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The formation of ice on the surface of the metallic casing of high-end equipment poses a potential threat to its operational safety and stability. One important factor that contributes to bonding failure at the ice-metal interface is stress concentration. This paper aims to investigate the effect of stress concentration on the bonding failure behavior at the ice-metal interface through numerical analysis. First, the forms of bonding failure are categorized. Afterwards, the stress distribution state at the corners of the ice-metal interface is determined by the interfacial stress singularity. Finally, numerical analysis is carried out to investigate the thermal stress distribution law at the corners of the interface during the cooling process of the ice-metal bonding, so as to elucidate the induced mechanism of the interfacial stress state on the bonding failure. This study can provide some reference and guidelines for the study of bonding failure at the ice-metal interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eddy-current method has been employed to realize the real-time measurement of thickness distribution and polishing endpoint detection of metal films during the metal chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. However, accuracy and sensitivity in thickness measurement can be significantly impacted by a variation in lift-off distance (about 3.5 mm), attributable to the progressive wear of the polishing pad. This paper proposes a novel triple-coil sensor system, integrated with an alternating-current bridge and designed for high-precision metal film thickness measurement. Subsequently, the measurement performance of the bridge output voltage was scrutinized using a theoretical model and a trans-dimensional finite element analysis model of electromagnetic fields and circuit coupling. The correlations between the amplitude, phase, and the ratio of the real part to the imaginary part of the output voltage, in context with film thickness, were determined at assorted excitation frequencies and lift-off distances. Both theoretical equations and simulation results affirmed that the phase and ratio were more resistant to lift-off distance variations than the amplitude, and a linear relationship was identified between the ratio and film thickness. Furthermore, the thickness measurement performance of the amplitude and phase, when the triple-coil was imbalanced, was dissected via numerical simulation. A profound understanding of the proposed system was provided and beneficial for the practical applications in real-time thickness measurements of metal films during the metal CMP process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a significant difference was demonstrated between the otolith increments of wild and reared Hedinichthys yarkandensis (day, 1877) P < 0.05 . By comparing the width of the first 40 daily increments of otoliths, it was found that the otolith width of the wild H. yarkandensis was significantly wider than that of the reared H. yarkandensis. The otolith daily increment width of wild H. yarkandensis tends to increase significantly with age and then decreases slowly, while the otolith daily increment width of reared H. yarkandensis grows more steadily. This may be related to the different growing conditions of the two groups. This study investigates the relationship between the early life history of H. yarkandensis and the daily otolith increment and provides a basis for identifying fish groups and fish life histories through differences in otolith microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fermentation characteristics of five varieties of fig juices (Ficus carica cv. Siluhongyu, Siluhuangjin, Silufeicui, Jinaofen and Fengchanhuang) by two select strains (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus), based on the changes of physicochemical parameters, bioactive components, antioxidant activities and flavour volatiles. Viable counts were above 9.5 log CFU mL−1 throughout the fermentation process, indicating that fig juices were suitable substrates for strain proliferation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly enhanced during fermentation, particularly with Siluhuangjin by L. plantarum and Silufeicui by L. acidophilus, exhibiting the highest total phenolic (465 mg GAE L−1) and total flavonoid contents (152 mg RE L−1), respectively. Accordingly, antioxidant activities based on SOD, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods were significantly improved after fermentation (P < 0.05). SOD and ABTS were positively correlated with contents of protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, alcohols, ketones and terpenoids contents were increased, while aldehydes content was decreased significantly after fermentation (P < 0.05), suggesting the improved flavour characteristics of fermented fig juices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the cutting process, unnecessary burrs frequently emerge along the cutting edge. To suppress the burrs generated in the process, an effective method is to provide interface constraint next to the workpiece, such as ice fixation machining. Although experimental evidence demonstrates that interface constraint effectively inhibits burrs, the understanding of its inhibitory mechanism remains limited. In this paper, the suppression mechanism of interface constraint on Poisson burr is analyzed, and an analytical model for predicting the size of Poisson burr with interface constraint is established. The model can predict the height and thickness of the Poisson burr, and it is verified by the finite element method and experiment. The inhibition effects of interface constraint on the Poisson burr under different workpiece strengths, cutting depths, cutting widths, tool rake angles, and constraint strengths are compared. The results show that interface constraint effectively reduces Poisson burr size, and the prediction model accurately describes both the size and shape of the Poisson burr. Workpiece material, tool rake angle, cutting depth, and constraint strength all significantly impact the size of the Poisson burr. Consequently, this paper offers enhanced insight into the mechanism of suppressing Poisson burrs by adding interface constraint and provides a theoretical reference for optimizing machining parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to resolve the long-standing controversy surrounding the relationships within the Triplophysa genus, we conducted an extensive analysis of the complete mitogenome of Triplophysa labiata using DNBSEQ short reads. Additionally, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Nemacheilidae family using mitogenome data. By comparing all available mitogenomes within the Triplophysa genus, we gained valuable insights into its evolutionary history. Our findings revealed that the mitogenome sequence of T. labiata is circular, spanning a length of 16,573 bp. It encompasses 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and a control region (D-loop). Among the PCGs, the start codon ATG was commonly observed, except in cox1, while the stop codons TAA/TAG/T were found in all PCGs. Furthermore, purifying selection was evident across all PCGs. Utilizing maximum likelihood (ML) methods, we employed the 13 PCGs and the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 30 Triplophysa mitogenomes to infer the phylogeny. Our results strongly supported the division of the Triplophysa genus into four primary clades. Notably, our study provides the first evidence of the close relationship between T. labiata and T. dorsalis. These findings serve as a significant foundation for future investigations into the mitogenomics and phylogeny of Nemacheilidae fishes, paving the way for further advancements in this field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical performance of the feed array is degraded because of the position deviation of the array elements caused by manufacturing and processing, which cannot meet the high performance feeding requirements of large feed arrays. In this paper, a radiation field model of the helical antenna array considering the position deviation of array elements is proposed to investigate the influence law of position deviation on the electrical performance of the feed array. With the established model, the rectangular planar array and the circular array of the helical antenna with a radiating cup are discussed and the relationship between electrical performance index and position deviation is established by numerical analysis and curve fitting method. The research results show that the position deviation of the antenna array elements will lead to the rise of the