revealed an average AUC of 0.84 (+0.03) designating a high accuracy. Main predictors of HSM of black bear were elevation (34%), temperature (23%) and land cover (16%). This model predicted 1703 km2 as suitable habitat for black bear in Azad Jammu and Kashmir while 5802 km2 was not suitable for the species distribution. Most of the suitable habitat of Asiatic black bear was confined to the Line of Control (LoC). A park for peace is suggested alongside the LoC to promote the endurance of black bear and other wildlife species. Low numbers of black bear are found in the extreme north of Neelum valley, Lachrat, and Bagh study sites where habitat degradation is considerable. Habitat management practices including preventing illegal extraction of medicinal herbs and lumbering, lessen overgrazing pressure and support reforestation are required to be applied in these areas. These conservation measures will turn unsuitable habitats into suitable ones and also provide connecting corridors for black bear of Neelum particularly to the extended habitats of Gilgit Baltistan and Mansehra regions of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal has important implications for population ecology and genetics of a species through redistribution of individuals. In most mammals, males leave their natal area before they reach sexual maturity, whereas females are commonly philopatric. Here, we investigate the patterns of natal dispersal in the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) based on data from 550 bears (378 males, 172 females) captured or removed in Gunma and Tochigi prefectures on central Honshu Island, Japan in 2003–2018. We used genetic data and parentage analysis to investigate sex-biased differences in the distance of natal dispersal. We further investigated the age of dispersal using spatial autocorrelation analysis, that is, the change in the correlation between genetic and geographic distances in each sex and age group. Our results revealed that male dispersal distances (mean ± SE = 17.4 ± 3.5 km) were significantly farther than female distances (4.8 ± 1.7 km), and the results were not affected by years of mast failures, a prominent forage source for this population. Based on an average adult female home range radius of 1.8 km, 96% of the males and 50% of the females dispersed. In the spatial autocorrelation analysis, the changes in the relationship between genetic and geographic distances were more pronounced in males compared to females. Males seem to mostly disperse at age 3 regardless of mast productivity, and they gradually disperse far from their home range, but young and inexperienced males may return to their natal home range in years with poor food conditions. The results suggest that factors driving the dispersal process seem to be population structure-based instead of forage availability-based. In females, a significant genetic relationship was observed among all individuals in the group with a minimum age of 6 years within a distance of 2 km, which resulted in the formation of matrilineal assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asiatic black bears have long been recognized as key members of the Quaternary mammalian fauna in South China. Despite this, for decades, taxonomic remarks since the Early Pleistocene Ursus thibetanus have been controversial, and the intraspecific variations of it remain unresolved. We here described a nearly complete black bear skull from the late Mid-Pleistocene or the early Late-Pleistocene (ca. 134 ± 22–133 ± 30 ka) of the Sifangdi Cave, Yanjinggou area, Chongqing. The studied material was compared with other U. thibetanus materials from the Quaternary localities in China. Morphological analyses revealed impressive intraspecific variations and that U. t. kokeni can be deemed as an invalid paleosubspecies, which discernibly corresponds to all living subspecies of U. thibetanus. Based on isolated teeth and several skulls from various localities, we proposed that U. thibetanus primitinus was a black bear with small-sized skull and upper molars, while U. thibetanus since the Mid-Pleistocene was a larger black bear with significantly larger cranium and upper molars, in accordance with extant subspecies. Furthermore, in response to the prominent Mid-Pleistocene climate transition and ecosystem changes, it is evident that black bears tend to have increased their body sizes, expanded their living territories, and perhaps even arrived at the localities in North China since the Mid-Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is considered one of the largest carnivores inhabiting different territories including coniferous and broad-leaved forests, extending from sea level to the elevation of 4300 m. The Kaghan and Siran Valleys in Pakistan's District Mansehra were the location of the current study. To evaluate the altitudinal distribution and seasonal movement of Asiatic black bears in the region, we used three approaches (sign distribution survey, questionnaire-based survey, and scat collecting). A total of 1858 bear signs were observed during the field survey, the highest number of signs was dig marks (1213) followed by plant uprooting. Dig marks (MER: 7.574) were observed repeatedly in each potential site of both valleys followed by plant uprooting (MER: 1.594). Similarly, the altitudinal distribution of black bears was determined through the frequency of signs concerning elevation (m). Elevation of the study area ranged from 1300 to 3500 m and the most abundant population was recorded at the elevation of 2501–3000 m followed by 2001–2500 m. About 52% of local communities encountered black bears during the summer season in the field followed by Spring (23%.8) and winter (15.3%). Manshi Reserver forest (24.5%) from Kaghan and Panjul Reserve forest (31.6) from Siran Valley are the potential summer migratory spots. Eleven scat samples were collected with a 0.103 encounter rate (ER). Most of the scats (about 70%) were observed within the maize crop field in the summer season at low elevation, while just 30% of the scat was observed in the winter season in the forest.

