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Cervical cancer remains the deadliest cancer among women worldwide. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression by targeting signaling pathways can provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments. Green synthesis of nanoparticles addresses conventional treatment drawbacks like chemotherapy and radiation. This study aims to green synthesize, characterize, and evaluate chitosan-encapsulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Lactobacillus plantarum probiotics against cervical cancer HeLa cells, targeting the EMT mechanism. The green synthesized chitosan encapsulated Silver- Nanoparticles using probiotic -Lactobacillus plantarum (CS-LP-AgNPs) were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, which showed a peak at 420 nm confirming the reduction of AgNPs. Zeta and DLS analysis revealed the particle surface charge and stability. TEM analysis demonstrated that CS-LP-AgNPs are spherically shaped, with a size of approximately 15.3 nm. XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of CS-LP-AgNPs. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that CS-LP-AgNPs were functionalized with biomolecules. DAPI and double staining were employed to examine characteristic nuclear and morphological changes during apoptosis. Gene expression profiles of EMT in HeLa cell lines were performed to evaluate the anticancer potency of CS-LP-AgNPs. MTT assay demonstrated cytotoxic activity, whereas DAPI/(AO/EB) double staining images showed the induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by CS-LP-AgNPs treatment. CS-LP-AgNPs treated HeLa cells showed decreased SNAIL/EMT via enhancing apoptotic cascade mechanism. Green synthesized CS-LP-AgNPs may be considered an effective anti-cancer drug delivery system for the treatment of CC in the future.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene mutations and Vitamin D deficiency contribute to CRC development and progression. Certain long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) directly inhibit VDR gene transcription, leading to VDR mutation. Thus, targeting oncogenic lncRNAs and VDR expression is a promising strategy for effective cancer treatment. Here, we green-synthesized Lactobacillus plantarum loaded nickel oxide nanoparticles (LpNiONPs) to assess their anticancer potential in CRC by targeting long non-coding RNA EIF3J- divergent transcript (lncRNA EIF3J-DT) and VDR. The potent bioactive component present in L. plantarum was identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, and its interaction with VDR, as well as the functional interaction with lncRNA EIF3J-DT, were evaluated using the PyRx program and RPISeq-software, respectively. The LpNiONPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Zeta Potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The anticancer potential of LpNiONPs against HT-29 cells was assessed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, scratch assay, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/ acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EtBr) staining experiments, and reverse transcriptase-PCR to evaluate the expression of lncRNA EIF3J-DT/VDR and apoptotic-related genes. The potent bioactive compound Pyrrolo (1,2-a) pyrazine-1,4-dione in L. plantarum strongly interacts with VDR, highlighting its drug design potential. The formation of LpNiONPs was confirmed via UV–Vis spectroscopy with an absorption peak at 394 nm. LpNiONPs were positively charged, monodispersed, and stable square-shaped nanoparticles. LpNiONPs show dose-dependent cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis, confirmed by staining images in HT-29 cells. Moreover, LpNiONPs downregulated lncRNA EIF3J-DT, CYP24-A1 and BCL2 genes while upregulating VDR, cas-3, cas-9 and BAX in HT-29 cells. These findings suggest that LpNiONPs exhibit anticancer activity by promoting VDR-associated apoptosis by inhibiting lncRNA EIF3J-DT in CRC cells.

The purpose of the study was to assess a phenolic compound that was extracted from the brown seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linn.), Nees (1820) for its antibacterial activities on different bacterial pathogens of fish illnesses. Hexane and methanol were utilized to extract bioactive compounds from the seaweed. Phytochemical analysis of the methnaolic extracts have revealed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, fixed oil and fat, phenol compounds, tannins, and steroids. The bacterial pathogens of fish, including Providencia vermicola, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas caviae, were targeted for antibacterial assessment. Among them, the methanolic crude extract and fraction-1 of E. intestinalis have shown maximum activity against A. hydrophila (22 ± 0.13 and 33 ± 0.56 µg/mL). Column chromatography was employed to isolate effective seaweed fraction, while FT-IR and HPLC were utilized for characterization. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various compounds in both extracts. The crude methanolic extract of E. intestinalis have demonstrated the maximum efficacy beside the tested bacterial pathogens. The FT-IR analysis revealed functional groups associated with polymeric structures in the seaweed extracts, including alcohols, phenols, aromatics, alkyl halides, aliphatic amines, alkynes, and alkenes. Overall, the methanolic extract of E. intestinalis exhibited significant antibacterial activity as a result of the phenolic chemicals that are present. The study provides valuable baseline data, emphasizing the need for further research towards developing antibacterial drug formulations.