sidelobe level, the deviation of the beam pointing, and the increase of the return loss. The valuable simulation results provided by this work can be used in antenna engineering, guiding antenna designers to set optimal parameters when fabricating antennae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Components with complex arrays of multi-island structures are widely used in aerospace applications, but existing commonly used milling strategies usually have multiple feeds and retreats during machining, and the machined surfaces produce feed marks that do not meet the requirements for high-quality surfaces. In this paper, a machine path generation method for array multi-island machining regions is proposed, which divides the array multi-island region machining area into multiple double-connected regions from outside to inside, establishes a partial differential equation model in each double-connected machining subregion to compute isotherms, generates spiral machining trajectories in the double-connected subregions by identifying suitable isotherms in each double-connected machining subregion, and then connects each sub-region helix trajectory; the overall spiral machining trajectory in the array multi-island region can be obtained to avoid multiple tool feeds and feed marks on the machined surface. Meanwhile, in order to avoid the sudden change of cutting direction at the boundary of two sub-regions, an optimization algorithm for B-sample curve generation at the boundary connection of sub-regions is proposed. Finally, the superiority of the method in improving machining quality is verified by machining experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three northeast provinces are typical areas of regional shrinkage in China. A scientific understanding of their shrinkage and driving mechanism is conducive to the transformation and development of traditional industrial bases in China. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanism of regional shrinkage at the county scale in the three provinces. The main findings are as follows: (1) 40.86% of counties in the three provinces shrank, forming three concentrated shrinking regions. However, comprehensively shrinking regions were narrowed and lessened with the introduction of the Northeast Area Revitalization Plan. (2) The population-related shrinking regions accounted for more than 90% and continued to expand. Such shrinkage was higher in the north than in the south. The degree of economy-related shrinkage was the most serious, and the hotspots were mainly concentrated in Liaoning Province. The scope of space-related shrinkage was most minor, and such shrinkage was relatively mild. (3) When it came to influencing factors, the shrinkage index was positively correlated with the proportion of the secondary industry, the output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, the number of industrial enterprises above the designated size, fiscal expenditure, and the balance of resident deposits, and negatively correlated with the altitude, the proportion of the tertiary industry, and population aging. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) produced similar regression results. The spatial pattern of influencing factors was consistent with the hotspot areas of population-related shrinkage or economy-related shrinkage, with significant spatial differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metal processing, exit burrs are usually inevitable, which is a huge challenge for high-precision manufacturing. This paper innovatively proposes an ice boundary constraint (IBC) method to actively suppress exit burrs to obtain better workpiece edge quality. Firstly, the formation mechanism of the exits burr is analyzed from the perspective of material flow at the edge of the workpiece, and the principle of the IBC method is explained. Secondly, a finite element model (FEM) is established to analyze the stress distribution and flow at the edge of the workpiece, so as to reveal the suppression mechanism of IBC on the exit burrs. Finally, the feasibility of IBC method and the validity of FEM are verified by the milling experiments. The experimental results show that the IBC method can reduce the exit burr height by 51.4% on average, and FEM can effectively predict the height of the exit burr. The IBC method proposed in this study can provide some reference and guidance for the active suppression of exit burrs in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The impetus of urbanization quality stems from urban districts and radiates outwards. • The dimension of people's lives has great potential for development. • Shandong Province formed a "H" type high quality distribution belt. • Public Services has significantly deepened the influence on urbanization quality. This study evaluates urbanization quality across 137 county-level administrative divisions in Shandong Province, China, through an evaluation indicator system developed for the county level. Utilizing a modified entropy method, this research delves into the level and spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization quality. Moreover, it scrutinizes the determinants of urbanization quality employing both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. The findings reveal that: (1) Throughout the study period, the urbanization quality within Shandong's county areas manifested a progressive trend; however, the pace of improvement decelerated. Significantly, the contribution of the quality of life to the overall urbanization quality index registered a notable increase, it shows that improving the quality of life has increasingly become the core driving force for improving the quality of urbanization. At the same time, it is found that the main driving force for the improvement of urbanization quality comes from the municipal district, and gradually radiates to county-level cities and counties. (2) The study identified pronounced regional disparities in urbanization quality and its constitutive dimensions across Shandong's county areas. The "H"-shaped pattern urbanization high-quality development distribution belt is formed along the main transportation lines, indicating that transportation is one of the core elements of urbanization quality improvement. At the same time, when a region has two development centers, due to the need to take into account the development of the two centers, it is possible to form an "H"-shaped pattern spatial distribution pattern. The formation of high-quality development distribution belt of H"-shaped pattern urbanization indicates that Shandong Province is a typical dual-center development model. (3) Among the factors influencing urbanization quality, the number of domestic invention patents per 10,000 people and population density were found to exert significant effects, displaying a considerable degree of spatial variability, it shows that attracting a large number of innovative talents is an important strategy to improve the quality of urbanization. At the same time, based on the measurement results, it is found that if Shandong Province continues to invest 2.1 trillion yuan to improve the quality of people's lives, it will greatly improve the urbanization quality in the county areas of Shandong Province. It is expected that around 2069, about 80% of the county areas in the study area will achieve high quality and relatively high quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectral analysis of terrain height variance is conducive to quantitatively study the terrain characteristics and grid-size selection for mesoscale models. Improved topographic resolutions can lead to the variations of terrain characteristics and the appropriate grid size for a fixed analyzed area. Spectral methods of one-dimensional weighted average and arithmetic mean were used to investigate the specific impact on the distribution of terrain spectra and grid-size selection for mesoscale models of the landslide-prone areas in western Sichuan. The results indicate that the maximum spectral energy (the variance of the terrain height series) of 30″ resolution (R1) is larger than that of 90 m resolution (R2), indicating a gentler undulation of terrain for R2. The spectral curve of R2 almost overlaps with that of R1 because the difference in topographic resolution does not change the dominant distribution of the topography. Their differing spectral energies at longer wavelengths are related to the majority of grid points of R2 distributed at shorter wavelength bands. A least squares fit in the form of S = a λ b was used to estimate the decreasing trend of the spectral distribution. The difference in spectral slope between R1 and R2 is mainly caused by the spectral energy