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A wildlife camera-trapping survey spanning 5 years, from January 2014 to 2021 in Virachey National Park in Northeast Cambodia, turned up notable records of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Both species are in decline throughout Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) as a result of illegal logging, agricultural and infrastructure development that encroaches on forest habitat, and a widespread snaring crisis that supplies the illegal wildlife trade. We deployed 44 camera traps in 3 separate survey areas, resulting in 133 independent encounters of sun bears, 44 of black bears, and 2 Ursidae, where the species could not be determined. Despite the threats facing both species, our records show that the Park is an important refuge and further, more widespread and structured surveys are warranted to help identify priority areas for bear conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents photographic evidence of 2 species of bears—Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and sun bear (Helartos malayanus) from a camera-trap study conducted from January 2020 to June 2021 in Intangki National Park, Nagaland, India, where they were assumed to be extirpated. The presence of bears in Intangki shows the potential for effective species conservation in Nagaland through collaboration with local communities and government management. This finding highlights the need to draw attention to the conservation issues pertaining to large-bodied mammals, such as bears, in poorly monitored areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lameness in animals is a welfare concern as it can be an indicator of pain. A standardized bear lameness scale would significantly improve the ability of facilities that house bears to monitor, manage, and treat lameness in their animals. The Animals Asia bear rescue center in Vietnam holds over 180 rescued bears with varying health and mobility conditions as a result of the illegal bear bile trade, and a reliable lameness assessment system was needed. Bear locomotion includes a lumbering gait, which differs from domestic animal locomotion, necessitating the modification of domestic animal lameness scales, and a five-point lameness scale was developed. Professionals from various veterinary-related backgrounds scored bear lameness videos to assess interobserver reliability and the intraclass correlation coefficient indicated good to excellent reliability. A 15-min training video with examples of lameness and grades was provided before assessment. The lameness scale developed herein addresses the lack of a published lameness scale for bears, and, due to the similar locomotion of the genus, can be used on any bear species. This scale is a consistent and reliable tool for evaluating and documenting lameness in addition to monitoring response to treatment. It will benefit bear welfare by indirectly characterizing the level of pain a bear is experiencing due to lameness as well as serving to document trends in pain status.

The Vietnamese Government committed to closing all bear farms in the country by 2022. Some researchers have expressed concerns that ending the commercial farming of bears, while demand for bear bile persists, could lead to increased hunting pressure on wild bear populations. In this article, we used mixed methods of questionnaires, Discrete Choice Experiments (DCEs), and interviews to investigate current consumer demand for bear bile in Vietnam, with a specific aim of understanding the potential for consumers to seek out wild bear bile. We sampled at seven areas across the country of Vietnam (total respondents = 2,463). We found low use of farmed and wild bear bile. Despite widespread belief in farmed and wild bear bile's efficacy, we found that individuals were apathetic about continuing to use bear bile. Coupled with a strong preference for using synthetic bear bile over wild and farmed bear bile found in the DCEs, we posit that bear bile consumers in Vietnam will be willing to use non animal-based products, including bear bile plant and Western medicine, to treat future ailments.

At the most basic level, the assessment of a species' status involves knowing where it occurs. Determining the presence of rare species is difficult, and can be further confounded by the presence of a more common look-alike species. We investigated one of the few places in the world where three species of bears have been reported to co-occur at a fine scale: Balpakram National Park, Meghalaya, India. Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are fairly common, and we sought to determine whether sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) and/or sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) also resided there. The local Garo language has words for three types of bears, and some local people reported the continued presence of a small type of bear, possibly the sun bear, but the probable extirpation of sloth bears. Because these bears look somewhat alike, local people and government forest officers could not provide convincing accounts of the presence of more than one species. We measured claw marks on climbed trees, a method used to differentiate sun bears from Asiatic black bears where both are known to occur; however, this method turned out to be unreliable for detecting sun bears where their presence was unknown because sun bear-sized marks are not distinguishable from juvenile black bears. We recommend targeted camera trapping near recent purported sightings of the other two bear species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is an elusive mammal and its conservation is currently a challenge in Pakistan due to the negative interaction with human communities and habitat fragmentation. We investigated the distribution, activity pattern and human-bear conflict of the Asiatic black bear in the Hindu Kush, a major mountains system in Pakistan. Our study was conducted from October 2020 to December 2020 in the Bahrain Valley, placed in the southeastern area of the Hindu Kush. We firstly carried out a preliminary sign survey for the bear's presence and, then, we installed an infrared sensor camera traps in the potential suitable habitat for the bear, 23 locations for 152 trap nights, to monitor its activity. Furthermore, to understand human-bear conflict, a questionnaire survey was submitted to 107 local people living in the bear’s habitat. The Asiatic black bear was photographed in 12 camera stations with 60 different capture events. We obtained a trap success percent of 64.8% between 2,100 m - 2,400 m above the sea level while the total trap success calculated for the whole camera trapping survey of the bears was 39.5%. The bears showed a bimodal activity pattern with peaks just after sunset and during the night (88% of observations from 00:00 to 06:00 and 18:00 to 24:00). We observed that the female and male bears and their puppies were not hibernating in subzero temperatures until December. Local communities had concerns over livestock and crops losses in the area. Our findings showed once again that the Asiatic black bear urgently needs effective management plans to guarantee its conservation in Pakistan.