Introduction: The current healthcare system is insufficient to deal with the global impact of rising diabetes, necessitating the development of better alternatives, such as plant-derived natural compounds, to improve glucose tolerance. Therefore, the present study evaluated the phytoconstituents of the aqueous leaf and rhizome extracts of an unnoticed plant species, Kaempferia pulchra. In addition, the in vitro anti-hyperglycemic efficacy and antioxidant activities of the derived terpenoid fraction from the plant extracts were also assessed. Methods: The aqueous extracts of K. pulchra leaves and rhizomes were screened for phytoconstituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Colorimetric techniques were used to determine the terpenoid fraction’s total phenolic and flavonoid content. Terpenoids’ in vitro antioxidant properties were examined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA) and ferric reducing power assay, proceeded by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition tests, and anti-hyperglycemic potential was determined utilizing the terpenoid’s fraction. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the terpenoids obtained from the leaf had the highest total phenol and flavonoid content. Both leaf and rhizome extracts had modest antioxidant capacities compared to ascorbic acid. Similarly, the rhizome extract had significantly higher α-amylase inhibitory activity than the standard acarbose (P < 0.05). Overall, the rhizome extract of K. pulchra outperformed the leaf extract in terms of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Conclusion: Kaempferia pulchra is a natural source of terpenoids with several therapeutic qualities, especially for managing diabetes. However, further research is needed to validate some of the claims ascribed to this plant.

To stay in sync with environmental cues, the body's metabolic activities must be rhythmic, and these rhythmic functions are known as circadian rhythms, which repeat every 24 h. People's sleep–wake and eating patterns were interrupted as a result of house confinement, making them more vulnerable to noncommunicable chronic diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period. During the epidemic, there was a greater degree of misalignment with this synchronization. The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) on the human circadian clock are studied in depth. The literature review was conducted fully online, with the website utilized to collect all of the papers from PubMed, and duplicates were handled only in the first phase. Researchers found that individuals of all ages who are pushed to adjust their daily routines shift to the later chronotype, resulting in lifestyle modifications and an altered biological timing system that contributes to noncommunicable chronic illnesses. Chronic illnesses have bidirectional conductance, which means they can be caused by both environmental and self-modification in daily activity, as was the case during the COVID-19 outbreak, which forced people to stay at home. This review comes to the conclusion that fighting the pandemic may be best done by changing medications and focusing on immune health.

The present study validated the green synthesis and characterization of AgNPs using the leaf extracts of Solanum melongena (SM-AgNPs). The efficiency of the phytocompounds in the leaf extract in reducing Ag+ to Ag0 ions was studied. The synthesized SM-AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopic methods and standard methods were adopted for the antioxidant activity, HPTLC, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial assays and pesticidal activity as well. The synthesised nanoparticle was measured to be 20.54 nm which was confirmed by the characterization. The total phenolic content was 5.98 ± 0. GAE/g which indicated potent antioxidant activity. HPTLC profile showed thirteen peaks corresponding to the phenolic compounds with Rf values ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. The average particle size and zeta potential was 75.14 nm-19.8 mV respectively. Cytotoxicity assay of the synthesized AgNP’s showed viability percentage of 50.23 at 100 mg/mL. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cell lines with the SM-AgNPs induced early apoptosis in a greater number of cells. The synthesizedAgNPs were effective against the bacterial isolates Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. High mortality of Bemisiatabaci was observed in the100 µg/mL of the SM-AgNPs treated concentrations. The study demonstrated the efficiency of SM-AgNPs against cancer cell lines, microbial isolates and insect pests.