of R2 at shorter wavelengths. The exponent b is connected with grid-size selection for mesoscale models. A universal horizontal grid size of 2.5 km for R1 and 1.9 km for R2 are required to resolve 95% of the terrain height variance for a mesoscale model application without a subgrid-scale parameterization. The simulation tests show that the improved topographic resolution appears to perform better in reproducing precipitation, which is probably related to the finer details of the terrain recognized by the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of urban shrinkage has spread across the world as the political and economic landscape changes worldwide. The urban development in China has entered a post-development era characterized by coexisting urban expansion and local shrinkage whilst urbanization continues to progress in this country. This paper investigates the urban shrinkage of 80 cities in the Yellow River, China from the perspective of population and economy, based on urban shrinkage models drawing from western countries. It also analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of urban shrinkage in this area using a spatial panel data model. The results show the following. (1) The phenomenon of urban shrinkage in the Yellow River Basin has gradually occurred and the degree of shrinkage has aggravated. (2) The shrinking cities in the Yellow River Basin are mainly population-related and potential. (3) The phenomenon of urban shrinkage in the Yellow River Basin shows significant spatiotemporal differences. Shrinking cities are mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin and the number of shrinking cities has gradually increased over time. (4) In terms of influencing factors, financial, traffic, and medical conditions have a greater impact on population-related and economy-related shrinkage in these cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human-environment relationship has always been a research topic of sustainable development. In the past century, many theories about the human-environment relationship, such as environmental determinism, possibilism (probability theory), adaptation theory, cultural landscape theory, and human-environment harmony theory, have been put forward. These theories have reflected the dynamic change of the relationship between human and the natural environment, and advanced human understanding on nature. In the past 30 years, few breakthroughs have occurred in the studies on the human-environment relationship until the 'Two Mountains' theory ('Clear waters and green mountains are as valuable as mountains of gold and silver', or 'lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets') was put forward by President Xi Jinping. The 'Two Mountains' theory is a new theory of the human-environment relationship based on the general trend of world development and the difficult practice in the past 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It is a qualitative leap in the development of the human-environment relationship theory, and has resonated with the requirements of the times from human-environment separation, human-environment mutual respect to human-environment integration. Furthermore, it has provided Chinese wisdom for the development and innovation of the human-environment relationship theories in the world. From a scientific perspective, the 'Two Mountains' theory contains a rich philosophy about the evolution of the human-environment system, and has interpreted the methods and paths of achieving the intrinsic unity, mutual promotion and coordinated symbiosis between the human development and environment protection. It has inherited and carried forward the traditional Chinese thought of the 'unity of man and nature', and expanded and deepened the Marxist dialectical relationship between man and nature. Enriching and innovating the Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization in the new era, it has profoundly revealed the basic laws of economic and social development, and laid the theoretical foundation for the construction of a 'modernization characterized by harmonious coexistence between man and nature'. From the perspective of the value of the times, the theory meets the requirements of the national 'five in one' overall layout, and demonstrates the implications of the human-environment relationship from philosophical, economic, social, ecological, and cultural dimensions. It is an important guide for the construction of a beautiful China in the new era. Additionally, the 'Two Mountains' theory enriches and develops the theories of the human-environment relationship in geography and is worthy of in-depth exploration and promotion by scholars from multiple fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and in-situ thickness measurements of copper films on Si-based wafers are employed to improve global planarization, adjust polishing pressure, and avoid over-polishing and under-polishing during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). However, edge effects cause inaccurate thickness measurements at the wafer edge, and greatly decrease the effective area of integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing. In this study, edge effects were studied using both a trans-dimensional simulation model of electromagnetic fields and circuit coupling in eddy-current thickness measurement and an experimental nanoscale thickness-measurement sensor system with a resolution of 2.07 Å /mV. The simulation and experimental results were in close agreement when the sensor coil was located at different edge positions. The influence of different factors such as copper film thickness, edge positions, calibrated thickness, lift-off distance, and excitation voltages on thickness-measurement performance in the edge region were also examined. Copper film surface current density was calculated to clearly evaluate eddy-current distortion at different edge positions. The determined influences of these parameters on edge effects could be used to improve the edge-measurement performance of sensor systems by adjusting coil and circuit parameters or propose an edge signal compensation algorithm during CMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) is extremely hard and brittle, posing challenges for traditional abrasive machining. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate synchronous versus asynchronous force-torque effects on SiC abrasive machining. Multi-grit diamond abrasion of 4H-SiC was modeled by applying controlled sinusoidal forces and torques. Asynchronous force-torque increased material removal rates up to 2X versus synchronous conditions by promoting particle agglomeration and enabling trapped particles to contribute. However, asynchronous operation also produced higher surface roughness and subsurface cracking from greater penetration. The alternating forces generated larger stresses that may have driven more plastic deformation and brittle fracture. The study provided atomic-scale insights into force-torque effects, establishing guidelines to potentially enhance efficiency through asynchronous operation despite drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The microscopic morphology of ice with physical crosslinking structure is elucidated. • The variation of stress–strain and time-strain rate of ice with physical crosslinking structure under impact load is analyzed. • The strengthening effect of different crosslinking structures on the mechanical properties of ice is studied. Ice is formed by the crystallization of water. Although ice appears to be less brittle under low strain rates during compression and shearing processes, it is still considered a brittle material, which poses significant challenges for its wide applications in industries. Therefore, the study of the mechanical properties of ice has always been a topic of great interest. This paper investigates the influence of single physical crosslinking structure (PCS) and dual PCS on the microstructure and dynamic mechanical properties of ice. Firstly, a solution with 0.2 wt% of sodium alginate (SA), a solution with 0.2 wt% of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), and a mixture solution with 0.1 wt% of SA and 0.1 wt% of HPMC are prepared. The molecular chain connection methods in the prepared solutions are then analyzed. Subsequently, the microstructure of ice (Ice, SA-ice, HPMC-ice, SA&HPMC-ice) formed from different solutions is observed by a cryo-scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM). Finally, Hopkinson pressure bar (HPB) experiments are carried out to compare and analyze the time-strain rate and stress–strain relationships of different types of ice, thus elucidating the effect of microstructure