Bears were once farmed legally across Vietnam to supply bile, a digestive fluid, as an ingredient for traditional medicine products. Extracting and selling bear bile has been prohibited in Vietnam since 2005, but there is evidence that an illegal industry remains active. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the motivations and experiences of Vietnamese bear farmers. Thirty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 active and 9 former bear farmers across 14 provinces in Vietnam. Our findings confirm previous reports in the literature that there is still an active, illegal bear bile market in Vietnam, but that bear farming is becoming less profitable due to a reduction in demand for farmed products and the decreasing price of bile. Additional results indicate that many Vietnamese bear farmers may have a poor understanding of regulations governing the trade of bear parts and that most farmers do not intend to stop farming bears. Based on these findings, we suggest the most effective method of persuading bear farmers to stop trading bile would be via former bear farmers and to reduce the social acceptability of bile consumption throughout the country. We hope the results of this study can help refine strategies and inform future efforts to end the bear bile industry in Vietnam.

Omnivores are generally opportunistic foragers and have a flexible dietary response to resource abundance and availability. Their populations may consist of individuals that differ from each other in terms of their trophic positions, which implies that the dietary response to resource fluctuations differs within a population. We investigated how changes in the abundance of sika deer (Cervus nippon) affected dietary variation and body condition in the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus). We used fecal analysis, nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N), and body measurements to determine whether the variation in dietary meat content of Asian black bears is positively related to variations in the density of the sika deer population, whether male bears have a higher trophic position compared to females, and whether dietary meat content is positively related with body mass or body condition of bears. We found a positive correlation between the occurrence of deer remains in bear feces and deer density, suggesting that bears change their diet in response to temporal changes in deer density. Male bears had higher δ15N values than females, and neither values varied when deer density decreased. Males selectively consumed deer after a reduction in deer density, whereas females consistently consumed more plant‐based diet. The δ15N values were positively related with body mass of adult (>4 yr) bears but had no relationship with body condition of bears of either sex or any age class. Deer seem to be an important food source for large adult males, which have an advantage in mating. Thus, increasing herbivore abundance and availability altered the foraging strategy of Asian black bears, but the importance of herbivore on bear diet differs within a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust population estimation of rare or elusive threatened species lacking distinct identifiable features poses a challenge in the field of conservation and management. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is one such species. Methodological frameworks—such as radiotelemetry, genetic sampling, and camera-trapping—though crucial and advantageous, sometimes require additional information through invasive methods for individual identification. In this study, we estimated the population density of Asiatic black bear in 2 protected areas in the Indian Himalayan Region without information on individual identification. We conducted the study through a spatial capture–recapture framework using camera traps in the summer during May–July 2018 in Daranghati Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) and May–July 2019 in Rupi Bhaba WLS. Using the recently developed Spatial Presence–Absence model, we estimated g0 (detection probability), σ (scale or movement parameter related to home range of the species), and N (population size) of Asiatic black bears from the camera-trap data using a Bayesian framework. We estimated a population density of 2.5 individuals/100 km2 (95% Credible Interval = 1.42–9.63 individuals/100 km2) from Daranghati WLS and 0.3 individuals/100 km2 (95% Credible Interval = 0.2–0.7 individuals/100 km2) from Rupi Bhaba WLS. Abundance estimates produced by extrapolating these densities were 11 Asiatic black bear individuals (95% Credible Interval = 4–27) from Daranghati WLS and 2 Asiatic black bear individuals (95% Credible Interval = 1–3) from Rupi Bhaba WLS. This is the first population estimate of Asiatic black bear from the Indian Himalaya without individual identification. We recommend that this method, which provides minimal sampling bias and ease of sampling, can be replicated in other mountainous landscapes for a robust density estimation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to assess the population status of large terrestrial carnivores due to their low density. Recently adopted camera-trap techniques allow us to investigate many aspects of animal ecology and conservation and are widely used in wildlife population estimation. In this study, we applied the random encounter model (REM) to estimate the density of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Shirakawa Village, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, from May to October 2018. We installed 24 sensor cameras in the study area. Movement speeds of seven global positioning system (GPS)-collared bears were tracked from 2008 to 2018. The population density of bears in Shirakawa Village