Being considered minor vexations, fungal infections hinder the life of about 15% of the world population superficially, with rare threats to life in case of invasive sepsis. A significant rise in the intrusive mycoses due to machiavellian fungal species is observed over the years due to increased pathology and fatality in people battling life-threatening diseases. Individuals undergoing therapy with immune suppressive drugs plus recovering from viral infections have shown to develop fungal sepsis as secondary infections while recovering or after. Currently, the whole world is fighting against the fright of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and corticosteroids being the primitive therapeutic to combat the COVID-19 inflammation, leads to an immune-compromised state, thereby allowing the not so harmful fungi to violate the immune barrier and flourish in the host. A wide range of fungal co-infection is observed in the survivors and patients of COVID-19. Fungal species of Candida, Aspergillus and Mucorales, are burdening the lives of COVID-19 patients/survivors in the form of Yellow/Green, White and Black fungus. This is the first article of its kind to assemble note on fungal infections seen in the current human health scenario till date and provides a strong message to the clinicians, researchers and physicians around the world “non-pathological fungus should not be dismissed as contaminants, they can quell immunocompromised hosts”.

Background: Methods like the bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using plant extracts have become promising due to their eco-friendly approach. The study aimed to examine the utilization of Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit phytochemicals as agents in the biosynthesis of Ag NPs, evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancerous properties, as well as the photocatalytic ability of bio-synthesized Ag NPs against Crystal Violet (CV), a triphenylmethane dye. Methods: The characterization of the physical properties of the Ag NPs synthesized via the green route was done using UV–Vis spectrophotometry (UV–Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta potential analysis, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The dye degradation efficiency of CV was determined using synthesized Ag NPs under UV light by analyzing the absorption maximum at 579 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy of Ag NPs against E. coli, S. aureus, Candida tropicalis, and Candida albicans was examined using the broth dilution method. The antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of the synthesized Ag NPs were assessed using the DPPH and MTT assays. Results: The UV analysis revealed that the peak of synthesized Ag NPs was 442 nm. Data from FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential, SEM, and TEM analysis confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. The SEM and TEM analysis identified the presence of spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 29.12 nm and 24.18 nm, respectively. Maximum dye degradation efficiency of CV was observed at 90.08% after 320 min without any silver leaching, confirming the photocatalytic activity of Ag NPs. The bio-efficiency of the treatment was assessed using the Allium cepa root growth inhibition test, toxicity analysis on Vigna radiata, and Brine shrimp lethality assay. Conclusions: The findings revealed the environmentally friendly nature of green Ag NPs over physical/chemically synthesized Ag NPs. The synthesized Ag NPs can effectively be used in biomedical and photocatalytic applications.

The main objective of the present research work is to assess the biological properties of the aqueous plant extract (ACAE) synthesised silver nanoparticles from the herbal plant Ageratum conyzoides, and their biological applications. The silver nanoparticle syntheses from Ageratum conyzoides (Ac-AgNPs) were optimised with different parameters, such as pH (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and varied silver nitrate concentration (1 mM and 5 mM). Based on the UV–vis spectroscopy analysis of the synthesised silver nanoparticles, the concentration of 5 mM with the pH at 8 was recorded as the peak reduction at 400 nm; and these conditions were optimized were used for further studies. The results of the FE-SEM analysis recorded the size ranges (~30–90 nm), and irregular spherical and triangular shapes of the AC-AgNPs were captured. The characterization reports of the HR-TEM investigation of AC-AgNPs were also in line with the FE-SEM studies. The antibacterial efficacies of AC-AgNPs have revealed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. typhi to be within 20 mm. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of AC-AgNPs is shown to have an effective antiplasmodial property (IC50:17.65 μg/mL), whereas AgNO3 has shown a minimum level of IC50: value 68.03 μg/mL, and the Ac-AE showed >100 μg/mL at 24 h of parasitaemia suppression. The α-amylase inhibitory properties of AC-AgNPs have revealed a maximum inhibition similar to the control Acarbose (IC50: 10.87 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the AC-AgNPs have revealed a better property (87.86% ± 0.56, 85.95% ± 1.02 and 90.11 ± 0.29%) when compared with the Ac-AE and standard in all the three different tests, such as DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 scavenging assay, respectively. The current research work might be a baseline for the future drug expansion process in the area of nano-drug design, and its applications also has a lot of economic viability and is a safer method in synthesising or producing silver nanoparticles.