on the strength of ice. Additionally, the variations in time-strain rate/strain energy and stress–strain curves of SA&HPMC-ice under different launch pressure are analyzed. This study provides valuable reference and guidance for enhancing the mechanical properties of ice and its engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osmotic stress in the yeast limits productivity in industrial beer production under very high gravity brewing. This study focused on assessing the protective impacts of eleven plant-derived antioxidant dipeptides (PADs) on the osmotic stress tolerance of lager yeast. The results showed that PADs provided yeast with stress tolerance under osmotic stress. PADs supplementation enhanced cell membrane integrity and reduced oxidative damage. PADs upregulated the expression of SOD2 , PEX11 and CTT1 genes under osmotic stress. Moreover, the volatile compounds contents and antioxidant activities of beers were improved by PADs, suggesting favorable quality characteristics. Especially, Phe-Cys and Leu-His could increase the DPPH radical scavenging activity of beer by 41.92% and 18.78% respectively, compared with control. Therefore, PADs are industrially scalable enhancers to improve the ability of yeast to resist osmotic stress and beer quality during very high gravity brewing. [Display omitted] • PADs enhanced the osmotic stress tolerance of lager yeast. • PADs improved yeast cell membrane integrity and reduced oxidative damage. • PADs supplementation improved beer quality during very high gravity brewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the low rigidity, the milling process of cantilever thin-walled structure (CTWS) inevitably generates machining-induced deformation, ultimately resulting in poor surface quality and thickness accuracy. In this paper, to avoid these issues, a novel and green ice-based fixture (IBF) is innovatively proposed to hold CTWS firmly to suppress machining deformation during the whole processing. Firstly, a stair-step model is established to express machining-induced deformation of CTWS with/without IBF. Next, IBF is designed to clamp CTWS steadily. Secondly, finite element model (FEM) for CTWS is utilized to simulate milling deformation with/without IBF to reflect the effect of IBF on eliminating CTWS deformation. Finally, the experiment of CTWS milling is carried out, and the experiment results show that IBF can achieve a reliable and stable holding for CTWS, and hence suppress machining-induced deformation and improve thickness accuracy. In this paper, research on IBF for CTWS processing provides reference and guidance for the application and promotion of IBF in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With social and economic environment changes occurring in the world and deepening of the urbanization process, China's urban development exhibits a new phenomenon of growth and shrinkage fluctuations. The resource-based city shrinkage phenomenon is particularly prominent. Research on the commonalities and patterns of similar groups should be enhanced. We constructed an urban shrinkage evaluation index system from the three dimensions of population, economy and space. Accordingly, we explored the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of 175 resource-based cities in China from a multidimensional perspective with the entropy method, shrinkage model and transfer matrix method. The results indicated that most resource-based cities in China occurred in the non-shrinking state, but their development speed gradually decreased or even presented stagflation. The shrinkage measure-related results in the different dimensions revealed that the number of shrinking cities is increasing. The population, economic and comprehensive shrinkage levels were mainly slight and remained stable. The number of cities experiencing moderate and severe shrinkage was relatively small and mostly encompassed short-term shrinkage. Spatial shrinkage demonstrated a clear administrative hierarchy difference. Moreover, the spatial distribution range of shrinking cities in each dimension expanded and exhibited obviously similar characteristics, i.e., shrinking cities were relatively concentrated in Northeast China, while they were more scattered in other regions. Furthermore, the geodetector technique was applied to reveal the influencing factors of resource-based city growth and shrinkage. Based on the results, the change in the secondary industry output value share at the start of the study was the primary factor. The impact of each employment structure indicator from 2014 to 2018 was particularly significant. Comprehensive exploration of the shrinkage characteristics of this particular group of cities and their development behavior from a multidimensional perspective can provide an important reference for the transformation and high-quality development of resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin have successively become national strategic development regions. The two river basins are important components of China's major regional economic development system, and are also essential for China to achieve high quality and regional coordinated development. Clarifying the internal economic spatial structure and driving factors within the two river basins is the basic prerequisite for achieving coordinated governance and high-quality development of them. Based on the multi-element factor flows of finance, transportation and information, the urban network structure characteristics of the two river basins are analyzed from the aspects of network centrality, correlation pattern and cohesive subgroup by means of social network analysis and spatial analysis methods, and their influencing factors are explored through regression analysis. The results show that: ➀ There are significant regional disparities in the network centrality based on each factor flow, especially the traffic flow. Regional disparities are mainly reflected in the gap between the eastern and central regions in the Yangtze River Basin, while they are mainly reflected in the gap between the central and western regions in the Yellow River Basin. ➁ There are closer network connections in the Yangtze River Basin from the perspective of each factor flow. The financial network is the most mature in both river basins and the backbone network covers a wide area. The backbone traffic network is composed of several groups with the traffic trunk as the axis, and the connections between the groups in the Yellow River Basin are relatively loose. The backbone information network appears as several star clusters with the provincial central cities as the core. ➂ The organization structure of urban networks from different factor flow perspectives is differently affected by administrative boundaries. The information network is the most affected, however, the subgroups in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta region of the Yangtze River Basin have significantly broken the administrative boundaries. Conversely, financial links have significantly broken the administrative boundaries under the influence of marketization. ➃ There are certain differences in the influencing factors of the urban network between the two river basins. Firstly, the location factor has relatively weak influence in the Yellow River Basin; secondly, in terms of socioeconomic factors, the Yangtze River basin is more affected by science and education factors, while the Yellow River Basin is more affected by economic factors. Finally, this study puts forward countermeasures for the common problems and specific problems of the two river basins from the aspects of breaking administrative barriers, promoting the construction of multi-level and multi-center urban systems, breaking through the location disadvantage of the central and western regions, and improving the soft and hard power of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focused on the evaluation of co-combustion of sewage sludge (SS) and rice husk (RH) using thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry method (TG–FTIR). The thermal behavior was assessed through the combustion characteristic, interaction, kinetics, and gaseous product characteristics. The (co-)combustion process was divided into three stages. Index D exponentially increased as RH blending ratio increased and index S also increased from 10 to 70% RH blending ratio, indicating that the combustion behavior was improved by the RH blending. The activation energy was evaluated by two model-free iso-conversional methods: Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS). The minimum value of average activation energy among blends was obtained at sample with 30% RH blending, which was 103.31 kJ/mol by FWO