was estimated to be 0.55 bears/km2. To apply the REM method to Asiatic black bears, we recommend (1) installing more than 30 or 40 sensor cameras and implementing the REM method in a period of 3 weeks before the late summer season (i.e. late August), after the completion of the hibernation period and when a closed population is easily maintained; and (2) correcting the distance moved by the target animal species when using GPS telemetry with a low fixed interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is known to use the fruits of various fleshy-fruited plant species as food resources. However, there is no published evidence regarding whether they feed on the berries of 4 ericaceous dwarf shrub species that are widely distributed in alpine regions in Japan (Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Gaultheria pyroloides, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea). We assessed the use of, and preference for, these berries by black bears and identified the production and morphological and nutritional characteristics of these berries in the alpine zone of Mt. Asama, central Japan. Using camera-trap survey and scat analyses between July and November in 2017, 2018, and 2019, we obtained the first evidence that these bears consume large quantities of E. nigrum berries in the alpine zones during the summer. The density of berries per square meter was highest for E. nigrum. By contrast, the cost–benefit ratio of morphological fruit attractiveness (i.e., fresh pulp weight and dry pulp weight divided by total fresh seed weight per fruit), crude protein, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extract levels were lowest in E. nigrum berries. Therefore, fruit use by black bears appeared to be influenced by fruit production rather than the morphological or nutritional value of the fruits. Bears may compensate for this nutritional deficit by consuming large quantities of these berries. Consequently, E. nigrum berries are key food items for black bears in Japan and may compensate for summer food shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previous studies on the mating system of the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) have been limited to observations of captive populations and estimations of multiple paternities. Hence, the mating system of wild bears remains poorly understood. Animal‐borne camera systems (i.e., cameras mounted on animals) provide novel tools to study the behavior of elusive animals. Here, we used an animal‐borne video system to record the activities of wild bears during the mating season. Video camera collars were attached to four adult Asian black bears (male “A” and “B,” and female “A” and “B”) captured in Tokyo, central Japan, in May and June 2018. The collars were retrieved in July 2018, after which the video data were downloaded and analyzed in terms of bear activity and mating behavior. All the bears were found to interact with other uniquely identifiable bears for some of the time (range 9–22 days) during the deployment period (range 36–45 days), and multiple mating in males was documented. Both males and females exhibited different behaviors on social days (i.e., days when the bear interacted with conspecifics) compared with solitary days (i.e., days with no observed interactions with conspecifics). Compared with solitary days, the bears spent a lower proportion of time on foraging activities and higher proportion of time on resting activities on social days. Our results suggest that Asian black bears have a polygamous mating system, as both sexes consort and potentially mate with multiple partners during a given mating season. Furthermore, bears appeared to reduce their foraging activities on social days and engaged more in social interactions.

Abstract Asiatic black bear has long been in conflict with human beings crop raiding is a major cause of this conflict frequently noted in South Asia. Crops raided by black bears affected by temporal, spatial and anthropogenic attributes. Insight in this conflict and its mitigation is vital for the conservation of this threatened species. Present study aimed to evaluate crop raiding by black bears in the mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Field surveys were carried out to observe spatial and temporal crop raiding features between 2015-2020 and data gathered using designed questionnaires randomly tailored in villages nearby the forests. Results revealed that maize was the sole crop raided by black bears. A total of 28-acre area was raided by black bear in the fall season (Aug-November) resulting in a damage of 51 metric tons, whole raiding was carried out at night. Each respondent received crop damage on 0.09 acre with a loss of 0.17 metric ton yield. Crop quantity and area were significantly correlated to each other. District Neelum shared 49% of the total crop loss, while 47% of the maize was raided at the altitudinal range of 2100-2500 m. crop raiding was highly significantly ( χ 2 = 1174.64 ; d f = 308 ; p < 0.01) dependent upon distance to the forest. Linear regression revealed that maize quantity was determined by area, time and the total field area. Farmers faced 3.8 million PKRs loss due to crop damage by black bears. Despite the huge loss, the majority (23%) of the respondents did not respond to the query on mitigation measures indicating a poor adaptation of preventive measures. Preferred strategy to avoid crop damage was making noise (27.8%) when bears attacked their crops. A start of compensation scheme to the farmers is recommended that will have turned their negative attitude into a positive one toward the wildlife and black bear particularly. Study provides a new insight in human-bear conflict, particularly in spatial and temporal context of crop raiding in AJ&K.