Advancements and developments in the 3D bioprinting have been promising and have met the needs of organ transplantation. Current improvements in tissue engineering constructs have enhanced their applications in regenerative medicines and other medical fields. The synergistic effects of 3D bioprinting have brought technologies such as tissue engineering, microfluidics, integrated tissue organ printing, in vivo bioprinted tissue implants, artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches together. These have greatly impacted interventions in medical fields, such as medical implants, multi-organ-on-chip models, prosthetics, drug testing tissue constructs and much more. This technological leap has offered promising personalized solutions for patients with chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and who have been in severe accidents. This review discussed the various standing printing methods, such as inkjet, extrusion, laser-assisted, digital light processing, and stereolithographic 3D bioprinter models, adopted for tissue constructs. Additionally, the properties of natural, synthetic, cell-laden, dECM-based, short peptides, nanocomposite and bioactive bioinks are briefly discussed. Sequels of several tissue-laden constructs such as skin, bone and cartilage, liver, kidney, smooth muscles, cardiac and neural tissues are briefly analyzed. Challenges, future perspectives and the impact of microfluidics in resolving the limitations in the field, along with 3D bioprinting, are discussed. Certainly, a technology gap still exists in the scaling up, industrialization and commercialization of this technology for the benefit of stakeholders.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus can cause a sudden respiratory disease spreading with a high mortality rate arising with unknown mechanisms. Still, there is no proper treatment available to overcome the disease, which urges the research community and pharmaceutical industries to screen a novel therapeutic intervention to combat the current pandemic. This current study exploits the natural phytochemicals obtained from clove, a traditional natural therapeutic that comprises important bioactive compounds used for targeting the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. As a result, inhibition of viral replication effectively procures by targeting the main protease, which is responsible for the viral replication inside the host. Pharmacokinetic studies were evaluated for the property of drug likeliness. A total of 53 bioactives were subjected to the study, and four among them, namely, eugenie, syzyginin B, eugenol, and casuarictin, showed potential binding properties against the target SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The resultant best bioactive was compared with the commercially available standard drugs. Furthermore, validation of respective compounds with a comprehensive molecular dynamics simulation was performed using Schrödinger software. To further validate the bioactive phytochemicals and delimit the screening process of potential drugs against coronavirus disease 2019, in vitro and in vivo clinical studies are needed to prove their efficacy.

An emerging field of science “Nanotechnology” which is involved in manipulation of atoms and molecules has shown great potential in all fields of sciences. Nanotechnology deals with nanoparticles ranging from size 1 to 100 nm in diameter, due to small size and high surface area eventually increases the state of activity. This review focuses on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and mainly on green synthesis, characterization and application of copper nanoparticles. Green synthesis of copper and copper oxide (Cu and CuO) is economically beneficial and ecofriendly. Copper nanoparticles are used in diverse fields such as biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, molecular biology, bioengineering, genetic engineering, dye degradation, catalysis, cosmetics and textiles. Structural properties and biological effects of copper nanoparticles have promising effectivity in field of life sciences.

Newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has now spread across the globe in past few months while affecting 26 million people and leading to more than 0.85 million deaths as on 2nd September, 2020. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection increases in COVID-19 patients due to pre-existing health co-morbidities. This mini-review has focused on the three significant co-morbidities viz., heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, which are posing high health concerns and increased mortality during this ongoing pandemic. The observed co-morbidities have been found to be associated with the increasing risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 critical illness as well as to be associated positively with the worsening of the health condition of COVID-19 suffering individuals resulting in the high risk for mortality. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cell via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. Regulation of crucial cardiovascular functions and metabolisms like blood pressure and sugar levels are being carried out by ACE2. This might be one of the reasons that contribute to the higher mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities. Clinical investigations have identified higher levels of creatinine, cardiac troponin I, alanine aminotransferase, NT-proBNP, creatine kinase, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in patients who have succumbed to death from COVID-19 as compared to recovered individuals. More investigations are required to identify the modes behind increased mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. This will enable us to design and develop suitable therapeutic strategies for reducing the mortality. More attention and critical care need to be paid to such high risk patients suffering from co-morbidities during COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and main protease (MPro) are significant target proteins, mainly involved in the attachment of viral genome to host cells and aid in replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronaviruses or SARS‐CoV genome. In the present study, we identified 11 potent bioactive compounds from ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea obscura (L.) by using GC‐MS analysis. These potential bioactive compounds were considered for molecular docking studies against ACE2 and MPro target proteins to determine the antiviral effects against SARS‐COV. Results exhibits that among 11 compounds from I. obscura (L.), urso‐deoxycholic acid, demeclocycline, tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, and ethyl iso‐allocholate had potential viral inhibitory activity. Hence, the present findings suggested that chemical constitution present in I. obscura (L.) will address inhibition of corona viral replication in host cells.

Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affects the areas of social awareness and interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and behaviors and interests, which are grouped among neurobehavioral disorders. One in 68 children is affected with ASD according to the estimate from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network and an increasing prevalence observed worldwide. A characteristic heterogeneity in ASD determined genetic variability as a major contributor. Whole-exome sequencing of ASD individuals revealed that discrete de novo mutation (single-nucleotide variation or small indels) also contribute to the overall genetic risk of ASD apart from rare genetic variation affecting single nucleotides of protein-coding DNA or rare genomic copy number variants as assessed through other high-throughput genomic methods. These genes are involved in synaptic transmission and regulated during brain development by acting upstream or downstream of Wingless- related integration site (WNT), bone morphogenetic proteins/transforming growth factor-β, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, and retinoic acid signaling pathways. The current review focuses on genes involved in synaptic function, undergoing de novo mutation leading to ASD condition.

The tracing of an alternative drug, Phytochemicals is a promising approach to the viral threats that have emerged over the past two years. Across the world, herbal medicine is a better solution against anti-viral diseases during pandemic periods. Goniothalamus wightii is an herbal plant, which has diverse bioactive compounds with anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-viral properties. The aim of the study was to isolate the compound by chromatography studies and functionalization by FT-IR, LC-MS, and NMR (C-NMR, H-NMR). As a result, the current work focuses on whether (S)-Goniathalamin and its analogue could act as natural anti-viral molecules for multiple target proteins viz., MPro, RdRp, and SPro, which are required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, 954 compounds were examined and the molecular-docking studies were performed on the maestro platform of Schrodinger software. Molecular-dynamics simulation studies were performed on two complex major compounds to confirm their affinity across 150 simulations. This research suggests that plant-based drugs have high levels of antiviral properties against coronavirus. However, more research is needed to verify its antiviral properties.

The present study was investigated to the sequel of dietary supplementation of algae (Chaetomorpha aerea) on growth, exploitation of food, haematological, immunological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita for 28-days trial period. A total of 180 fishes with a body weight of 55 ± 0.9 g initially, were selected and allotted to one of five dietary treatments, in which the basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 g kg−1 (w/w) of C. aerea. The fishes were subjected to challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila and relative percentage of survival (%) was recorded for 14 days after the feeding trial. Accordingly, the fishes fed with C. aerea increased the growth rate, feed conversion rate, specific growth rate, haemoglobin, neutrophil and lysozyme activity, when compared to the control group (P