and 97.81 kJ/mol by KAS. Several typical gaseous products and functional groups were detected by FTIR spectrum. The results showed that CO2 was the main volatile and its yield increased with the RH blending ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid‐functionalized polymers enhance the performance of phosphoric‐acid‐doped polybenzimidazoles (PA/PBIs); however, studies on examining the mechanisms driving these enhancements are scarce. Furthermore, the nanophase morphology of PA‐dependent proton‐exchange membranes has been rarely explored, despite its direct role in the distribution of PA and protonic conduction. In this study, theoretical and experimental analyses to evaluate the microphase separation, particularly the formation and in situ transformation of a two‐phase interface, in a defect‐free polyphenylene ionomer (SPP‐QP) with excellent integrity are performed. SPP‐QP serves as a fortifying agent with an enhanced microphase‐separation ability within PA/PBI‐based membranes. Specifically, the distinct swelling behavior of PA results in the formation of PA‐rich and PA‐poor regions. Thus, the formation of a durable interface that is impervious to PA degradation between SPP‐QP and PBI is critical for facilitating microphase separation. A single cell composed of the composite membrane offers a peak power density of 719 mW cm−2 at 160 °C. Moreover, the durability of a single cell is much longer than 150 h. The results obtained in this study provide insights into the micromorphology and membrane properties observed in the presence of PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid nitrogen(LN2) cryogenic machining is a green, sustainable, and high-performance machining technology. LN2 cryogenic machining of TC4 can significantly strengthen the local cooling environment of cutting, accelerate the heat dissipation, thus effectively reduce the cutting temperature, and suppress the generation of thermal stress, reduce the residual tensile stress on the workpiece surface. In this paper, a finite element model(FEM) of numerical prediction is established to analyze the effect of LN2 cryogenic machining on residual stress distribution. Firstly, mechanism analysis of surface residual stress is carried out to explore the source of residual stress during TC4 cryogenic turning. Next, to observe residual stress distribution clearly, the cutting zone separation model is designed, and then, the material model is built to reflect the change of material properties. Then, a FEM of the numerical prediction made up of explicit dynamic solution module and standard static solution module is established to simulate residual stress distribution; after that, residual stress can be ultimately acquired by linear superposing the above two module simulation results. Based on FEM proposed in this paper, the effect of LN2 cryogenic machining on surface residual stress distribution of TC4 is analyzed, and it is indicated that LN2 cryogenic machining can reduce the residual tensile stress effectively. Finally, the experiment is carried out, and the results show that the general trend of the prediction model is the same as that of the experimental results, which greatly verify the availability of the prediction model. Research provides some reference for the numerical prediction and suppression of residual stress in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To solve the problems of energy shortage and waste accumulation, the method of co‐combustion of sewage sludge (SS) and peanut shells (PS) was proposed. SS‐PS co‐combustion characteristics in air were investigated using artificial neural networks (ANN) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The proportion of PS in the mixture was 10%‐50%. The temperature range of PS combustion (160‐560°C) is lower than that of PS combustion (170‐600°C). Activation energy was estimated from two non‐isothermal kinetic analysis methods: Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS) and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO). The kinetic mechanism of the combustion process was determined by using the master‐plots method. Multiple ANN models were established to predict TG data of SS‐PS co‐combustion. The best prediction model (ANN21) was obtained. The results showed a good overlap between the predicted and experimental TG data. The ANN model and the master‐plots method are the main innovations of this study. This study can promote the utilization and reduction of solid waste, and give guidance for the large‐scale application of SS‐PS co‐combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pyrolysis behavior, kinetics, and condensable/non-condensable gases characteristics during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge (SS) and rice husk (RH) were evaluated using Thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry–Mass spectrometry (TG–FTIR–MS). The mass loss was divided into two stages: the main devolatilization and the continuous slight decomposition of macromolecular substances. The pyrolysis behavior was improved during co-pyrolysis, and the interaction between SS and RH showed synergistic and inhibitive effects. The lowest average activation energy was obtained at 30% RH blending; the Diffusion 3D (Zhrualev–Lesokin–Tempelmen) reaction model can fit the pyrolysis process using the Coats–Redfern method. The functional groups and condensable/non-condensable gases (O-H, C=O, C-O, C-H benzene skeleton, CO, CO 2) were detected by FTIR, revealing the synergistic effect on the evolution of condensable/non-condensable gases in the promotion of C-O, C=O and CO 2 release in blends. The condensable and non-condensable products were detected via MS (including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, CO 2 , NOx and SOx). The results showed that CO 2 was the main gaseous product and confirmed an enhancement of the CO 2 release during co-pyrolysis. The release of both hydrocarbons (C 2 H 6 , C 4 H 7 +, C 4 H 8) and pollutants (SO, SO 2 and toluene) were significantly increased when dealing with pyrolysing the feedstock blend. • Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and rice husk was studied by TG-FTIR-MS. • Blending rice husk improved the pyrolysis behavior of blends. • The lowest average activation energy was obtained at 30% RH blending. • Synergistic effect on the volatiles appeared during co-pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on mass loss data of sewage sludge (SS) and peanut shell (PS) during combustion and pyrolysis obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), artificial neural networks (ANN) models were established to predict the experimental results in this paper. The effects of mixing ratio and temperature on the combustion and pyrolysis of SS-PS were studied. Mixing ratio and experimental temperature were taken as input parameters of ANN model, and sample mass was taken as output parameter. The optimal ANN models (ANN12 for combustion and ANN11 for pyrolysis) were determined, which can well predict the thermogravimetric curves of combustion and pyrolysis with the correlation coefficient of 0.99999. The predicted data are in good agreement with the experimental data of the ANN model, which proves the reliability and accuracy of the application of ANN for the thermogravimetric experiments of SS and PS. The established optimal ANN model can be used to predict the weight loss of SS-PS heat treatment without experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide is among the most promising cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries due to its abundant reserves, low toxicity, and high theoretical capacity. However, the occurrence of Mn dissolution and structural collapse during the charge and discharge process, as well as the hydrogen evolution reaction, zinc dendrite formation, and corrosion on the anode surface, have seriously hindered practical applications. Here, a novel cathode material design is proposed intended to enhance both cathode and anode stability simultaneously. Specifically, an inherently stable CuMn2O4 is employed as cathode material, which demonstrates good maintenance of its spinel structure during cycling. Interestingly, insertion of Zn2+‐ions leads to the extraction of Cu2+‐ions from CuMn2O4, subsequently in situ reduces to Cu0, which results in extra capacity and improves electrical conductivity. The migration of Cu2+ ions into the Zn anode surface during the charge process eventuated the formation of copper–zinc alloys via electrodeposition. Moreover, the reconstructed anode exhibits superior stability and corrosion resistance during the Zn plating‐stripping process. Consequently, the CuMn2O4 electrode demonstrates a markedly improved cycle capability