Large carnivores maintain the balance of ecosystems. Understanding distribution and population changes are necessary prerequisites for scientific conservation strategy. The east of Jilin Province is the habitat of endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). The Chinese government has focused the monitoring on protecting the Amur tiger. However, little is known about Asiatic black bear (ABB, Ursus thibetanus) distribution, population dynamics in the wild, and protection awareness of local residents in Jilin Province, China. We conducted a integrative survey in mountain areas of eastern Jilin to determine ABB distribution. We explored the drivers of the distribution of ABB in Jilin using logstic regression, we further predicted the habitat suitability and potential suitable habitat of the ABB. Totally, we surveyed 112 grids (15 km × 15 km) from November 2015 to January 2019. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the main factors driving ABB distribution in Jilin are forest coverage, distance from protected areas, distance from main roads (railways and highways), and distance from water bodies. The results of questionnaire survey showed that the local residents’ understanding of ABB distribution is congruent with our field research. They believed that the number of ABBs has gradually increased in the past ten years. Nevertheless, the local residents have a negative attitude toward the ABBs, which may adversely affect efforts to protect them, possibly leading to more conflicts between humans and bears. Therefore, there is a need to consider ways to change the attitude of the locals through the strengthening of the protection propaganda and advocating management as being critical for the protection of ABBs. Our research provides a scientific basis for future conservation planning. We recommend taking local people’s attitude into consideration during conservation management strategy making to reduce human-bear conflicts and promote the coexistence of humans and bears.

The aim of our study was to test the efficacy of the nominative technique for estimating the prevalence of wildlife part use within a small sample. We used the domestic consumption of bear Ursus thibetanus and Helarctos malayanus parts in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) as a case study and performed 179 semi-structured interviews in Luang Prabang, northern Laos, in August 2017 and April 2019. We also assessed whether the specialized questioning of the nominative technique could be used for qualitative data collection methods, such as semi-structured interviews. The technique theoretically ensures more accurate statements of illegal wildlife consumption by maintaining the anonymity of an individual's sensitive behaviour through asking about the behaviour of peers. We also directly asked about participants' use of bear parts. The nominative technique suggested that c. 11% of the participants' peers used bear parts, whereas respondents' direct admittance of using bear parts was approximately double, at 23%. Use of bear parts appears not to be sensitive in northern Laos. In addition, we found a strong association between responses to questioning using the nominative technique and direct questioning, indicating that users of bear parts have social networks with higher levels of use. This lends supports to theories that use of wildlife products is directly influenced by social group. The underreporting resulting from use of the nominative technique indicates the high variability of response that can occur within small samples. However, our results show that the nominative technique may be a simple, useful tool for triangulating data, assessing users' integration into social networks of use, and assessing changes in behaviour prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reintroductions of large carnivore species present unique opportunities to model population dynamics as populations can be monitored from the beginning of a reintroduction. However, analysis of the population dynamics of such reintroduced populations is rare and may be limited in incorporating the complex movements and environmental interactions of large carnivores. Starting in 2004, Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus were reintroduced and tracked in the Republic of Korea, along with their descendants, using radio telemetry, yielding 33,924 tracking points over 12 years. Along with information about habitat use, landscape, and resource availability, we estimated the population equilibrium and dispersal capability of the reintroduced population. We used a mixed modelling approach to determine suitable habitat areas, population equilibria for three different resources-based scenarios, and least-cost pathways (i.e. corridors) for dispersal. Our population simulations provided a mean population equilibrium of 64 individuals at the original reintroduction site and a potential maximum of 1,438 individuals in the country. The simulation showed that the bear population will disperse to nearby mountainous areas, but a second reintroduction will be required to fully restore U. thibetanus. Northern suitable habitats are currently disconnected and natural re-population is unlikely to happen unless supported. Our methodologies and findings are also relevant for determining the outcome and trajectories of reintroduced populations of other large carnivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sun bears and Asiatic black bears are sympatric throughout mainland Southeast Asia and share similar habitat preferences and food habits, but the spatial and temporal scales at which they manage this close coexistence are unexplored. We used two-species occupancy modeling and temporal analysis to examine fine-scale spatio-temporal overlap between these two species using baited camera traps in three sites in Thailand, including one at the extreme southern end of the black bear's global range. Probability of occupancy by black bears was 17–22% higher than sun bears in the two northern sites (Khao Yai, Thap Lan), whereas sun bears had 6% higher occupancy in the southern-most site (Khlong Saeng). However, at all sites, occupancy and detectability of sun bear in the presence and absence of black bear were similar, and the species interaction factor was indicative of independent behavior. Sun bears and black bears had similar activity peaks as well, at dusk and dawn, across all sites. However, at the two northern sites, there were small but statistically significant differences, with the morning activity peak of sun bears shifted about two hours after that of black bears. This seemingly slight shift might help sun bears avoid black bears—but it emerges only where sun bears are outnumbered by their larger competitors (and chance of encounter thus particularly high). Our study presents one of the finest-scale investigations (daily occupancy occasions and hourly activity periods) of coexistence of sun bears and black bears and extends our understanding of the remarkably high degree of ecological overlap shared by these two bear species in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data from nuisance-killed animals is often used for monitoring structural changes of animal populations. The number of nuisance-killed Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) has tremendously increased in Gunma Prefecture after 2006 when over 200 individuals per year have been killed. We compared the sex and survival rates of bears between four categories：1)nuisance-killed under 200 (2007-2005), 2) nuisance-killed over 200 every multiple years (2006-2011), 3) nuisance-killed over 200 every other year (2012-2017), 4) nuisance-killed over 200 every year (2018-2020). The oldest age for males was 16, for females was 20. The life expectancy of males from birth was 0 was 9 years (2006-2011) at the longest and 2.1 years (1997-2005)for females at the shortest. The rate of death was high for 3 to 5 years in both males and females, with the rate decreasing as they get older. For males, the rate of death of 4 to 6 years olds decreased from 2006-2001 to 2012- 2017, but showed a similar pattern after age 7. On the other hand, for females the rate of death of 4 to 7 year olds decreased gradually from 2006-2010, 2012-2017, and 2018-2020. The reproductive rate of bears is low with females usually giving birth to 1.86 offspring on average of once in several years. If the population decreases with strong hunting pressure, it will take a long time to recover. We conclude that it is highly possible that the decrease in the survival rate in older individuals is due to an increase in the strong hunting pressure on the bear population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the characteristics of the marking behavior of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) at rub trees. We recorded the tree-marking (tree-rubbing and bark-scratching) and associated (stomping) behaviors in Japan between 2010 and 2015 using automatic cameras and compared the results with those from previous studies on other bear species. We recorded 22 visits to trees by ≥6 different individuals. During these visits, there were no differences in the frequency or duration between the 3 body orientations of back rubbing, front rubbing, and body-side rubbing, which differs from the findings for other bear species. However, bipedal standing was the most common posture, as observed in other species. We also analyzed the order of tree-marking actions. For a better understanding of the Asiatic black bear's marking behavior, further examples of marking behavior and anatomical studies of secretory glands are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is threatened throughout its range and assessed as nationally vulnerable in Pakistan. Habitat degradation and loss, illegal exploitation, and human–bear conflict are key threats to the species, but there is a lack of empirical knowledge regarding its occurrence in Pakistan. In 2012, we conducted a sign survey study to classify Asiatic black bear presence in a little studied and isolated region of the Kashmiri Mountains in Azad, Jammu and Kashmir, northern Pakistan. We compared bear presence in 5 habitat types (agriculture, forest, pasture, plantation, and scrubland) across an elevational range of 910 to 2,990 m. We used hierarchical logistic regression analysis to identify whether elevation, habitat and/or the interaction between the two explained bear presence in the region. Type of bear sign was significantly associated with some habitats, although claw marks were not associated with any habitat type. The strongest positive predictor of bear presence was the interaction between elevation and forest habitat, with greater presence (37.5%) in forest habitat at higher elevations between 1,890 and 2,855 m. The predicted likelihood of bears occurring in agriculture, plantation, and scrubland habitats was always <10%, regardless of elevation, and >30% in forest habitat. Our findings contribute to the national understanding of black bear presence and we provide recommendations for actions that support effective conservation management of the species in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the human-bear interactions and distribution patterns of the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park (JSWNP) in Bhutan through a questionnaire survey of park residents and by remote camera trapping. Our study revealed 26% (N = 311) of the respondents experiencing one or another form of human-bear interaction. Crop damage accounted for the highest interaction rate at 65%, followed by livestock depredation (25%), between 2012 and 2016. About 10% of the interactions involved human mualing cases in 2006–2016. About 80% of the respondents expressed support for bear conservation influenced mainly by conservation awareness programmes. Observations from 39 camera trap stations across the national park indicated a wide distribution of Asiatic black bears in JSWNP, with a mean site use probability of 0.55 (SE = 0.10, N = 39). With emerging perceived threats such as habitat fragmentation and loss, retaliatory killing, and poaching, it is recommended that the national park management adopt conservation measures that will enable a harmonious coexistence between humans and bears. Habitat enrichment with natural food resources for the bear, equipping communities with conflict preventive measures, and advocating local people on bear conservation are some of the measures that need to be adopted in the national park.