compared to the spinel Mn3O4 electrode. This study highlights an unconventional copper electrochemistry in aqueous Zn‐Mn batteries and introduces a new design principle for high‐performance aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the combustion characteristics and kinetics of sewage sludge (SS), wheat straw (WS) and their blends using thermogravimetric analysis, under air condition. Combustion characteristic parameters of SS blended with 5%–50% WS was enhanced, especially revealed by an increase in comprehensive combustion index. A significant synergetic interaction was found in high temperature region through experiments. When proportion of WS was 50%, the synergetic interaction was strongest. And the catalytic effect of alkali metal oxides in WS ash on the combustion of SS residues at high temperature region had a strong effect on synergetic interaction. Metal oxides circulated in different oxide forms to transport oxygen to carbon surface, leading to catalytic effect. Activation energy was evaluated by two isoconversional method: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Vyazovkin method. The lowest average activation energies of the blends were obtained at 50% wheat straw blending ratio (89.29 kJ/mol by FWO and 87.48 kJ/mol by V, respectively). The thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy, Entropy and Enthalpy) were also obtained. And two master plots methods were utilized to determine the appropriate fit kinetic model of combustion which can be described by Avarami-Erofeve (A2). Highlights • TG analysis of co-combustion between sewage sludge and wheat straw was studied. • Blending wheat straw improved the thermal behavior of sewage sludge combustion. • Synergetic interaction was found at high temperature in positive manner. • The minimum average activation energy was obtained by blending 50% wheat straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival overgrowth (GO) includes gingival enlargement and hyperplasia and may be induced by certain drugs, including calcium channel blockers (CCBs), particularly first-generation CCBs. However, to date, only few cases of GO induced by second- or third-generation CCBs have been reported. The present study reports on a case of a 48-year-old diabetic male who was admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China) due to poor blood glucose control. This patient was diagnosed with GO. Review of the patient's medical history revealed diagnoses of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, as well as the use of felodipine, a second-generation CCB, to control hypertension. The hypertensive drugs were replaced and the new drugs helped the patient control his blood glucose levels. Additionally, the patient was instructed on methods he could use to improve his oral hygiene, including rinsing of the teeth following each meal and increasing the frequency of tooth brushing per day. After 3 months, the clinical symptoms of GO were relieved. The relevant literature was also reviewed to gain an improved understanding of the correlation between GO and CCBs, as well as diabetes and poor oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have built a high-performance supercapacitor anode based on carbon fabric (CF), vertically aligned graphene nanosheets (VAGN) and FeOOH nanorods. This CF/VAGN/FeOOH electrode can charge/discharge at a low potential window (0 to −1.1 V vs. Hg/HgO), and demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 909 F g−1 aided by the unique structure of VAGN. Additionally, we made an all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor by assembling CF/VAGN/FeOOH and CF/Co3O4 electrodes. The asymmetric design broadens the working potential up to 1.7 V, leading to a high energy density of 33 W h kg−1 and a high power density of 26 kW kg−1. We believe that the CF/VAGN/FeOOH electrode holds great promise for applications in high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sandwich-like ZIF-8 nanocrystal derived N-doped carbon decorated graphene sheets are developed through in-situ growth and followed by a thermal annealing treatment. The sandwich-like N-doped carbon decorated graphene sheets (NCGs) contain graphene substrate and the carbon nanoparticles with 30–50 nm in size. The sandwich-like NCGs generate a large specific surface area of 816.4 m2 g−1. With the high surface area and nitrogen doping, the as-fabricated NCGs as electrode materials for supercapacitor exhibit high specific capacitance of 225.0 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an enhanced rate capability and excellent electrochemical stability with 96.8% retention after 10000 cycles even at 10 A g−1. The symmetry supercapacitor based on NCGs delivers an energy density of 12.7 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 447 W kg−1. When the power density increases to 15126 W kg−1, the energy density can still keep 6.5 W h kg−1. Furthermore, the symmetry supercapacitor shows an excellent cycle stability with 96.6% capacitance retention at 2 A g−1 after 10000 cycles. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixtures can maintain stability in the machining of thin-walled parts (TWP), thus avoiding the occurrence of workpiece deformation. The stress at the fixture-workpiece contact interface is a key factor in evaluating the reliability of the fixture's restraint on the TWP. This paper investigates the prediction of icing interface normal stress during TWP milling based on the ice-based fixturing (IBF) previously proposed by the authors of this paper. The principle of the IBF is first explained. The mechanical properties of the ice-workpiece bonding material (IWBM) are then characterized by Dundurs parameters. Afterwards, an analytical model for the prediction of icing interface normal stress under cutting load is developed using the Goursat formula based on the interface continuity conditions of stress and displacement. The finite element method (FEM) is then used to verify the accuracy of the prediction model, and the results show that the average prediction error of the icing interface normal stress is limited to 13.99%. Finally, milling experiments are carried out to verify the validity of the finite element model, and the experimental results show that the simulation errors of the main cutting force and feeding force are limited to 12.35% and 11.47% respectively, and the FEM can greatly simulate the cutting state of the workpiece clamped by IBF. This paper can provide a valuable theoretical and practical basis for the analysis and prediction of stress at the workpiece-fixture contact interface. • The concept of "ice-based fixturing" is proposed to suppress machining deformation of thin-walled parts. • Dundurs parameters are used to characterize the mechanical properties of the icing interface. • An analytical model for the prediction of icing interface normal stresses under cutting loads is developed using the Goursat formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were prepared. They contain AlN low-temperature interlayers (LTILs) between the GaN barrier and InGaN well layers, one with a trapezoidal InGaN QW and the other with a quasi-trapezoidal InGaN QW without terminal In composition gradient region (ICGR). Meanwhile, their photoluminescence (PL) spectra were acquired and their dependences on the excitation power and temperature were studied. These measurements reveal a smaller quantum-confined Stark effect, a stronger carrier localization effect, and a higher internal quantum efficiency of the quasi-trapezoidal QWs compared with that of the trapezoidal QWs. This phenomenon is a result of the fact that: the characteristic structure of the quasi-trapezoidal InGaN QWs, cannot only reduce strain in the active region due to effective strain-compensated effect of the AlN LTILs, but also avoid diffusion of In atoms from the high In region containing In-rich clusters into the terminal ICGR due to the lack of the terminal ICGRs. The former reduces the piezoelectric polarization fields induced by the lattice mismatch between well and barrier layers, the latter suppresses the degradation of the In-rich clusters and the generation of non-radiative centers. • Two different InGaN/GaN MQWs, with and without terminal ICGR in QWs, were prepared. • Absence of terminal ICGR in the QWs can reduce the strain in the active region. • Absence of terminal ICGR in the QWs can avoid diffusion of In atoms. • Absence of terminal ICGR in the QWs can suppress dissociation of In-rich clusters. • Absence of terminal ICGR in the QWs can reduce non-radiative recombination centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrain characteristics can be accurately represented in spectrum space. Terrain spectra can