The information on animal weight is often an essential component of wildlife management and research. However, it may be difficult to obtain direct scale weights from the free-ranging large animals when equipment needed to weigh the animals are inadequate or unavailable. In these cases, body weight can be estimated by morphometric equation. We investigated body mass and size (16 body parts) of reintroduced Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus; ABB) and their offsprings (28 males and 24 females, age 7 months − 12 years) between 2005 and 2013. Mean body weight of adult females and males in September − December were 132.2 ± 11.8 and 166.6 ± 7.2 kg, respectively, which was higher than those in April − August (103.8 ± 5.6 and 141.7 ± 6.3 kg, respectively). We developed three predictive equations for body mass by pad width and season that can utilize the footprint size before capturing. In addition, we also developed eleven multiple regression models to predict body mass through body part measurements after capturing, and selected two best models including neck girth, chest girth, body length, season, and sex. This study is the first to develop predictive equations for body mass by simple measurements of body parts in ABB. This data will not only help to understand the relationship between the weight and body size of reintroduced bears, but by estimating the weight without a scale, it will help to make the task easier and faster and to determine the appropriate anesthetic dose in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Asiatic black bear is present in variety of habitats like broad-leaves and coniferous forests, extending form sea level to 4300m elevation and change their habitat for food purpose seasonally. The present study was conducted at Kaghan and Siran Valleys, District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess habitat of black bear. Line transect method was used for observation of bear signs. Twelve meter circular radius plots were selected for the concern vegetation’s i.e. (trees, shrubs and herbs) and three to six plots were placed in each transect. At the result of sign survey, thirteen different categories of bear signs were recorded and encounter rate was calculated for each sign. A total of 1858 signs were observed during field surveys. Total (81%) coniferous species were recoded among trees, with the highest appearance of Pinus wallichiana (34.22%) and Spruce spp (27.76%), similarly broad leaves trees (18.56%) were also recoded from habitat plots. Most of the signs were encountered in bushy areas, whereas high number of Viburnum Spp (60.29%) was present. It is indicated that black bear prefers blend of Coniferous Trees, Viburnum and Ferns Species; probably because these plants provide enough food, protection, and meticulous shelter because more than 80% of habitat composed of these three species. Currently habitat destruction and increase in human population are the up-growing issues for wild animals (especially Asiatic black bear), which is highly sensitive to such problems. High levels of conservation efforts are recommended for the protection of black bear habitat and to avoid human interference in their territory.

Returning orphan bear cubs to the wild can benefit bear welfare and conservation but is hindered in Asia by the scarcity of documented experience. We experimented with rehabilitation of two Asiatic Black Bear cubs in Thailand using the assisted method of soft-release. We raised the 5-month old cubs for 11 months with minimal human contact in a remote enclosure in high quality habitat, letting cubs out periodically to walk with caretakers in the forest. The caretakers acted as surrogate mothers, allowing cubs to safely acquire foraging skills and familiarity with the forest. Supplementary feeding resulted in the cubs' rapid weight gain (average 157g/day), faster than would occur in the wild. Faster growth allowed the cubs to be released sooner, reducing the likelihood of long-term habituation. After three months of rehabilitation, the bear cubs started showing signs of being wary of the caretakers (e.g., cautious when we approached their enclosure) and their focus during walks switched from play to foraging. After seven months they began to spend nights away from their enclosure, thus declining the supplemental food. This sequence and timing of increasing separation and independence from people matched other assisted soft releases in the region. The cubs went missing in month 12, shortly before planned collaring and release. They were seen together 2.5 months later on a fruiting tree and ran away when approached. Assisted soft releases might be a promising option for bear rehabilitation in Asia but more data are needed to evaluate their effectiveness relative to other methods. This method affords direct observations of bears in the wild that can augment our knowledge of bear behavior and ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Bear bile is widely believed across much of Asia to have medicinal properties. As a result, great numbers of bears have been poached from the wild and numerous bear farms have been set up to drain the animals’ bile on a regular basis. Although most such farms are now illegal, they continue to exist in countries such as Lao PDR. A new bear sanctuary is under construction in Luang Prabang in the northern part of the country with the aim of providing shelter to bears rescued from these farms. Understanding the level and nature of local communities’ support for this sanctuary is vital for the long-term success of conservation efforts in the area, including outreach. Methods This research, drawing from both ethnozoological and conservation frameworks, comprises a household survey (n = 263) administered in five villages surrounding the sanctuary and in-depth interviews conducted with key community leaders and institutional representatives. The questionnaire assessed local socio-economic status and attitudes towards bears, bear bile use, and bear conservation in general. Results Respondents have generally positive attitudes towards bears and bear conservation. Age, gender, ethnicity, village, and household size have significant influence on attitudes towards bear bile use, which may also be determined by the expansion of sources for the supply of the traditional medicine market in neighboring China. However, many locals lack knowledge about the current status of wild and captive bears. This may be due to inadequate outreach involving community incentives for positively influencing attitudes. We argue that local communities will need to be integrated into conservation efforts while enhancing knowledge of conservation issues through improved outreach and communication. Conclusion Positive attitudes towards bears appear prevalent in the communities surrounding the new sanctuary. Villagers are familiar with laws regarding wildlife conservation but lack a deeper understanding of the status and plight of wild bears in the country, particularly how bear farming is a threat to the species. Conservation efforts must entail culturally relevant co-educational initiatives to garner further support from local communities.

This paper assesses the vulnerability of Asiatic black bear to poaching in a key ecological zone in Northern Pakistan. Evidence about black bear hunting and cubs poaching were collected from Siran and Kaghan valleys of district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province through three different methods including participants’ observations, interviews from key informants and structured questionnaire. We find local community members of both valleys to be active observers of hunting and poaching in the study area. The structured interviews with locals of the study area revealed striking facts about ongoing trafficking by hunters and traders of the neighboring districts (i.e. Kohistan and Battagram). The study identifies a tribe known as Maddi Khel in the neighboring district Battagram the member of which regularly travel to the study area for hunting of black bear, pheasants, gray goral and snow leopard. According to interviews with the local people, hunters and traders in groups from 10 to 25 persons with their own poaching arrangements including guns, pistols and well-trained domesticated dogs were seen every winter. For hunters in the study area, the main target was the killing of female black bear because killing of mothers allows them to poach their cubs. We also identify the routes i.e. Raam Gali, Door Gali, and Kunda Gali through which hunters enter from the neighboring districts Kohistan and Battagram for the purpose of poaching. During each four months season (December to March), on average, approximately 2–5 mothers are killed that carry 12 to 20 cubs. The small cubs have higher black-market demand in different cities in Pakistan that motivates hunters to continue poaching in the study area. Despite the conservation claims by the government department in the province, the ground survey reveals severe risk to the population of black bear from hunting and illegal trafficking. The government’s wildlife department staff is less equipped to tackle with hunters in winter due to the extreme weather conditions in the area and their inability to stay for longer time.

Despite being well-researched in several other bear species, the act of infanticide has yet to be documented in Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus). We captured video footage of an apparent infanticide event inMay2016 using sensor cameras placed outside thewinter den of a known female in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. We observed the presence of a known male outside the den, interacting with the female and her offspring. The female ultimately died and her body did not appear to have been consumed by the male bear. From our observations we considered both sexually selected infanticide and nutritional demand as possible motives behind the male's attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is globally listed as "Vulnerable." Here, we documented its current distribution and the human-bear conflict in Machiara National Park (MNP, northern Pakistan) from 2009 to 2013. Our observations indicated that this bear occurs in all areas of MNP, especially at elevations between 1,600 and 3,300 m above sea level. We recorded the greatest activity in May and September. Our questionnaire survey indicated that the majority of survey participants were not in favor of coexistence with this bear. The Asiatic black bear urgently needs effective management plans to guarantee its conservation in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased occurrences of bears in human settlements in search of food have led to a high incidence of human-bear interactions in Japan; therefore, a better understanding of bear occurrence in relation to bears' diet is required to establish effective management practices. In this study, we investigated the composition of the diet of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and the number of bear sightings in Shirakawa Village, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, during pre- and hyperphagic periods (Aug-Dec) from 2008 to 2016. In years with low numbers of sightings, bears consumed natural foods in natural areas, such as fruits of Japanese bird cherry (Prunus grayana), dogwood (Swida controversa), oak (Quercus spp.), and beech (Fagus crenata), which constituted the main part of the bears' diet in our study area. In years with a medium number of sightings, bears consumed both natural and anthropogenic foods in or near human habitations, such as Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) and kaki (Diospyros kaki). In the high-sighting year of 2014, bears exhibited a particularly strong preference for Japanese walnut (Juglans mandshurica) and kaki. The number of bear sightings was negatively related to the consumption rates of Japanese bird cherry, dogwood, oak, and beech, and positively related to the consumption rates of Japanese walnut, Japanese chestnut, and kaki. These findings suggest that consumption of fleshy fruits in late summer or hard mast in autumn in or near human settlements has a large effect on the risk of bear-human interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]