quantitatively reflect the effect of topographic dynamic forcing on the atmosphere. In wavelength space, topographic spectral energy decreases with decreasing wavelength, in spite of several departures. This relationship is approximated by an exponential function. A power law relationship between the terrain height spectra and wavelength is fitted by the least-squares method, and the fitting slope is associated with grid-size selection for mesoscale models. The monotonicity of grid size is investigated, and it is strictly proved that grid size increases with increasing fitting exponent, indicating that the universal grid size is determined by the minimum fitting exponent. An example of landslide-prone areas in western Sichuan is given, and the universal grid spacing of 4.1 km is shown to be a requirement to resolve 90% of terrain height variance for mesoscale models, without resorting to the parameterization of subgrid-scale terrain variance. Comparison among results of different simulations shows that the simulations estimate the observed precipitation well when using a resolution of 4.1 km or finer. Although the main flow patterns are similar, finer grids produce more complex patterns that show divergence zones, convergence zones and vortices. Horizontal grid size significantly affects the vertical structure of the convective boundary layer. Stronger vertical wind components are simulated for finer grid resolutions. In particular, noticeable sinking airflows over mountains are captured for those model configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rainstorm process that occurred in North China from July 24–25, 2011 was accurately simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, and the multi-scale characteristics of moisture transport were studied based on the simulated results. The results indicated that water vapor was carried to North China mainly by the southwest low-level jet and easterly flow, with the former playing a principal role. The enhancement and northward extension of the southwesterly wind were consistent with the increase of magnitude and northward propulsion of the moisture flux. The variation of the winds mirrored fluctuations in the amount of precipitation. In addition, the water vapor from low latitudes to North China was transported first near the boundary layer over 15°N–21°N and then primarily at 850hPa over 21°N–30°N, 900hPa over 30°N–39°N, and 800hPa over the region north of 39°N. The net budget of water vapor in North China was always positive during the rainstorm process because the zonal deficit was much smaller than the meridional surplus. The contribution of the water vapor advection was larger than that of the water vapor convergence in the prior period of rainfall, and the subsequent moisture aggregation relied on the water vapor convergence. The rainband in North China presented frontal mesoscale characteristics, and the short-term aggregation of moisture was closely related to the genesis and development of the mesoscale convective system that was triggered mainly by the cold air intrusion near the boundary layer. The underlying cold air not only lifted the warm air to trigger the convection, but it also influenced the development of the low pressure system in the lower levels, which further intensified the convergence and benefited the rapid accumulation of moisture to the convective zone near the boundary layer. The moisture transport reached its maximum an hour before the rainstorm occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra dependent on the excitation power and temperature of two different red-emitting InGaN/GaN trapezoidal multiple quantum wells (TMQWs), with GaN and AlN low-temperature interlayers (LTILs) between the InGaN well and GaN barrier layers, were investigated. It was found that compared with the TMQWs with GaN LTILs, the TMQWs with AlN LTILs have a better structural quality, more significant carrier-localizing effect, and superior internal quantum efficiency. The results can be explained by the fact that due to the stability of Al–N bond and strain-compensated effect of AlN, compared with the GaN LTIL, the AlN LTIL grown on the InGaN well layer with embedded In-rich quantum dots (QDs), cannot only reduce threading dislocation densities as confirmed by XRC measurements, but also prevent In atoms from diffusing from In-rich QDs to InGaN matrix and/or from the InGaN well to GaN barrier layer, thus suppressing degradation of the QDs and generation of non-radiative centers. • PL properties of two InGaN/GaN MQWs with GaN and AlN interlayers were studied. • AlN inertlayer can better suppress generation of threading dislocations than GaN one. • AlN inertlayer can better suppress diffusion of In atoms than GaN one. • AlN inertlayer can more effectively improve IQE of the MQWs than GaN one. • The IQE is improved due to better crystal quality and stronger localizing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Co3O4 nanocrystals with size of 20nm homogeneously embedded in the carbon matrix are successfully synthesized. [•] Cycle exceeds 400 times in half cells at a 5C (5 Ag−1) rate while retaining about 1000 mAhg−1 reversible capacities. [•] Large rates up to 10C for are achieved with high energy density. [•] Such Co3O4 exhibits excellent high-rate capability and cycling stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effect of misorientation of 6H–SiC substrate on the structural quality of GaN epilayer grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) has been investigated. The results reveal that the structural quality of GaN epilayer is significantly influenced by the misorientation of 6H–SiC substrate. Larger misorientation angle of 6H–SiC substrate results in better structural quality of GaN epilayer, such as narrower atomic step widths of GaN surface, less yellow luminescence band/edge emission (I y /I b ) ratio of PL, and lower dislocations density. It is also found that the I y /I b ratio of GaN epilayer is affected only by the misorientation angle of 6H–SiC substrate, but the screw dislocation density and edge dislocation density are influenced by both the misorientation angle and the misorientation direction of 6H–SiC substrate. GaN epilayer grown on 6H–SiC substrate with 2.3° misorientation angle towards direction has the best structural quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Air‐stable 2D Bi2O2Se material with high carrier mobility appears as a promising semiconductor platform for future micro/nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Like most 2D materials, Bi2O2Se 2D nanostructures normally form on atomically flat mica substrates, in which undesirable defects and structural damage from the subsequent transfer process will largely degrade their photoelectronic performance. Here, a new synthesis route involving successive kinetic and thermodynamic processes is proposed to achieve horizontally self‐standing Bi2O2Se nanostructures on SiO2/Si substrates. Fewer defects and avoidance of transfer procedure involving corrosive solvents ensure the integrity of the intrinsic lattice and band structures in Bi2O2Se nanostructures. In contrast to flat structures grown on mica, it displays reduced dark current and improved photoresponse performance (on–off ratio, photoresponsivity, response time, and detectivity). These results indicate a new potential in high‐quality 2D electronic nanostructures with optimal optoelectronic functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuO2 has been considered as the most likely acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst to replace IrO2, but its performance, especially long‐term stability under harsh acidic conditions, is still unacceptable. Here, we propose a grain boundary (GB) engineering strategy by fabricating the ultrathin porous RuO2 nanosheet with abundant of grain boundaries (GB‐RuO2) as an efficient acid OER catalyst. The involvement of GB induces significant tensile stress and creates an unsaturated coordination environment, effectively optimizing the adsorption of intermediates and stabilizing active site structure during OER process. Notably, the GB‐RuO2 not only exhibits a low overpotential (η10=187 mV) with an ultra‐low Tafel slope (34.5 mV dec−1), but also steadily operates for over 550 h in 0.1 M HClO4. Quasi in situ/operando methods confirm that the improved stability is attributed to GB preventing Ru dissolution and greatly inhibiting the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM). A proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) using the GB‐RuO2 catalyst operates a low voltage of 1.669 V at 2 A cm−2 and operates stably for 100 h at 100 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuO2 has been considered as the most likely acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst to replace IrO2, but its performance, especially long‐term stability under harsh acidic conditions, is still unacceptable. Here, we propose a grain boundary (GB) engineering strategy by fabricating the ultrathin porous RuO2 nanosheet with abundant of grain boundaries (GB‐RuO2) as an efficient acid OER catalyst. The involvement of GB induces significant tensile stress and creates an unsaturated coordination environment, effectively optimizing the adsorption of intermediates and stabilizing active site structure during OER process. Notably, the GB‐RuO2 not only exhibits a low overpotential (η10=187 mV) with an ultra‐low Tafel slope (34.5 mV dec−1), but also steadily operates for over 550 h in 0.1 M HClO4. Quasi in situ/operando methods confirm that the improved stability is attributed to GB preventing Ru dissolution and greatly inhibiting the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM). A proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) using the GB‐RuO2 catalyst operates a low voltage of 1.669 V at 2 A cm−2 and operates stably for 100 h at 100 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium metal batteries have emerged as potential rivals to lithium‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, maintaining a stable sodium metal anode under harsh conditions (current density >10 mA cm−2) is extremely challenging. The primary issue is the highly reactive sodium metal continuously reacts with the electrolyte to form a thick and loose solid electrolyte film. The tip effect causes sodium ions (Na+) accumulated in the bulge resulting in uneven deposition. In this paper, a unique artificial interfacial layer (Ag nanoparticles distributed in NaClO4‐based matrix) is prepared on the surface of a metallic sodium anode using in situ displacement reaction. Ag particles arranged at the bottom of the artificial layer act as effective nucleation sites helping Na+ deposit uniformly, while the built‐in electric field formed between Ag in the middle/top of the artificial layer and the sodium accelerates the migration of Na+ in the interfacial layer during the deposition and reduce the polarization. Such important properties further allow the steady operation of modified sodium metal batteries in very harsh conditions. The symmetric battery achieves reversible stripping/plating for over 1000 h under high current density (10 mA cm−2). Moreover, the full cell coupled with a high‐loading Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode (20 mg cm−2) presents a stable cycle performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiSCl, which shares the anisotropic chain‐like lattice configuration with the BiVXVIYVII (XS, Se; YCl, Br, I) family displays high photoelectric conversion efficiency in the UV–vis wavelength region. The current difficulty in 2D growth restricts the investigation of device performance and further integration. Herein, an epitaxial growth strategy for 2D BiSCl is proposed based on the principle of sharing a chloridion layer at the BiSCl/BiOCl interface. The interfacial atomic arrangement is carefully revealed using atomic resolved AC‐TEM(Spherical Aberration High Transmission Electron Microscope) and demonstrated by calculations based on density functional theory. Benefiting from its compatibility with PS‐assisted large‐scale transfer technology, the photoelectric performance is evaluated by constructing a standard symmetrical photoconductor and Graphene‐BiSCl Schottky junction device. High responsivity (1.71 × 104 A W−1) and detectivity (5.9 × 1016. Jones) are achieved at 405 nm, and robustness is shown in a broadband spectrum, which manifested prominent anisotropic photoelectric behavior and great potential in weak‐light detection. These results elucidate the photoelectric applications of BiSCl semiconductors and the structural design of the BiVXVIYVII family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First study on application of ANN model to co-pyrolysis of SS and PS. • The predicted data of ANN were in good agreement with the experimental results. • The gas products of co-pyrolysis were detected. • Activation energy was estimated from the KAS and FWO methods. • ANN21 is the best model for predicting SS and PS pyrolysis. The co-pyrolysis characteristics of sewage sludge (SS) and peanut shell (PS) under nitrogen atmosphere were studied by thermogravimetric – Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The proportion of PS in the experimental samples is 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%. The experiments were performed at three heating rates of 5 °C/min, 7 °C/min and 10 °C/min. The variation of sample mass with temperature and gas emission were detected in this paper. SS and PS in the co-pyrolysis experiment have a synergistic effect in terms of mass loss at 335 °C ∼ 500 °C. Gases generated by pyrolysis of the mixture of SS and PS include H 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 , CO, phenol and NH 3. The functional groups detected in the experiment include C O and C O. Apparent activation energy E was obtained by two non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose). The artificial neural network method was used to predict the relationship between the mass loss of pyrolysis experiments and the change of temperature. The best ANN model (ANN21) for predicting SS and PS pyrolysis was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harm done to the environment by coal gangue was very serious, and it is urgent to adopt effective methods to dispose of coal gangue in order to prevent further environmental damage. Co-pyrolysis experiments of coal gangue (CG) and peanut shell (PS) were carried out using thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) under nitrogen atmosphere. The heavy metal was detected using the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). CG and PS were mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1. The samples were heated to 1000 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/min, 20 °C/min and 30 °C/min. The comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) of CG, C3P1, C1P1, C1P3 and PS is 0.17 × 10−8, 9.75 × 10−8, 35.47 × 10−8, 100.94 × 10−8 and 192.72 × 10−8%2 ·min−2·°C−3. The kinetic parameters were calculated by model-free methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose). The gas products generated at different temperatures during the pyrolysis experiment were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The heating rate, temperature and mixing ratio are the input parameters of artificial neural network (ANN), and the remaining mass percentage of sample during the pyrolysis is the output parameter. The ANN model was established and used to predict thermogravimetric experimental data. The ANN18 model is the best model for predicting the co-pyrolysis of CG and PS. Unlabelled Image • First study on application of ANN model to co-pyrolysis of CG and PS • Synergistic effect between CG and PS was found during C3P1 and C1P3 co-pyrolysis. • The TG-FTIR was used to detect the functional groups of gas during pyrolysis. • Activation energy was estimated from the KAS and FWO methods. • The ultimate goal of this study is to reduce environmental pollution caused by CG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion behavior and gas product characteristics of coal gangue (CG) and peanut shell (PS) in air atmosphere were studied by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). Artificial neural network (ANN) method was used to establish the optimal prediction model of CG and PS co-combustion. The heating rate of TG-FTIR experiment was set to 10 °C/min, 20 °C/min and 30 °C/min. The mass fractions of PS in the experimental samples were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Some functional groups in the gas products were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Moreover, the apparent activation energy (E) was calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The activation energies of CG and PS mixture combustion are significantly lower than that of pure substance. ANN models have been established to predict the relationship between mass loss and experimental conditions. By comparing errors and correlation coefficients, it is found that the ANN20 model is optimal. Image 1 • First study on application of ANN model to co-combustion of CG and PS. • The predicted data of ANN were in good agreement with the experimental results. • The gas products of co-combustion were detected. • Activation energy was estimated from the KAS and FWO methods. • ANN20 is the best model for predicting CG and PS combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]